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Cold War America Cold War America By Neil Hammond

Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

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Page 1: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

Cold War AmericaCold War America

By Neil Hammond

Page 2: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

Cold War AmericaCold War America

• Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War

– Both the US and USSR believed their Both the US and USSR believed their economic systems are superioreconomic systems are superior

– The US wanted to rebuild Europe’s The US wanted to rebuild Europe’s economies and support democratic economies and support democratic governmentsgovernments

– The USSR wanted a weak Germany and The USSR wanted a weak Germany and wanted Communist governments on wanted Communist governments on countries that it borderedcountries that it bordered

Page 3: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their
Page 4: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

Cold War AmericaCold War America• Short Term CausesShort Term Causes

– Defeat of Germany in WWII created a power vacuum, Defeat of Germany in WWII created a power vacuum, and sees the US and the USSR occupying parts of Europeand sees the US and the USSR occupying parts of Europe

– At the Yalta Conference (February 1945), the USSR At the Yalta Conference (February 1945), the USSR promised free elections in Eastern Europe, but gradually promised free elections in Eastern Europe, but gradually allowed Communist governments to take holdallowed Communist governments to take hold

– At the Potsdam Conference (July / August 1945), the At the Potsdam Conference (July / August 1945), the USSR wanted to impose reparations on Germany. The USSR wanted to impose reparations on Germany. The US wanted to rebuild their economyUS wanted to rebuild their economy

– After WWII, Soviet troops refused to leave Iran as After WWII, Soviet troops refused to leave Iran as promised and began to try setting up a Communist promised and began to try setting up a Communist government there. American pressure forced the USSR government there. American pressure forced the USSR to withdraw.to withdraw.

Page 5: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

“An Iron Curtain has fallen across Europe..” — Winston Churchill

Page 6: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

ContainmentContainment• American officials became increasingly exasperated by American officials became increasingly exasperated by the Russians. Officials at the State Dept. asked the the Russians. Officials at the State Dept. asked the American Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behaviorAmerican Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior

• Diplomat George Kennan responded with what became Diplomat George Kennan responded with what became known as the known as the Long TelegramLong Telegram

–Kennan proposed a “long term, patient, but firm and vigilant Kennan proposed a “long term, patient, but firm and vigilant containmentcontainment of Russian expansive tendencies”. This became of Russian expansive tendencies”. This became the basic policy followed by the US during the Cold war the basic policy followed by the US during the Cold war – Containment = stop Communism from spreadingContainment = stop Communism from spreading

• Communists threatened to take over Greece and TurkeyCommunists threatened to take over Greece and Turkey– Great Britain informed the US that they could NOT continue Great Britain informed the US that they could NOT continue to support the non-communiststo support the non-communists– Truman announced to Congress what became known as the Truman announced to Congress what became known as the “Truman Doctrine”…the US would “support free peoples who “Truman Doctrine”…the US would “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." outside pressures."

Page 7: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

ContainmentContainment• In June 1947, secretary of State George In June 1947, secretary of State George Marshall proposed the European Recovery Marshall proposed the European Recovery Plan, or Marshall Plan. The US would give Plan, or Marshall Plan. The US would give European nations American aid to rebuild European nations American aid to rebuild their economiestheir economies

Page 8: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

ContainmentContainment• In response to the In response to the Soviet attempt to Soviet attempt to undermine Germany’s undermine Germany’s economy, the USA, economy, the USA, GBR and France GBR and France announced they announced they would merge their would merge their zones in Germany.zones in Germany.• In response, Stalin In response, Stalin blockaded Berlinblockaded Berlin• Would Truman attack? Instead, Truman Would Truman attack? Instead, Truman ordered airlifts to supply West Berlin. Would ordered airlifts to supply West Berlin. Would Stalin attack? For one year (1948-1949) the Stalin attack? For one year (1948-1949) the airlift operated. Stalin eventually backed airlift operated. Stalin eventually backed down. down.

Page 9: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

ContainmentContainment• By April 1949, an By April 1949, an agreement had been agreement had been reached to create the reached to create the North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a mutual Organization, a mutual defense alliancedefense alliance

• For the first time in For the first time in its history, the US had its history, the US had committed itself to committed itself to maintaining peace in maintaining peace in EuropeEurope

Page 10: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

ContainmentContainment• NSC 68NSC 68

–The National Security Council was created in 1947 to The National Security Council was created in 1947 to meet the threat of the USSRmeet the threat of the USSR– NSC 68 called for significant peacetime military build NSC 68 called for significant peacetime military build upup

• CIACIA

–““The National Security Act of 1947 established the The National Security Act of 1947 established the CIA, affording it no police or law enforcement CIA, affording it no police or law enforcement functions, either at home or abroad. One year later, functions, either at home or abroad. One year later, this mandate was expanded to include sabotage, anti-this mandate was expanded to include sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures...subversion [and] assistance to measures...subversion [and] assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation movements, and support of refugee liberation movements, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world".countries of the free world".

Page 11: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

The Korean WarThe Korean War• After WWII, Communist forces led by Mao After WWII, Communist forces led by Mao Zedong and the Nationalist government led by Zedong and the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek started fighting againChiang Kai-shek started fighting again

– The US sent the Nationalist government $2 billion in The US sent the Nationalist government $2 billion in aid beginning in the mid 1940s, but they had aid beginning in the mid 1940s, but they had squandered the moneysquandered the money– By October 1949, the Communists had established By October 1949, the Communists had established the People's Republic of Chinathe People's Republic of China

• The Democrats were blamed for “losing The Democrats were blamed for “losing China”. One month before that, the USSR China”. One month before that, the USSR announced that it had successfully exploded its announced that it had successfully exploded its first atomic bombfirst atomic bomb

• Then in the early 1950s, the PRC and the USSR Then in the early 1950s, the PRC and the USSR signed a treaty of friendship and alliancesigned a treaty of friendship and alliance

Page 12: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

The Korean WarThe Korean War• At the end of WWII, General Douglas At the end of WWII, General Douglas MacArthur had taken charge of occupied MacArthur had taken charge of occupied JapanJapan

• Once the US had lost China as its chief ally Once the US had lost China as its chief ally in Asia, it adopted policies to encourage the in Asia, it adopted policies to encourage the rapid recovery of Japan’s industrial economyrapid recovery of Japan’s industrial economy

• At the end of WWII, American and Soviet At the end of WWII, American and Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm the Japanese forces entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops theretroops there

– The allies divided Korea at the 38 parallelThe allies divided Korea at the 38 parallel– American troops controlled the Southern partAmerican troops controlled the Southern part

Page 13: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

The Korean WarThe Korean War• Truman acted through the Truman acted through the UN.UN.

• The USSR was boycotting The USSR was boycotting the UN because the PRC was the UN because the PRC was not recognized by the UNnot recognized by the UN

• Truman declared a “police Truman declared a “police action” action”

– A UN force was sent to KoreaA UN force was sent to Korea– It was mainly an American It was mainly an American forceforce

Page 14: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

The Korean WarThe Korean War• China joined the China joined the war in Nov 1950war in Nov 1950• MacArthur MacArthur demanded approval demanded approval to expand the war to expand the war against China (i.e. against China (i.e. “go nuclear”)“go nuclear”)

– Truman declined, Truman declined, but M persisted, but M persisted, even coming out in even coming out in public, criticizing Tpublic, criticizing T

– Truman fired M for Truman fired M for insubordination in insubordination in April 1951April 1951

Page 15: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

The Korean WarThe Korean War• Peace negotiations began in Peace negotiations began in November, 1951, but an November, 1951, but an armistice wasn’t signed until armistice wasn’t signed until 19531953• The armistice pretty much The armistice pretty much meant that the three year war meant that the three year war had NOT changed the North / had NOT changed the North / South borderSouth border•But Korea was a turning But Korea was a turning point:point:

– the US began a huge military the US began a huge military build upbuild up– the Cold War expanded to Asia the Cold War expanded to Asia – the US signed treaties with the US signed treaties with various Asian countries various Asian countries

Page 16: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their
Page 17: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their
Page 18: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

A New ScareA New Scare• Like WWI, the end of WWII saw a “red scare”. As the Like WWI, the end of WWII saw a “red scare”. As the war ended, a Soviet defector described a “massive war ended, a Soviet defector described a “massive effort” of the USSR to gain secrets of the A-bombeffort” of the USSR to gain secrets of the A-bomb

• In early 1947, the president established a loyalty In early 1947, the president established a loyalty review program to screen federal employees. This review program to screen federal employees. This caused more people to panic. J. Edgar Hoover (head of caused more people to panic. J. Edgar Hoover (head of the FBI) urged the House Unamerican Activities the FBI) urged the House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC) to hold public hearings on Committee (HUAC) to hold public hearings on Communist subversionCommunist subversion

• One of HUAC’s first hearings focused on the One of HUAC’s first hearings focused on the Hollywood film industry as a powerful medium that Hollywood film industry as a powerful medium that Communist’s could manipulate. In 1951 a pamphlet Communist’s could manipulate. In 1951 a pamphlet entitled “Red Channels” was published that contained entitled “Red Channels” was published that contained 151 blacklisted actors, directors, broadcasters and 151 blacklisted actors, directors, broadcasters and screenwritersscreenwriters

Page 19: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

A New ScareA New Scare• In 1948 Whittaker Chambers testified In 1948 Whittaker Chambers testified to HUAC that several government officials to HUAC that several government officials were former Communists or spieswere former Communists or spies

• The most prominent official named was The most prominent official named was Alger Hiss, a diplomat who had served in Alger Hiss, a diplomat who had served in FDR’s administration. He sued Whittaker FDR’s administration. He sued Whittaker for libel but a jury later convicted himfor libel but a jury later convicted him

• The FBI arrested Julius and Ethel The FBI arrested Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for passing nuclear secrets to Rosenberg for passing nuclear secrets to the Soviets. They were executed in 1953 the Soviets. They were executed in 1953 (The Sacco and Vanzetti of the 1950s)(The Sacco and Vanzetti of the 1950s)

• Since the break up of the Soviet Union, Since the break up of the Soviet Union, new evidence has come to light that new evidence has come to light that indicates that Hiss and the Rosenberg’s indicates that Hiss and the Rosenberg’s were GUILTYwere GUILTY

Page 20: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

A New ScareA New Scare• Senator Joseph McCarthy Senator Joseph McCarthy used the fear of communism used the fear of communism to increase his own power to increase his own power and destroy the reputations and destroy the reputations of many peopleof many people

• In 1950 he proclaimed In 1950 he proclaimed that 205 men in the State that 205 men in the State Department were Department were proclaimed Communists. He proclaimed Communists. He accused Democrats of accused Democrats of protecting Communistsprotecting Communists

• After Republicans won control of Congress in 1952, After Republicans won control of Congress in 1952, McC became chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on McC became chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on investigationsinvestigations

– McC turned the investigations into witch huntsMcC turned the investigations into witch hunts– His tactics became known as McCarthyismHis tactics became known as McCarthyism– After 6 weeks of televised hearings, McC went after the After 6 weeks of televised hearings, McC went after the army. The army’s lawyer confronted McC about his bullying army. The army’s lawyer confronted McC about his bullying tactics and the Senate later censured him for his actionstactics and the Senate later censured him for his actions

Page 21: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

Life During the Early Life During the Early Cold WarCold War

• Obsessed with the fear of nuclear attack, Americans Obsessed with the fear of nuclear attack, Americans took steps to protect themselvestook steps to protect themselves

• Schools practiced bomb drills and some families built Schools practiced bomb drills and some families built backyard fallout shelters backyard fallout shelters

• Cold War themes soon appeared in films, plays, Cold War themes soon appeared in films, plays, television, the titles of dance tunes and popular television, the titles of dance tunes and popular televisiontelevision

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtpCosu-FH4&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKqXu-5jw60

Page 22: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their
Page 23: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

Ike’s “New Look”Ike’s “New Look”• Dwight D. Eisenhower won the 1952 election. Dwight D. Eisenhower won the 1952 election. He favored a foreign policy of “massive He favored a foreign policy of “massive retaliation,” (also called “new look” policy)retaliation,” (also called “new look” policy)

• That proposal called for smaller conventional That proposal called for smaller conventional forces backed up by lots of nuclear weapons. forces backed up by lots of nuclear weapons. These weapons would be delivered by a variety These weapons would be delivered by a variety of means: rockets, bombers and submarinesof means: rockets, bombers and submarines

• The limited practicality of Ike’s policy was The limited practicality of Ike’s policy was shown when Hungary rebelled against the shown when Hungary rebelled against the USSR in 1956. Hunghary thought they would USSR in 1956. Hunghary thought they would have American support, but the US did not have American support, but the US did not intervene…why?intervene…why?

Page 24: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

Ike’s “New Look”Ike’s “New Look”• The US also used “covert operations” by The US also used “covert operations” by the CIA to counter Communismthe CIA to counter Communism

• Two examples would be Iran and GrenadaTwo examples would be Iran and Grenada– In 1953 the CIA helped to overthrow a In 1953 the CIA helped to overthrow a democratically elected regime in Iran…who wanted democratically elected regime in Iran…who wanted to nationalize the oil industryto nationalize the oil industry– In 1979 the regime the US supported was In 1979 the regime the US supported was overthrown by an Islamic revolution…we live with overthrown by an Islamic revolution…we live with that fall out todaythat fall out today– In 1954 the US supported an invasion of In 1954 the US supported an invasion of Guatemala that ousted a Communist government Guatemala that ousted a Communist government

Page 25: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their
Page 26: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

Ike’s “New Look”Ike’s “New Look”• In 1956 because Egypt bought weapons In 1956 because Egypt bought weapons from Communist countries, the US withdrew from Communist countries, the US withdrew financial aid toward the building of the Aswan financial aid toward the building of the Aswan DamDam

• Egypt (under President Nasser) seized the Egypt (under President Nasser) seized the Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company that owned it. In Oct 1956 British and French that owned it. In Oct 1956 British and French troops invaded Egypttroops invaded Egypt

• The USSR threatened to attack Britain and The USSR threatened to attack Britain and France…under strong pressure from the US France…under strong pressure from the US (oil), GBR and France called off the attacks. (oil), GBR and France called off the attacks. Soon afterward, Arab nations began accepting Soon afterward, Arab nations began accepting Soviet aid, a diplomatic victory for the USSRSoviet aid, a diplomatic victory for the USSR

Page 27: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

Ike’s “New Look”Ike’s “New Look”• In 1957 the USSR launched Sputnik, the In 1957 the USSR launched Sputnik, the world’s first satellite. The USSR was winning world’s first satellite. The USSR was winning the space race.the space race.

• Eisenhower invited the Khrushchev to the Eisenhower invited the Khrushchev to the US, but he canceled the visit after Russian US, but he canceled the visit after Russian planes shot down a US U2 planeplanes shot down a US U2 plane

• When Ike left office, he gave a frank speech When Ike left office, he gave a frank speech to the nation:to the nation:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y06NSBBRtY

Page 28: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

They Liked Ike

• Truman’s popularity was low in 1952. Eisenhower won the Republican nomination. Richard Nixon became his running mate.

• The Eisenhower admin set the tone for “modern Republicanism”

• The Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson of Illinois for president and Senator John A. Sparkman for VP

Modern Republicanism

Page 29: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

They Liked Ike

• Eisenhower was popular with his “I Like Ike” slogan, his K1C2 formula (Korea, Communism and Corruption), and his campaign pledge to go to Korea to end the stalemate.

• Eisenhower won 55% of the popular vote, and the Republican Party regained control of Congress, but only until 1954

Modern Republicanism

Page 30: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

A New Foreign Policy

• With a new president came a “new look” foreign policy

• Eisenhower believed that the key to victory was not just military might, but a strong economy. Conventional weapons and forces were too expensive. Nuclear weapons offered more “bang for the buck”. The Korean War had convinced Eisenhower that the USA could not contain Communism by fighting a series of small wars. The best way to do this was to threaten to use nuclear weapons (Massive Retaliation).

• Eisenhower did this by cutting military spending from $50 million to $34 million. He did reduced the size of the conventional army, but built up the US’s nuclear arsenal from 1,000 to 18,000

Modern Republicanism

Page 31: Cold War America By Neil Hammond. Cold War America Long Term Causes of the Cold WarLong Term Causes of the Cold War –Both the US and USSR believed their

“Brinkmanship”

• Eisenhower’s seeming willingness to use nuclear weapons scared some people. One of the powerful influences behind the policy was E’s Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles

• Critics called this approach brinkmanship (the willingness to go the brink of war to force the other side to back down) and argued it was too dangerous.

Modern Republicanism