Cold War and Cold War and TrumanTruman

APUSHAPUSH

McElhaneyMcElhaney

AP OutlineAP Outline

The United States and the Early Cold The United States and the Early Cold WarWar

Origins of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War Truman and containment Truman and containment The Cold War in Asia: China, Korea, The Cold War in Asia: China, Korea,

Vietnam, Japan Vietnam, Japan Diplomatic strategies and policies of the Diplomatic strategies and policies of the

Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations The Red Scare and McCarthyism The Red Scare and McCarthyism Impact of the Cold War on American society Impact of the Cold War on American society

OutlineOutline

Containment in Europe and the Containment in Europe and the Middle East Middle East

Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Marshall Plan Berlin crisis Berlin crisis NATO NATO

Revolution in China Revolution in China Limited war: Korea, MacArthur Limited war: Korea, MacArthur

Key TermsKey Terms Teheran ConferenceTeheran Conference Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference Potsdam Potsdam

ConferenceConference ContainmentContainment Iron Curtain, Iron Curtain,

Eastern Bloc, Eastern Bloc, Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

George KennanGeorge Kennan Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift West Germany/East GermanyWest Germany/East Germany National Security Act, 1947National Security Act, 1947 Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence Agency North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty

Organization, 1949 (NATO)Organization, 1949 (NATO) Japan-Role in Cold WarJapan-Role in Cold War Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) NSC-68NSC-68 Dean AchesonDean Acheson

March 20March 20

Colonial Study Guide (Due Monday-Colonial Study Guide (Due Monday-March 27)March 27)

Quiz:Quiz: Roosevelt is often criticized for Roosevelt is often criticized for

making bad choices and giving in to making bad choices and giving in to Stalin at the Yalta Conference. Stalin at the Yalta Conference.

Why is FDR criticized and is this Why is FDR criticized and is this justified? Explainjustified? Explain

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War

Cold War-Cold War- a term that refers to the a term that refers to the international rivalry between international rivalry between Communist states and Capitalist statesCommunist states and Capitalist states

Mainly between United States, Great Mainly between United States, Great Britain and Western European countriesBritain and Western European countries

VersesVerses Soviet Union- Eastern European Soviet Union- Eastern European

Satellite states, Later China, Korea, Satellite states, Later China, Korea, Cuba, Vietnam Cuba, Vietnam

Over View of Cold WarOver View of Cold War

After WWII the US will After WWII the US will confront confront Communist expansionCommunist expansion all over the all over the world.world.

Conflict will Conflict will last 50 yearslast 50 years and ends and ends peacefully with Reagan and Bush (41) peacefully with Reagan and Bush (41) in 1991, when the Soviet Union in 1991, when the Soviet Union disintegrated.disintegrated.

Each President will deal with Cold War Each President will deal with Cold War Issues as the focus of Foreign Policy.Issues as the focus of Foreign Policy.

Presidents and the Cold Presidents and the Cold WarWar Truman-(1945-1953)Truman-(1945-1953)

Containment PolicyContainment Policy Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Marshall PlanMarshall Plan Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift NATONATO Korean WarKorean War Firing of MacArthurFiring of MacArthur

Eisenhower-Eisenhower- (1953-1961) (1953-1961) Korean War peaceKorean War peace GuatemalaGuatemala Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution Vietnam supportVietnam support

Kennedy (1961-1963)Kennedy (1961-1963) Vietnam escalation (Military advisors Vietnam escalation (Military advisors

and equipment sent)and equipment sent) Cuban Missile Crisis (the closest the Cuban Missile Crisis (the closest the

US will come to Nuclear War)US will come to Nuclear War) Johnson (1963-1969) Johnson (1963-1969)

Escalates Vietnam involvement Escalates Vietnam involvement (500K troops 1968)(500K troops 1968)

NixonNixon (1969-1974) (1969-1974) Massive Bombing of North Vietnam Massive Bombing of North Vietnam

and Cambodiaand Cambodia Negotiated Settlement of VietnamNegotiated Settlement of Vietnam Visits China and begins Détente with Visits China and begins Détente with

Mao Tse TongMao Tse Tong

FordFord (1974-1977) (1974-1977) Carter (1977-1981)Carter (1977-1981)

Russians invade AfghanistanRussians invade Afghanistan Aides Mujhadeen fighting RussiansAides Mujhadeen fighting Russians Communists take over in NicaraguaCommunists take over in Nicaragua

ReaganReagan (1981-1989) (1981-1989) Focuses American in building “Star Focuses American in building “Star

Wars” anti-missile program and Wars” anti-missile program and defense spending to counter Soviets defense spending to counter Soviets

Causes Soviet economy to suffer- Causes Soviet economy to suffer- Gorbachev begins Perestroika- Gorbachev begins Perestroika-

opens frustrations created by opens frustrations created by Communist economy and peaceful Communist economy and peaceful revolution is begunrevolution is begun

BushBush (41) (1989-1993) (41) (1989-1993) 1991 the Soviet Union is ended and 1991 the Soviet Union is ended and

chain reaction reverberates across chain reaction reverberates across Europe (Essentially communism and Europe (Essentially communism and extreme socialism as an economic extreme socialism as an economic system is proven ineffective)system is proven ineffective)

Nationalism takes over in formerly Nationalism takes over in formerly communist controlled regions of communist controlled regions of EuropeEurope

Trends in American Cold War Trends in American Cold War Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

American government will confront American government will confront communism were ever it attempts to spread communism were ever it attempts to spread using: using:

Covert ActionCovert Action: : CIA-CIA- influence elections influence elections Money: Money: Marshall PlanMarshall Plan, later loans and , later loans and

economic aideconomic aid MilitaryMilitary: Equipment, supplies, training, and : Equipment, supplies, training, and

direct military involvementdirect military involvement Greece, Turkey, Guatemala, South Korea, Greece, Turkey, Guatemala, South Korea,

American government will support countries, American government will support countries, governments, dictators, and even drug dealers, governments, dictators, and even drug dealers, in an effort to stop the spread of communism. in an effort to stop the spread of communism.

Post WWII 1945-53Post WWII 1945-53 Area of Conflict: Eastern Europe, Area of Conflict: Eastern Europe,

Germany, China, Korea, later Germany, China, Korea, later Vietnam, CubaVietnam, Cuba

Roosevelt’s Post War Roosevelt’s Post War World World

Wanted Russian help with fighting the Japanese Wanted Russian help with fighting the Japanese Japan had 1 million soldiers in ChinaJapan had 1 million soldiers in China

Was sympathetic to Russian suffering in two Was sympathetic to Russian suffering in two wars with Germanywars with Germany

Understood that Russians had a millions of Understood that Russians had a millions of soldiers in Eastern Europesoldiers in Eastern Europe

Wanted to create a post war world of order and Wanted to create a post war world of order and stabilitystability

Wanted to prevent WarWanted to prevent War Expand Self determinationExpand Self determination Wanted to support economic development- Wanted to support economic development-

Churchill WantedChurchill Wanted

Maintain the British EmpireMaintain the British Empire Limit Soviet power in EuropeLimit Soviet power in Europe

Stalin WantedStalin Wanted

Protect the Soviet Union from AttackProtect the Soviet Union from Attack Establish a buffer zone and Satellite Establish a buffer zone and Satellite

states friendly to Soviet interestsstates friendly to Soviet interests Weaken Germany to prevent any Weaken Germany to prevent any

further warsfurther wars

Tehran ConferenceTehran Conference Big ThreeBig Three discuss what to do with discuss what to do with

GermanyGermany Stalin wanted to eliminate Germany as a Stalin wanted to eliminate Germany as a

threatthreat To partition Germany-To partition Germany-

Churchill wanted to use Germany to Churchill wanted to use Germany to counter the Russians-counter the Russians-

Roosevelt was more lenient to the needs of Roosevelt was more lenient to the needs of StalinStalin

Stalin promised to help fight Japan- after Stalin promised to help fight Japan- after Germany surrenderedGermany surrendered

Teheran Economic Teheran Economic Development PlansDevelopment Plans

International Monetary FundInternational Monetary Fund Fund used to stabilize currency Fund used to stabilize currency

International Bank for International Bank for Reconstruction- later known as the Reconstruction- later known as the World BankWorld Bank Plan to lend money to countries Plan to lend money to countries Help revive tradeHelp revive trade

Yalta Conference Feb Yalta Conference Feb 19451945

Roosevelt is about to die Roosevelt is about to die Soviets were marching into GermanySoviets were marching into Germany Red Army was occupying most of Eastern Red Army was occupying most of Eastern

EuropeEurope Further planned for Post War EuropeFurther planned for Post War Europe Russians establish communist governments Russians establish communist governments

wherever they had controlwherever they had control Poland example- Poland example- Lublin Government-Lublin Government- basically basically

ignored the Polish Government in exile in ignored the Polish Government in exile in LondonLondon

Churchill and Roosevelt wanted free elections Churchill and Roosevelt wanted free elections

Stalin Agreed at YaltaStalin Agreed at Yalta

To Declare war on Japan after To Declare war on Japan after Germany surrendered within 2-3 Germany surrendered within 2-3 monthsmonths

Partition of Germany into 4 Zones- Partition of Germany into 4 Zones- Russian, US, British, and FrenchRussian, US, British, and French

In Exchange forIn Exchange for Influence in ManchuriaInfluence in Manchuria Return of land lost in Russo-Japanese Return of land lost in Russo-Japanese

War (1904)War (1904)

Why does Roosevelt give in to Stalin’s Post Why does Roosevelt give in to Stalin’s Post War plans?War plans?

Germany had invaded Russia twice, killed millions of Germany had invaded Russia twice, killed millions of Russians- Roosevelt was sympathetic to Stalin’s idea of Russians- Roosevelt was sympathetic to Stalin’s idea of Sphere of Influence/Buffer StatesSphere of Influence/Buffer States

Roosevelt wanted help from Russians with the Fight Roosevelt wanted help from Russians with the Fight against Japan (Russia didn’t declare war on Japan until 2 against Japan (Russia didn’t declare war on Japan until 2 days before war was over)days before war was over)

Buffer ZoneBuffer Zone will later turn into the will later turn into the Communist BlockCommunist Block or or Warsaw Pact-Warsaw Pact- The instillation of communist The instillation of communist controlled governments along the Western border of controlled governments along the Western border of Russia:Russia:

East Germany, Poland, Baltic States, Yugoslavia, East Germany, Poland, Baltic States, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria…Romania, Bulgaria…

Later known as the Later known as the Iron CurtainIron Curtain phrase was coined phrase was coined by Churchill at by Churchill at

Stalin broke promises Stalin broke promises ““We can’t do business with Stalin. He has broken We can’t do business with Stalin. He has broken

everyone of the promises he made at Yalta.” FDReveryone of the promises he made at Yalta.” FDR

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Potsdam Conference July Potsdam Conference July 19451945

Big 3 at Potsdam Truman, Churchill, Big 3 at Potsdam Truman, Churchill, Stalin met in a suburb of Berlin for the Stalin met in a suburb of Berlin for the Potsdam Conference July 17-Aug. 2 Potsdam Conference July 17-Aug. 2

Settled the German reparation question- Settled the German reparation question- Soviets would get assets in the EastSoviets would get assets in the East

Nazi leaders to be tried as war criminals Nazi leaders to be tried as war criminals at at NurembergNuremberg

Korea to be dividedKorea to be divided Truman found out “Trinity” test of A-Bomb Truman found out “Trinity” test of A-Bomb

worked, causes a tougher line with the worked, causes a tougher line with the RussiansRussians

Iron Curtain Speech March Iron Curtain Speech March 5th, 1946 5th, 1946

The Iron Curtain speechThe Iron Curtain speech, perhaps more commonly , perhaps more commonly known as the Sinews of Peace address, was delivered known as the Sinews of Peace address, was delivered by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on at by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri. Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri.

In this speech, Churchill talked about how wrong it In this speech, Churchill talked about how wrong it was that the Russians were occupying European was that the Russians were occupying European countries.countries.

He spoke of all the terrible things that were going on He spoke of all the terrible things that were going on within these countries, and of the threats and dangers within these countries, and of the threats and dangers of Communism. of Communism.

Churchill also described an "Iron Curtain" which Churchill also described an "Iron Curtain" which prevented all communication and connection between prevented all communication and connection between the Soviets and Europe and which hung around many the Soviets and Europe and which hung around many European countries. European countries.

““From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent." the Continent."

How does the use of the How does the use of the atomic bomb on Japan fit atomic bomb on Japan fit

into the Cold War?into the Cold War? The use of the Bomb makes Stalin The use of the Bomb makes Stalin

want speed up research and want speed up research and espionage on a Russian Bomb.espionage on a Russian Bomb.

Some believe that the decision to Some believe that the decision to drop the bomb was in part a drop the bomb was in part a message to Stalin that the US was message to Stalin that the US was capable and prepared to use it capable and prepared to use it against Russia if war broke out against Russia if war broke out again.again.

ContainmentContainment in Europe and in Europe and the Middle Eastthe Middle East

George F. Kennan-George F. Kennan- American diplomat in American diplomat in Moscow, expert on Russian historyMoscow, expert on Russian history

8000 word telegram- advice on how US 8000 word telegram- advice on how US should deal with Soviet Union and should deal with Soviet Union and Communism spreadCommunism spread

Stated the Soviet Union was paranoid of Stated the Soviet Union was paranoid of Western attackWestern attack

Suggested Suggested ContainmentContainment strategy- prevent strategy- prevent the spread of communismthe spread of communism

Communism in Europe would Communism in Europe would eventually eventually die out!die out!

Truman and subsequent presidents adopt Truman and subsequent presidents adopt this view.this view.

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine 1947 1947 Secretary of State- Dean Acheson (Strong Anti-Secretary of State- Dean Acheson (Strong Anti-

Communist) suggests to Truman, if Greece falls Communist) suggests to Truman, if Greece falls to communism- Turkey and other countries will to communism- Turkey and other countries will fall…fall…

Truman articulates American Policy in speech Truman articulates American Policy in speech to joint session of Congressto joint session of Congress

Prompted by Communist actions in Prompted by Communist actions in GreeceGreece (Civil War) and Turkey(Civil War) and Turkey

US policy will aid all countries in the world that US policy will aid all countries in the world that are suffering from communist subversionare suffering from communist subversion

Primarily economic aid (Primarily economic aid (Marshall PlanMarshall Plan) but will ) but will also include military equipment and trainingalso include military equipment and training

Congress will appropriate $400 million Congress will appropriate $400 million Policy will be Policy will be replicatedreplicated by subsequent by subsequent

presidentspresidents

““Truman Doctrine”Truman Doctrine”

““I believe that it must be the Policy I believe that it must be the Policy of the United States to support free of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure.”by outside pressure.”

Marshall Plan 1947Marshall Plan 1947 George MarshallGeorge Marshall, Secretary of State for Truman, Secretary of State for Truman Former Chief of Staff for the Army- coordinated Former Chief of Staff for the Army- coordinated

the American strategy WWIIthe American strategy WWII Feared further Feared further communist popularitycommunist popularity in post-war in post-war

Europe (Socialist movements were gaining power Europe (Socialist movements were gaining power France, Italy, due to- severe destruction, France, Italy, due to- severe destruction, economic declines brought by the war- In bad economic declines brought by the war- In bad economic circumstances Communism sounds like economic circumstances Communism sounds like a good idea)a good idea)

Proposes a plan to offer Proposes a plan to offer Massive Economic Aid to Massive Economic Aid to EuropeanEuropean countries to help rebuild economies countries to help rebuild economies and prevent attractiveness of communism ($11 and prevent attractiveness of communism ($11 Billion in 3yrs)Billion in 3yrs) Complemented Truman DoctrineComplemented Truman Doctrine

Berlin Crisis 1948-49Berlin Crisis 1948-49 Part of the settlement at PotsdamPart of the settlement at Potsdam Germany was to be partitioned 4 Germany was to be partitioned 4

administrative areasadministrative areas Berlin alsoBerlin also When the US, France, and Britain prepared When the US, France, and Britain prepared

unite the Western portion of Germany and unite the Western portion of Germany and the Western portion of Berlin- the Western portion of Berlin-

Russians try to force Western powers out Russians try to force Western powers out of Berlin preventing access to the Western of Berlin preventing access to the Western portion of the city (Blockade)portion of the city (Blockade)

Truman responds with Truman responds with Berlin Airlift Berlin Airlift supplying Berlin by air, 13,000 tons of supplying Berlin by air, 13,000 tons of supplies per day, airlift lasts 300 dayssupplies per day, airlift lasts 300 days

West Germany- West Germany- Federal Republic of Germany (pro USA) Federal Republic of Germany (pro USA)

East Germany- German Democratic Republic (GDR)

NATO NATO 19491949

North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization Cold War defensive allianceCold War defensive alliance between between

countries in Europe-and the United Statescountries in Europe-and the United States Europeans invited the United States to Europeans invited the United States to

take an active role in European defensetake an active role in European defense ““An armed attack against one or more of An armed attack against one or more of

them in Europe or North America… an them in Europe or North America… an attack against all”attack against all”

In Asia- In Asia- SEATO-SEATO- South East Asia Treaty South East Asia Treaty OrganizationOrganization

NATONATO April 4, 1949 as an international organization for the April 4, 1949 as an international organization for the

political and military defense of the political and military defense of the USUS and and CanadaCanada and the European states of and the European states of BelgiumBelgium, , DenmarkDenmark, , FranceFrance (which ceased to be a member of the military (which ceased to be a member of the military structure of the organization in 1966), structure of the organization in 1966), Great BritainGreat Britain, , IcelandIceland, , Italy, LuxemburgItaly, Luxemburg, the , the NetherlandsNetherlands, , NorwayNorway, , and and PortugalPortugal. .

An important An important goal of NATOgoal of NATO for more than for more than forty years has been defense against the forty years has been defense against the expansionist ambitions of Communism, and expansionist ambitions of Communism, and particularly defense against the USSR and the particularly defense against the USSR and the Warsaw Pact — until their dissolution in 1991.Warsaw Pact — until their dissolution in 1991.

Countries entering later are Countries entering later are GreeceGreece and and TurkeyTurkey (1952), the (1952), the Federal Republic of GermanyFederal Republic of Germany (1955), (1955), SpainSpain (1982), Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia (1982), Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia ((19991999). ).

Soviet BlockSoviet Block Soviets create an alliance- Communist Soviets create an alliance- Communist

Block or Warsaw Pact countries- Block or Warsaw Pact countries- defensive alliance dominated by Soviets-defensive alliance dominated by Soviets-

19551955 by Albania, Bulgaria, by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. Soviet Union.

The organization was the Soviet bloc's The organization was the Soviet bloc's equivalent of the North Atlantic Treaty equivalent of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Organization.

American Cold War American Cold War Bureaucracy Bureaucracy

Under Under Truman the apparatus for national securityTruman the apparatus for national security expandsexpands

National Security Act- 1947:National Security Act- 1947: Established Air Force as separate military bodyEstablished Air Force as separate military body

Strategic Air Command-theStrategic Air Command-the round-the-clock surveillance round-the-clock surveillance and bombing preparationand bombing preparation

Department of DefenseDepartment of Defense National Security Council-National Security Council- to coordinate between to coordinate between

State and Defense departmentsState and Defense departments Established the Central Intelligence Agency Established the Central Intelligence Agency

(CIA)-(CIA)- will engage in intelligence gathering, then will engage in intelligence gathering, then covertcovert operations to operations to subvert pro-communistsubvert pro-communist governments- used governments- used $,$, murdermurder, , propagandapropaganda to to influence domestic politics in foreign countries influence domestic politics in foreign countries (Italy, Greece, Albania, Guatemala, (Italy, Greece, Albania, Guatemala,

Truman and IsraelTruman and Israel

1948- Truman officially recognizes 1948- Truman officially recognizes the existence and legitimacy of the existence and legitimacy of IsraelIsrael

Part of Cold War- US wanted Part of Cold War- US wanted influence in Middle Eastinfluence in Middle East

Revolution in ChinaRevolution in China

Limited War: KoreaLimited War: Korea