COLD WAR CONFLICTS

U.S vs. U.S.S.R.

Section 2

The Cold War Heats UpAfter World War II, China becomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a communist north and a democratic south.

NEXT

Learning Objectives:Section 2 - The Cold War Heats Up

1. Explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted.2. Summarize the events of the Korean War.3. Explain the conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur.

China Becomes a Communist Country

Nationalists Versus Communists• Chinese Communists battle nationalist

government of Chiang Kai-shek• U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is

inefficient, corrupt• Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to

get peasant support• Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945,

communists control north China

The Cold War Heats Up2SECTION

NEXT

Continued . . .

SECTION 2: THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

CHINA:For two decades, Chinese

communists had struggled against the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-Shek

The U.S. supported Chiang and gave the Nationalist Party $3 billion in aid during WWII

However, Mao Zedong’s Communist Party in China was strong, especially among Chinese peasants

GUIDED READING

Civil war in China

1. Which side the United States support, and why?

China:Nationalists;

because they opposed communism

continued China Becomes a Communist Country

Renewed Civil War• 1944–47, U.S. sends military aid to

Nationalists to oppose communism• 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan• Communists establish People’s Republic of

China in mainland• U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese

government

2SECTION

NEXT

America Reacts to Communist Takeover• U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover• Conservatives blame Truman for not

sending enough aid

CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1944-1947

After Japan left China at the end of the War, Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil warDespite the U.S. sending $ billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled ChinaChiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring Taiwan (Formosa)Mao established the People’s Republic of China

MAO

Kai-Shek

GUIDED READING

Civil war in China

What did the United States do to affect the outcome of the war?

China: sent the Nationalists billions of dollars in military equipment and supplies; tried to negotiate an end to the war

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

A – What factors led to the Communist takeover in China?

The Nationalist were corrupt and non-supportive of the peasants.The communist had strong leadership, and they worked to win peasant support.

AMERICA STUNNEDThe American public was shocked that China had fallen to the CommunistsMany believed containment had failed and communism was expandingAmerican fear of communism and communist expansion was increasing

GUIDED READING Civil war in China

How did the American public react to that outcome, and why?

China: with shock, anger, and fear; Americans couldn't believe that the policy of containment had failed and demanded explanations from the government.

The Korean War

A Divided Country • 38th parallel (38º N latitude) divides Japanese

surrender in Korea• North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.;

south to U.S.• Republic of Korea, Democratic People’s

Republic of Korea founded

2SECTION

NEXT

North Korea Attacks South Korea• 1950, North Korea invades South, begins

Korean War• South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion;

Security Council approves• MacArthur put in command of South Korean,

U.S., other forces

KOREAN WAR Japan had taken over Korea in 1910 and ruled it until August 1945As WWII ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to the SovietsJapanese soldiers south of the 38th surrendered to the AmericansAs in Germany, two nations developed, one communist (North Korea) and one democratic (South Korea)

Soviet controlled

U.S. controlled

NORTH KOREA ATTACKS SOUTH KOREAOn June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South KoreaWith only 500 U.S. troops in South Korea, the Soviets figured the Americans would not fight to save South KoreaInstead, America sent troops, planes and ships to South Korea

MACARTHUR’S COUNTERATTACK At first, North Korea

seemed unstoppableHowever, General MacArthur launched a counterattack with tanks, heavy artillery, and troopsMany North Koreans surrendered; others retreated across the 38th parallel

INCHON LANDING

GUIDED READING

Civil war in Korea

1. Which side the United States support, and why?

Korea: South Korea; because it was

democratic and North Korea was Communist

B – How did Korea become a divided nation after World War II?

North Korea surrendered to the Soviets.South Korea surrendered to the United States.Two separate countries emerged; • North Korea and South Korea

CHINA JOINS THE FIGHTJust as it looked like the Americans were going to score a victory in the North, 300,000 Chinese soldiers joined the war on the side of the North KoreansThe fight between North and South Korea had turned into a war in which the main opponents were Chinese Communists vs. America

GUIDED READING

Civil war in Korea

What did the United States do to affect the outcome of the war?

Korea: provided naval and air support; sent troops; went to war

C – How did the involvement of communist China affect the Korean War?

Just as UN forces had overtaken North Korea, the Chinese entered the war on the side of North Korea and pushed the UN troops southward.

The United States Fights in Korea

MacArthur’s Counterattack• North Korea drives south, captures Seoul• UN, South Korean troops forced into small

defensive zone• MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides,

pushes into north

2SECTION

NEXT

Continued . . .

The Chinese Fight Back• China sends troops to help North Korea; push

south, capture Seoul• Fighting continues for 2 more years

GUIDED READING

Civil war in Korea

What was the outcome of the war?

Korea: stalemate; Korea remained two nations divided by a demilitarized zone; the United States lost 54,000 American live and spent $67 billion.

MacArthur Wins!

MacArthur Recommends Attacking China• MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman

rejects request• Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact• UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to

38th parallel

continued The United States Fights in Korea

2SECTION

NEXT

MacArthur Versus Truman• MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China;

Truman fires him• Public outraged over hero’s dismissal• Congressional committee investigation concludes

Truman right

Continued . . .

MACARTHUR RECOMMENDS ATTACKING CHINA

To halt the bloody stalemate, General MacArthur called for an extension of the war into ChinaFurthermore, MacArthur called for the U.S. to drop atomic bombs on several Chinese citiesPresident Truman rejected the General’s requests

MACARTHUR VS. TRUMANMacArthur continued to urge President Truman to attack China and tried to go behind Truman’s back – Truman was furious with his generalOn April 1, 1951, Truman made the shocking announcement that he had fired MacArthurAmericans were surprised and many still supported their fallen general

Macarthur was

given a ticker-tape

parade

D – How did Truman and MacArthur differ over strategy in the Korean War?

MacArthur wanted to wage full-scale nuclear war against China.Truman wanted to limit the war.

Settling for Stalemate• 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire• 1953 armistice: Korea still divided; demilitarized

zone established• Lack of success, high human, financial costs help

elect Eisenhower

continued The United States Fights in Korea

2SECTION

NEXT

AN ARMISTICE IS SIGNEDNegotiators began working on a settlement as early as the summer of 1951Finally, in July 1953, an agreement was signed that ended the war in a stalemate

(38th parallel) America’s cost: 54,000 lives and $67 billion

Korean War Memorial, Washington D.C.

GUIDED READING Civil war in Korea

How did the American public react to that outcome, and why?

Korea: with dismay; the high costs of the unsuccessful war led Americans to reject the Democratic party.