Cold War Conflicts

OutlineHistorical ContextLeadership

1945 Origins until Death of Stalin1953-1964 Brinkmanship until Khrushchev1964-1972 Brezhnev Doctrine1972-1979 Begin Détente1979-1991 Too little reform, too late, too much spending

Proxy ‘Wars’BerlinHungaryPoland

Nuclear DevelopmentsRace for WeaponsDisarmament

Cold War Europe

Thesis

Where were the proxy wars? Who won them and why? How did the Cold War end?The Cold War, the struggle for economic and political dominance between USSR and USA, resulted in proxy wars in the developing world. These contests, USSR expenditures, and overextension of USSR power, led to the ultimate ‘triumph’ of the USA capitalist system.

Cold War Alliances

George Kennan, State Dept.

Truman Doctrine“It must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures”

Long TelegramX Article

Joseph Stalin 1929-1953

1949 COMENCONCouncil on Mutual Economic Assitance

Suspicious of the West

Exporting CommunismIran

Turkey and Greece

Korea

Dean Acheson

Secretary of State 1949 to 1953

Containment

Korean War

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

“eye ball to eye ball and they blinked”

Kitchen Debate

Nikita Krushchev, 1953-1964

1956 deStalinization Speech

1955 Warsaw Pact

1958 “Thaw” “Peaceful Co-existence” “We will bury you”

1962 Cuban Misslie Crisis

Falls in 1964

Eisenhower Doctrine

1956

American primacy in defense of Middle East

Military Industrial Complex

Today USA Troops:

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of State Eisenhower, 1952-1960

Massive Retaliation

Brinkmanship

Allen Dulles

Head of CIA 1953-1961

Eisenhower and Kennedy

Bay of Pigs

Coups in Iran and Guatemala

Leonid Brezhnev, 1964-1982

Brezhnev DoctrineSoviet can intervene to protect socialism and socialist govts against pro-capitalis change

Thaw is ‘over’“peaceful coexistence”

1972 DétenteHelsinki Accords

Ratifies WWII boundaries for EuropeHuman Rights watch

1979 Invade AfghanistanEnds Detente

Soviet Union 1991

Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991

GlasnotOpeness

PerestroikaFight against economic stagnation

1988 USSR Constitutional Reform

New national legislatureMulti candidate electionsno one party slate

1990 Const. ReformPresidencyYelstin Rises

Boris Yeltsin, 1991

Challenges Gorbachev

1991 Elected President of Russian Republic

Leningrad back to St. Petersburg

Soviet Union dissolves itself

Military Coup averted

Communism to Capitalism

Berlin

Airlift 1948- 19491961 Berlin Wall1965 Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik

Former mayor of W. BerlinForeign Minister1969 is chancellor

1989 Berlin Wall comes downOctober 3, 1990 German Reunites

FRG incorporates GDR

Construction of the Wall

Checkpoint Charlie

The Wall in the 1980s

Demolishing the Wall

PolandDeStalinization as InspirationRevolt

European Communist Party Leaders 1956 Polish Steel Workers demand “Bread and Freedom”

National and RCC reglig sentimentsInp from Moscow

ResponseGomulka relaxed political and econ and curbed police terrorismShort lived

1970 Food RiotsTopple party boss Gomulka

Poland Cont.

1980-81 SolidarityLech Walensa leads strike at Lenin ShipyardsJaruzelski declares martial lawReform AttemptsRCC Support

1989 ElectionsSolidarity wins

Revolt in Hungary, 1956

Inspired by PolandToppled Statue of StalinImre Nagy Refomer into power

ResponseSoviets dispatch troopsSuppress ‘counter revolution’Nagy executed200,000 Hungarian Refugees

Hungary Revolts and Flees

1956, Poznan Tank in front of Secrity Police Building in

Wieslaw Wldyka

Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary 1956

Prague Spring, 1968

‘68

Arms Race

MAD1945 USA Atomic Bomb1949 USSR Atomic Bomb1952 US Hydrogen BombSputnik 19571958, USSR ICBMMissile Defense Systems

Weapons

Missile Stats

Nagasaki Before and After

Disarmament

1970 Non-Proliferation Treaty1972 SALT I

Strategic arms limitation talksNixon and

1979 SALT IIFord and Not ratified by Congress

1991 Strategic Arms Treay

Scale down long range missiles

Red NPTOrange Other Nuclear PowersPurple formerly possessed nuclearyellow suspected of developingpink had nuclear weapons and or research

programs

Post Cold War

http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect17.htm

Lecture notes Anna M. cienciala HI 557 2002 hanka@ku.edu

Gomulka speaks in Warsaw Oct. 1956