Cold War Cold War Confrontations: Confrontations: Asia, and Europe Asia, and Europe and Beginning and Beginning

DétenteDétente

All the notes you take need to help you answer All the notes you take need to help you answer the clarifying questions below. As you the clarifying questions below. As you analyzeanalyze

and and evaluateevaluate the information contained the information contained throughout this presentation you should be throughout this presentation you should be

asking yourself the following question:asking yourself the following question: How did the U.S. federal How did the U.S. federal

government react to threats to the government react to threats to the U.S. from Asia and Europe?U.S. from Asia and Europe?

Clarifying QuestionClarifying Question

[I will not collect your answers but they should help you think about the information. If you have any questions please share them with me and your classmates before, during and after classes.]

Advice from Eisenhower Advice from Eisenhower

In a speech given 3 days In a speech given 3 days before the end of before the end of Eisenhower's term, he Eisenhower's term, he warned of the dangers of warned of the dangers of the growing military-the growing military-industrial complexindustrial complex. .

Eisenhower is clearly Eisenhower is clearly referring to the U.S.S.R, referring to the U.S.S.R, and communism in general, and communism in general, but he does not actually but he does not actually name them.name them.

He warns his successor, He warns his successor, JFK, of the perceived JFK, of the perceived challenges these foes to challenges these foes to Western freedom would Western freedom would likely bring. likely bring. Clip of Eisenhower’s speech [Click

on link] to the nation before he left office

From the “Military-From the “Military-Industrial Complex Speech” Industrial Complex Speech”

(1961)(1961)…we yet realize that America's leadership and prestige depend, not merely upon our unmatched material progress, riches and military strength, but on how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment....

We face a hostile ideology -- global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose, and insidious in method. …

Crises there will continue to be. In meeting them, whether foreign or domestic, great or small, there is a recurring temptation to feel that some spectacular and costly action could become the miraculous solution…

In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the militaryindustrial complex. …

We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. …

The Berlin CrisisThe Berlin Crisis The crisis over Berlin was The crisis over Berlin was

building when JFK became building when JFK became President in 1961.President in 1961.

The conflict pitted East The conflict pitted East Germany's Walter Ulbricht Germany's Walter Ulbricht and Soviet leader Nikita and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev against West Khrushchev against West Germany's Konrad Adenaur Germany's Konrad Adenaur and Kennedy.and Kennedy.

Thousands of laborers Thousands of laborers defected from East Berlin to defected from East Berlin to West Berlin, which had West Berlin, which had enjoyed political and enjoyed political and economic assistance from the economic assistance from the US since WW II. US since WW II.

The defections caused major The defections caused major strain on East Germany's strain on East Germany's crippled economy. crippled economy.

The Berlin CrisisThe Berlin Crisis

The U.S.S.R wanted Western interests out of West Berlin in order The U.S.S.R wanted Western interests out of West Berlin in order to deter the migration and strengthen the Communist bloc. to deter the migration and strengthen the Communist bloc.

At Vienna Summit of June 1961, Kennedy and Khrushchev were At Vienna Summit of June 1961, Kennedy and Khrushchev were odds over the proposed plan. odds over the proposed plan.

The President addressed the U.S. on the Berlin Crisis on July 25, The President addressed the U.S. on the Berlin Crisis on July 25, 1961. His speech was optimistic, yet firm. Khrushchev 1961. His speech was optimistic, yet firm. Khrushchev responded with a defiant speech of his own.responded with a defiant speech of his own.

Khrushchev and Kennedy in Vienna

The Berlin Crisis: The The Berlin Crisis: The WallWall

With dangerously mounting tensions, Khrushchev and Ulbricht With dangerously mounting tensions, Khrushchev and Ulbricht ultimately conceived of a plan which would avoid a costly conflict ultimately conceived of a plan which would avoid a costly conflict with the West. with the West.

The erection of a barrier would separate East and West Berlin in The erection of a barrier would separate East and West Berlin in order to stem the influx of migration. order to stem the influx of migration.

The building of the wall began on August 13, 1961, with the U.S. The building of the wall began on August 13, 1961, with the U.S. opting not to act out in aggression against the U.S.S.R. opting not to act out in aggression against the U.S.S.R.

Vietnam: The Kennedy Vietnam: The Kennedy Administration Administration

The perceived threat of communism had an unmatched influence The perceived threat of communism had an unmatched influence on American foreign policy in the 1960s. on American foreign policy in the 1960s.

President John F. Kennedy was determined to enforce the President John F. Kennedy was determined to enforce the American policy of the containment of communism. American policy of the containment of communism.

In doing so, Kennedy pledged American support of South In doing so, Kennedy pledged American support of South Vietnam. Vietnam.

What began as financial assistance soon escalated into military What began as financial assistance soon escalated into military conflict involving American troops. conflict involving American troops.

Vietnam: The Johnson Vietnam: The Johnson AdministrationAdministration

The assassination of Kennedy ushered in the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. The assassination of Kennedy ushered in the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. Strong in his convictions, Johnson relied heavily on the word of Kennedy's Strong in his convictions, Johnson relied heavily on the word of Kennedy's

advisors, particularly the Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. advisors, particularly the Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. In March 1964, McNamara issued a statement concerning Vietnam in which he In March 1964, McNamara issued a statement concerning Vietnam in which he

pushed for more military involvement and a continuation of Kennedy's policies.pushed for more military involvement and a continuation of Kennedy's policies.

LBJ and McNamara

Vietnam: The Gulf of Tonkin Vietnam: The Gulf of Tonkin Incident Incident

Despite the optimism of U.S. Despite the optimism of U.S. policy makers, disaster occurred policy makers, disaster occurred in early August of 1964. in early August of 1964.

Two American destroyers were Two American destroyers were attacked by North Vietnamese attacked by North Vietnamese gunboats; the attack caught the gunboats; the attack caught the U.S. by surprise. U.S. by surprise.

In an address to Congress, In an address to Congress, Johnson requested and was Johnson requested and was subsequently granted a large subsequently granted a large investment of money and troops to investment of money and troops to fight against North Vietnamese fight against North Vietnamese communism. communism.

The events in the Gulf of Tonkin The events in the Gulf of Tonkin on the day of the incident are the on the day of the incident are the subject of controversy and dispute subject of controversy and dispute to this day.to this day.

The years following the Gulf of The years following the Gulf of Tonkin incident saw a huge Tonkin incident saw a huge increase in American casualties in increase in American casualties in Vietnam. Vietnam.

LBJ signing the Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Shock and Disillusionment Shock and Disillusionment in the Wake of the Tet in the Wake of the Tet

OffensiveOffensive

As 1968 began, President Johnson and the military offered optimistic As 1968 began, President Johnson and the military offered optimistic appraisals of the situation in Vietnam. appraisals of the situation in Vietnam.

January 30th, North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops launched a January 30th, North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops launched a massive, unexpected offensive on the lunar New Year holiday of Tet. massive, unexpected offensive on the lunar New Year holiday of Tet.

U.S. forces repelled enemy forces, but public support for the war U.S. forces repelled enemy forces, but public support for the war plummeted as Americans recognized the inevitability of stalemate. plummeted as Americans recognized the inevitability of stalemate.

Walter Cronkite’s “We are Walter Cronkite’s “We are Mired in Stalemate” Mired in Stalemate”

Broadcast (February 27, Broadcast (February 27, 1968)1968)

To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we

are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are

mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. On the off chance that

military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemy's

intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. But it is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out then

will be to negotiate, not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they could.

The Sino-Soviet SplitThe Sino-Soviet Split By the 1960s, China and the By the 1960s, China and the

U.S.S.R. felt mutual distaste for U.S.S.R. felt mutual distaste for the others' interpretations of the others' interpretations of communist doctrine. communist doctrine.

The Soviets accused the Chinese The Soviets accused the Chinese of desiring a split, which would of desiring a split, which would weaken communism. weaken communism.

China was dissatisfied with what China was dissatisfied with what it considered to be concessions it considered to be concessions made by the Soviets to Western made by the Soviets to Western imperialists, namely the U.S. imperialists, namely the U.S.

China was unhappy with the China was unhappy with the Soviet treatment of the Berlin Soviet treatment of the Berlin crisis and the Cuban Missile crisis and the Cuban Missile crisis, believing the U.S.S.R to be crisis, believing the U.S.S.R to be to compliant with the U.S. to compliant with the U.S.

In 1964, China severed its In 1964, China severed its relationship with the U.S.S.R.relationship with the U.S.S.R.

"Arise, all people of the world, to topple Imperialist America! To topple Soviet revisionism! To topple the reactionary

parties of all nations!"

Chinese Propaganda, 1969

The Sino-Soviet Split: The Sino-Soviet Split: Border ClashesBorder Clashes

Border clashes between the U.S.S.R. Border clashes between the U.S.S.R. and China ensued. and China ensued.

The clashes were seen as a major The clashes were seen as a major threat to the stability of communism.threat to the stability of communism.

The conflict raised the specter of a The conflict raised the specter of a major-power war. major-power war.

Diplomacy was resumed between the Diplomacy was resumed between the Soviets and the Chinese, and an end Soviets and the Chinese, and an end to the border clashes was suggested to the border clashes was suggested by the Chinese Premier to Chairman by the Chinese Premier to Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers in of the Soviet Council of Ministers in 1969. 1969.

The Sino-Soviet split served to usher The Sino-Soviet split served to usher in the era of détente.in the era of détente.

The Soviets began to recognize the The Soviets began to recognize the advantages to good relations with the advantages to good relations with the West, particularly in the realm of West, particularly in the realm of armaments. armaments.

Beginning Detente Beginning Detente

Detente, or a relaxing of Cold War tensions, began to be realized in the late 1960s under Detente, or a relaxing of Cold War tensions, began to be realized in the late 1960s under Richard Nixon. Richard Nixon.

Early detente began with the signing of two monumental treaties between the West and the Early detente began with the signing of two monumental treaties between the West and the Soviet Union. Soviet Union.

The first treaty in 1967 barred the use of outer space for military purposes, admonishing the The first treaty in 1967 barred the use of outer space for military purposes, admonishing the placement of weapons in space and declaring celestial bodies for peaceful use.placement of weapons in space and declaring celestial bodies for peaceful use.

Outer Space Treaty: green= signed and ratified, yellow= signed only

Beginning DetenteBeginning Detente

The second treaty was the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear The second treaty was the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons signed on July 1, 1968 and put into effect on March 5, 1970. Weapons signed on July 1, 1968 and put into effect on March 5, 1970.

This treaty served not only as an arms control between the West and the This treaty served not only as an arms control between the West and the Soviets, it also admonished the free trade of nuclear secrets. Soviets, it also admonished the free trade of nuclear secrets.

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was viewed as both hopeful and The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was viewed as both hopeful and advantageous to both the United States and the Soviet Union.advantageous to both the United States and the Soviet Union.

Beginning DetenteBeginning Detente

The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (S.A.L.T. I) lasted from November of 1969 The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (S.A.L.T. I) lasted from November of 1969 to May of 1972. to May of 1972.

The talks, which involved diplomats from the U.S. and the U.S.S.R were The talks, which involved diplomats from the U.S. and the U.S.S.R were groundbreaking in the level of cooperation between the two powers.groundbreaking in the level of cooperation between the two powers.

This photo shows Henry Kissinger, the National Security Advisor under Nixon This photo shows Henry Kissinger, the National Security Advisor under Nixon and Anatoly Dobrynin, the Soviet Ambassador to the U.S. and Anatoly Dobrynin, the Soviet Ambassador to the U.S.

Relations between Dobrynin and past administrations were strained, but the Relations between Dobrynin and past administrations were strained, but the relationship between Kissinger and Dobrynin was amicable.relationship between Kissinger and Dobrynin was amicable.

Reexamining the Clarifying Reexamining the Clarifying questionquestion

How did the U.S. How did the U.S. federal government federal government react to threats to the react to threats to the U.S. from Asia and U.S. from Asia and Europe?Europe?

Now that you have analyzed and evaluated the information in this presentation using the clarifying questions as a guideline how should you answer each question using specific examples from what you have learned? [I will not collect your answers but they should help you think about the information. If you have any questions please share them with me and your classmates before, during and after classes.]

CitationsSlide 2: http://images.usatoday.com/life/_photos/2006/01/20/inside-eisenhower-fight.jpgSlide 3: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/speeches/eisenhower001.htmSlide 4: http://www.redruth.cornwall.sch.uk/content/departments/history/coldwar-rev/coldwar.htmSlide 5: http://www.coldwarfiles.org/images/events/k_k_vienna_main.jpgSlide 6: http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/berlin_wall.htmlSlide 7: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id=61022&articleTypeId=0Slide 8: http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/images/mcnamarar_oh.jpgSlide 9: http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/educators/LBJ/tonkin_wq/task.phpSlide 10: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.htmlSlide 11: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.htmlSlide 12: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.htmlSlide 13: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change%20--Cronkite.htmlSlide 14: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/1b/325px-Ac.maoposter.jpgSlide 15: http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/15/spotlight/poster.gifSlide 16: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_TreatySlide 17: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0305/ijpe/signing.jpgSlide 18: http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th/RN/Page001.htm.