Cold War

Origins of Cold WarOrigins of Cold War

World War II sets stage for Cold WarWorld War II sets stage for Cold War U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as

competing super powerscompeting super powers– U.S= democracy and capitalismU.S= democracy and capitalism– USSR= dictatorship and communismUSSR= dictatorship and communism

Competition and rivalry between the Competition and rivalry between the two lead to the development of a two lead to the development of a period of hostility known as the COLD period of hostility known as the COLD WARWAR

Cold War BeginsCold War Begins

Soviet influence spread into Eastern Soviet influence spread into Eastern EuropeEurope– Communist governments created under Communist governments created under

Soviet influenceSoviet influence Known as Soviet Satellite statesKnown as Soviet Satellite states

U.S. feared that communism would U.S. feared that communism would spread into Western Europe as wellspread into Western Europe as well

Developed a policy known as Developed a policy known as ContainmentContainment

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

Harry Truman Harry Truman (President of U.S) (President of U.S) stated that the U.S. stated that the U.S. would aid any would aid any nation threatened nation threatened by communist by communist expansionexpansion– ““arsenal of arsenal of

democracy”democracy”

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

U.S. began investing money in Western U.S. began investing money in Western Europe to rebuild their economyEurope to rebuild their economy– Strong economies are less susceptible to Strong economies are less susceptible to

communist influencecommunist influence Policy for rebuilding Europe became Policy for rebuilding Europe became

known as the known as the Marshall PlanMarshall Plan– Example: U.S. spent $400 million Example: U.S. spent $400 million

protecting Greece and Turkey from protecting Greece and Turkey from Communist controlCommunist control

Iron CurtainIron Curtain

Soon, Europe seemed to be dividedSoon, Europe seemed to be divided– One side= Soviet influenceOne side= Soviet influence– Other side= U.S. influenceOther side= U.S. influence

Winston Churchill (PM of G.B) Winston Churchill (PM of G.B) declared that an “IRON CURTAIN” declared that an “IRON CURTAIN” had descended upon Europehad descended upon Europe

Cold War BeginsCold War Begins

Conflict over how to rebuild Europe Conflict over how to rebuild Europe after WWIIafter WWII

Germany split among the AlliesGermany split among the Allies– West Germany = France, G.B., and U.SWest Germany = France, G.B., and U.S– East Germany = Soviet Union (USSR)East Germany = Soviet Union (USSR)

Berlin is also split into east and west Berlin is also split into east and west halveshalves– Berlin is located on the Soviet side of Berlin is located on the Soviet side of

GermanyGermany

Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade

1948: Soviets blockade Berlin to 1948: Soviets blockade Berlin to keep U.S. from taking supplies to keep U.S. from taking supplies to West BerlinWest Berlin

U.S. flies in supplies for 11 monthsU.S. flies in supplies for 11 months– Known as the Known as the Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

Shocks of 1949Shocks of 1949

The Cold War heated up in 1949The Cold War heated up in 1949 Soviets successfully detonated an Soviets successfully detonated an

atomic bombatomic bomb China became CommunistsChina became Communists

– Communists under the leadership of Communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong overthrow Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong overthrow Chiang Kai-Shek and create the People’s Republic of and create the People’s Republic of ChinaChina Chiang Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan (Formosa)Chiang Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan (Formosa)

Cold War AlliancesCold War Alliances

Also in 1949, the U.S., Canada and Also in 1949, the U.S., Canada and other Western European nations other Western European nations create a defensive alliance known as create a defensive alliance known as NATONATO– North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

Soviet Union responds with its own Soviet Union responds with its own alliancealliance– Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

Similar alliances were created in other Similar alliances were created in other areas of the worldareas of the world

Korean WarKorean War

The Containment policy led to U.S. The Containment policy led to U.S. involvement in Koreainvolvement in Korea– After WWII, Allies removed Japanese After WWII, Allies removed Japanese

troops from Korea and divided the troops from Korea and divided the nation at the 38nation at the 38thth Parallel Parallel Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) divided the two Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) divided the two

– North Korea became communist and North Korea became communist and allied with the Soviet Unionallied with the Soviet Union

– South Korea tied to U.S.South Korea tied to U.S.

Korean WarKorean War

June, 1950: North Korea invaded June, 1950: North Korea invaded South KoreaSouth Korea– Planned to unite both under communist Planned to unite both under communist

rulerule U.S, U.N., and SK troops pushed back U.S, U.N., and SK troops pushed back

advancing NK troopsadvancing NK troops China feel threatened and demanded China feel threatened and demanded

that they stop advancing – Chinese that they stop advancing – Chinese demands ignoreddemands ignored

Korean WarKorean War

Thanksgiving Day, 1950: 300,000 Thanksgiving Day, 1950: 300,000 Chinese drove the U.N. troops back Chinese drove the U.N. troops back across the 38th Parallelacross the 38th Parallel

General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur (commander of U.S. troops) wanted to (commander of U.S. troops) wanted to use the atomic bomb to win the waruse the atomic bomb to win the war

President Truman refused and President Truman refused and MacArthur forced to resignMacArthur forced to resign

Korean WarKorean War

By 1951: U.N. forces pushed Chinese By 1951: U.N. forces pushed Chinese and NK back across the 38th Parallel and NK back across the 38th Parallel

Armistice was signed July 1953Armistice was signed July 1953 North and South Korea still divided at North and South Korea still divided at

the 38the 38thth Parallel Parallel

Arms RaceArms Race

In the 1950’s, the U.S. began a rapid In the 1950’s, the U.S. began a rapid buildup of militarybuildup of military– Eisenhower elected in 1952Eisenhower elected in 1952

Wanted a strong militaryWanted a strong military Invested in nuclear weaponryInvested in nuclear weaponry

New technologies such as:New technologies such as:– ICBM, B-52 Bombers ICBM, B-52 Bombers

BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship

Eisenhower willing to threaten Eisenhower willing to threaten nuclear war in attempt to force the nuclear war in attempt to force the other side to back downother side to back down

Policy known as BrinkmanshipPolicy known as Brinkmanship

Race to SpaceRace to Space

Cold War also became a race to Cold War also became a race to spacespace

1957: Soviets launch 1957: Soviets launch SputnikSputnik U.S. fears they are falling behindU.S. fears they are falling behind Created NASA and increased funding Created NASA and increased funding

for math, science educationfor math, science education

Covert OperationsCovert Operations

Spying and secret intelligence used Spying and secret intelligence used by both sides to gather informationby both sides to gather information

U.S. sent CIA to developing nations U.S. sent CIA to developing nations to prevent communist takeoversto prevent communist takeovers

One such operation took place in One such operation took place in CubaCuba

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

One of the most tense times of the One of the most tense times of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile CrisisCold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis

1959: Fidel Castro came to power in 1959: Fidel Castro came to power in CubaCuba– Became communist and allied with Soviet Became communist and allied with Soviet

UnionUnion 1961: U.S. attempts to eliminate 1961: U.S. attempts to eliminate

Castro in Castro in Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion– failedfailed

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

1962: Castro and Soviet Union agree 1962: Castro and Soviet Union agree that Cuba needed protection from that Cuba needed protection from the U.S.the U.S.– Soviets put missiles in CubaSoviets put missiles in Cuba– U.S. already had missiles in TurkeyU.S. already had missiles in Turkey

U.S. learns about missiles and U.S. learns about missiles and blockade Cuba to prevent incoming blockade Cuba to prevent incoming ships from bringing additional ships from bringing additional weaponsweapons

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Kennedy (U.S. president) and Kennedy (U.S. president) and Khruschev (Soviet leader) finally Khruschev (Soviet leader) finally reach an agreementreach an agreement

Soviets remove missiles from CubaSoviets remove missiles from Cuba U.S. remove missiles from TurkeyU.S. remove missiles from Turkey

Compromise allows U.S. to narrowly Compromise allows U.S. to narrowly avoid waravoid war