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Cold War Policy
1945-1991
Cold War Policy
1945-1991
The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle
Soviet & Eastern Bloc
Nations[“Iron
Curtain”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”
4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
Truman vs. Eisenhower
Truman vs. Eisenhower
1. Marshall Plan
2. Truman Doctrine
3. Berlin Airlift
4. NATO
5. NSC #68
6. Korean War
1. Marshall Plan
2. Truman Doctrine
3. Berlin Airlift
4. NATO
5. NSC #68
6. Korean War
1. Mutual security agreements.
2. Massive retaliation.
3. M. A. D.
4. “Domino Theory”
5. CIA & covert operations
6. Eisenhower Doctrine
7. “$ Diplomacy” – Part II
1. Mutual security agreements.
2. Massive retaliation.
3. M. A. D.
4. “Domino Theory”
5. CIA & covert operations
6. Eisenhower Doctrine
7. “$ Diplomacy” – Part II
“Containment”[George Kennan]
“Brinksmanship”[John Foster Dulles]
Truman’s Foreign Policy
Truman Doctrine: March 12, 1947 Truman tells Congress that America will defend and protect “free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
Marshall Plan: June, 1947, Sec. of State, George C. Marshall announces plan to offer economic relief to European nations to help them rebuild ($5.3 billion).
Berlin Airlift Be
• Soviet Union blocked all electricity, water, transportation and food to West Berlin.
• S.U. hoped weaken West Berlin, and have it fall under Soviet control.
• To help West Berliners, the U.S. and Britain air dropped food, supplies, etc.
• In 327 days, U.S. made 277,000 flights, and brought 2.3 million tons of supplies.
• In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• In response to the Berlin Crisis and Soviet aggression, the US and ten European nations create a defensive military alliance, NATO.
• “…an attack on one would be considered an attack on all.”
• For the first time in history, the U.S. joined a military alliance during peace time.
NSC #68
• National Security Council Report 68, April 15, 1950, outlined America’s Cold War policy.
• Military build up and spending during peacetime to counteract Soviet threat.
• Offensive operations to weaken Soviet control of satellite countries.
• U.S. positions itself as leader of the free world and protects people and countries that are democratic and desire freedom.
Korean War[1950-1953]
Syngman Rhee
Kim Il-Sung
Domino Theory: “containment” notion that if one country fell under communist influence or control, its
neighboring countries would soon follow.
Korean History
• Japan ruled Korea from 1910-1945.
• After WWII, Korea was divided in half at the 38th parallel.
• The Russians controlled North Korea.
• The Americans controlled Korea below the 38th Parallel (South Korea).
Korean War, 1950-1953
• On June 25, 1950, communist North Korea invaded South Korea.
• On June 27, the United Nations approved a 520,000 army to help South Korea.
• General Douglas MacArthur was placed in control of the UN troops.
• At first North Korea, was strong, driving American and South Korean troops to the southern tip of Korea.
Korean War, pt. 2
Sept. 1950: MacArthur invades through Inchon, divides the North Korean army, and pushes them back from the 38th P.
Oct. 1950: United Nations urges MacArthur to head north and reunite the Koreas.
Nov. 25, 1950: MacArthur reaches the Yalu River near China. The Chinese push MacArthur back to the 38th P.
July 1951: Stalemate, Koreas divided in North (Com.) & South (Dem.) @ 38th P.
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
1. 1955 Warsaw Pact created.
2. 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
3. 1958 Berlin Crisis.
4. 1959 Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate.”
5. 1960 U-2 Spy Incident
1. 1955 Warsaw Pact created.
2. 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
3. 1958 Berlin Crisis.
4. 1959 Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate.”
5. 1960 U-2 Spy Incident
EUROPE:
Warsaw Pact, 1955
• The Warsaw Pact is the name commonly given to the treaty between Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
• Signed in Poland in 1955,officially called 'The Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance'.
• It was a military treaty, created in response to NATO.
Hungarian Revolution, 1956• The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a revolt
against the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies.
• On November 4, a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country.
• Over 2,500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the conflict, and 200,000 Hungarians fled as refugees.
• By January 1957, the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition.
Berlin Crisis, 1958 • In November 1958, Khrushchev issued an
ultimatum giving the Western powers six months to withdraw from Berlin and make it a free, demilitarized city.
• The U.S., Great Britain, & France replied to this ultimatum by asserting their determination to remain in West Berlin.
• By 1961, Soviet Union had erected the Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans from escaping to West Germany.
Kruschev-Nixon Kitchen Debate, 1959
• On July 24, 1959, the monumental struggle between the U.S. and the USSR in the Cold War came down to a make-believe kitchen.
• Richard Nixon toured the Chaikovsky Street farmers market in Moscow.
• Then Nikita Khrushchev visited an American kitchen at the official opening of the American National Exhibition.
• Goal: Show American quality of life.
U-2 Spy Plane Incident, 1960 • The 1960 U-2 incident on May 1, 1960,
during the presidency of Eisenhower.
• An American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union.
• The U.S. government denied the plane's mission, but was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft
• The Soviets produced the plane’s remains and surviving pilot, Francis Gary Powers.
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
1. 1953 CIA sponsored coup in Iran P. M. Mohammed Mossadegh
nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.
2. 1956 Suez Crisis.
3. 1958 Civil War in Lebanon
1. 1953 CIA sponsored coup in Iran P. M. Mohammed Mossadegh
nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.
2. 1956 Suez Crisis.
3. 1958 Civil War in Lebanon
Middle East:
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
1. 1948 O. A. S. [Organization of American States] was created during Truman’s administration.
2. 1954 CIA covert ops. in Guatemala.
3. 1950s Puerto Rican independence movement.
4. 1959 Castro’s Communist Revolution in Cuba.
1. 1948 O. A. S. [Organization of American States] was created during Truman’s administration.
2. 1954 CIA covert ops. in Guatemala.
3. 1950s Puerto Rican independence movement.
4. 1959 Castro’s Communist Revolution in Cuba.
Latin America:
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
1. 1953 end of the Korean War.
2. 1954 French depart Indo-China. Geneva Accords
3. 1964 China explodes its first atomic bomb [during LBJ’s administration].
1. 1953 end of the Korean War.
2. 1954 French depart Indo-China. Geneva Accords
3. 1964 China explodes its first atomic bomb [during LBJ’s administration].
Far East:
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