Cold War UnfoldsCold War UnfoldsLet The War Begin! The Cold War Let The War Begin! The Cold War

gets HOT!!!!!!!!!!gets HOT!!!!!!!!!!

Two Sides Face OffTwo Sides Face Off East v. West – NATO v. WarsawEast v. West – NATO v. Warsaw Battle of Ideas – Democracy v. CommunismBattle of Ideas – Democracy v. Communism The US sees this as a global conflict just as the two world warsThe US sees this as a global conflict just as the two world wars Mostly non-violent conflict - Shooting wars do break-out in some Mostly non-violent conflict - Shooting wars do break-out in some

areasareas Berlin Wall – People were feeing the east to get to the more Berlin Wall – People were feeing the east to get to the more

prosperous westprosperous west As a result East Germany builds a wall to seal off the westAs a result East Germany builds a wall to seal off the west Berlin Wall was a massive barrier, topped with barbed wire and Berlin Wall was a massive barrier, topped with barbed wire and

patrolled by guards – showed that workers had to keep people from patrolled by guards – showed that workers had to keep people from fleeingfleeing

In Poland and Czechoslovakia uprisings In Poland and Czechoslovakia uprisings broke out against Communism and attempting broke out against Communism and attempting to break from the Warsaw Pactto break from the Warsaw Pact Soviets send in the Red Army to stop the Soviets send in the Red Army to stop the uprisings and kill the leadersuprisings and kill the leaders

Nuclear Weapons Threaten the Nuclear Weapons Threaten the WorldWorld

Arms Race – In order to deter the opposite side from using nuclear Arms Race – In order to deter the opposite side from using nuclear force both sides attempted to match the other resulting in a “Balance force both sides attempted to match the other resulting in a “Balance of Terror”of Terror”

Critics argued both sides could destroy the world several times overCritics argued both sides could destroy the world several times over SALT – Agreements to limit SALT – Agreements to limit

nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons SDI – Strategic Defense InitiativeSDI – Strategic Defense Initiative

Also called Star Wars – Shield in outer space designed to shoot Also called Star Wars – Shield in outer space designed to shoot down nukes from the Soviet Uniondown nukes from the Soviet Union

Détente – Relaxation of tensionsDétente – Relaxation of tensions Restrain the Soviets through diplomatic Restrain the Soviets through diplomatic relations rather than military meansrelations rather than military means

Nuclear Non-Proliferations Treaty – Agreed Nuclear Non-Proliferations Treaty – Agreed not to develop nuclear weapons not to develop nuclear weapons

Korean WarKorean War

BackgroundBackground After WWII – Korea is dividedAfter WWII – Korea is divided 3838thth Parallel is dividing point Parallel is dividing point North Korea – Soviet OccupiedNorth Korea – Soviet Occupied

Kim Il-sung – Leader of the North Kim Il-sung – Leader of the North

South Korea – US OccupiedSouth Korea – US Occupied Syngman Rhee – Leader of the SouthSyngman Rhee – Leader of the South

Communist InvasionCommunist Invasion

North Korean Army with Soviet Tanks North Korean Army with Soviet Tanks invade the Southinvade the South Control all of Korea except PusanControl all of Korea except Pusan

American and UN American and UN ResponseResponse

Why get involved?Why get involved? Not strategically essentialNot strategically essential If we don’t – Appear soft on CommunismIf we don’t – Appear soft on Communism

UN ResponseUN Response UN gets member countries to donate money, supplies , and UN gets member countries to donate money, supplies , and

troops to keep South Korea free from the Northtroops to keep South Korea free from the North Result: South Korea remains free of Communist controlResult: South Korea remains free of Communist control

Led by Gen. Douglas MacArthurLed by Gen. Douglas MacArthur Defended PusanDefended Pusan Attacked at InchonAttacked at Inchon Why?Why?

Cut supply linesCut supply lines US – Chase N. Koreans to Yalu River At Chinese BorderUS – Chase N. Koreans to Yalu River At Chinese Border MacArthur follows into China against ordersMacArthur follows into China against orders

Chinese ResponseChinese Response

Afraid of a US Air Base in N. KoreaAfraid of a US Air Base in N. Korea Result: China sends troops into N. Korea Result: China sends troops into N. Korea

because they are afraid of the gains we because they are afraid of the gains we mademade

Drive US led forces back to the 38Drive US led forces back to the 38thth ParallelParallel

Firing of MacArthurFiring of MacArthur

Disobeyed ordersDisobeyed orders Pursued Chinese into ChinaPursued Chinese into China Replaced by Matthew RidgewayReplaced by Matthew Ridgeway

Results and LegacyResults and Legacy

1953 Peace Treaty – 381953 Peace Treaty – 38thth Parallel continues to Parallel continues to be the dividing linebe the dividing line

Korea remains dividedKorea remains divided 2.5 mile buffer – demilitarized zone2.5 mile buffer – demilitarized zone

No troops or weaponsNo troops or weapons Symbol of the Cold WarSymbol of the Cold War

4 million deaths4 million deaths 55,000 US55,000 US 11stst war US did not win war US did not win

History and Background of History and Background of VietnamVietnam

Chinese Control of VietnamFrench Interest and Control - 1700sTradeTerritoryFrance Conquered Vietnam - 1883Combined Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam to form French IndochinaImpose harsh taxes and limit political freedomsNationalists - Vietnamese who have pride in their own culture begin to fight backTired of occupation and colonialism

Japan’s Control of IndochinaJapan’s Control of Indochina

Japan drives out France (WWII) - 1930sJapan drives out France (WWII) - 1930s Ho Chi Minh refuses Japanese RuleHo Chi Minh refuses Japanese Rule League for the Independence of Vietnam League for the Independence of Vietnam

(Vietminh) organized by Minh(Vietminh) organized by Minh Japan surrenders to the allies - 1945Japan surrenders to the allies - 1945 Who now controls Vietnam?Who now controls Vietnam? Minh declares independence of the Minh declares independence of the

Democratic Republic of Vietnam - Sept.2 Democratic Republic of Vietnam - Sept.2 19451945

French Control of Vietnam, French Control of Vietnam, Again!Again!

France wants to control Vietnam - AgainFrance wants to control Vietnam - Again Eisenhower funds France - Fear of the Domino Eisenhower funds France - Fear of the Domino

TheoryTheory Vietnamese fight back using Guerrilla Warfare - Vietnamese fight back using Guerrilla Warfare -

Battle of Diem Bien Phu - 1954Battle of Diem Bien Phu - 1954 Vietnam defeats 12,000 French Vietnam defeats 12,000 French (7000 French Casualties)(7000 French Casualties) May 7, 1954 France SurrendersMay 7, 1954 France Surrenders Shows Vietnamese wouldn’t Shows Vietnamese wouldn’t stop fightingstop fighting

Geneva ConferenceGeneva Conference

Major world powers meet to decide the Major world powers meet to decide the future of Vietnam (Vietnam, Laos, future of Vietnam (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, US, USSR, China, etc…)Cambodia, US, USSR, China, etc…)

Split Vietnam into a north and southSplit Vietnam into a north and south Have elections in 1956 to reunite under 1 Have elections in 1956 to reunite under 1

governmentgovernment Never Takes placeNever Takes place

South VietnamSouth Vietnam

President Ngo Dinh DiemPresident Ngo Dinh Diem• Dishonest and Brutal - Imprisoned Critics, Dishonest and Brutal - Imprisoned Critics,

placed family members in government placed family members in government positions, isolated peasants from positions, isolated peasants from communism, Catholic - said everyone communism, Catholic - said everyone must follow (Buddhist country), protests must follow (Buddhist country), protests drew drew

national attentionnational attention• US supported the SouthUS supported the South

North VietnamNorth Vietnam

Leader Ho Chi MinhLeader Ho Chi Minh Made up of Nationalists and CommunistsMade up of Nationalists and Communists Favored social reforms and land Favored social reforms and land

redistributionredistribution Opposed by USOpposed by US

• National Liberation Front (NLF) and the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the VietcongVietcong

• NLF - Formed by Communists and peasantsNLF - Formed by Communists and peasants

Gulf of Tonkin IncidentGulf of Tonkin Incident

Attack on the USS Maddox - A spy shipAttack on the USS Maddox - A spy ship Excuse to deepen US involvementExcuse to deepen US involvement Following Attack US troops arrive in Following Attack US troops arrive in

VietnamVietnam

Legacy of the WarLegacy of the War

Longest and least successful in US historyLongest and least successful in US history Counting the CostsCounting the Costs

US-58,000 dead; 300,000 wounded; $150 bil.US-58,000 dead; 300,000 wounded; $150 bil. Vietnamese – More bombs than the Axis powers during Vietnamese – More bombs than the Axis powers during

WWII, countless civilians, and destroyed the countryWWII, countless civilians, and destroyed the country

SE Asia After the WarSE Asia After the War 1 reason for involvement was the Domino Theory – Laos 1 reason for involvement was the Domino Theory – Laos

and Cambodia falland Cambodia fall Cambodia falls to the Khmer Rouge lead by Pol Pot – Kills Cambodia falls to the Khmer Rouge lead by Pol Pot – Kills

as many as 1.5 million Cambodiansas many as 1.5 million Cambodians

Legacy cont.Legacy cont.

US After the WarUS After the War Many call for a reassessment of America’s global mission Many call for a reassessment of America’s global mission

– could we defend the world from Communist forces – could we defend the world from Communist forces everywhere?everywhere?

Veteran’s came home to less than a hero’s welcomeVeteran’s came home to less than a hero’s welcome No ParadesNo Parades Spat upon, insulted, baby-killers etc…Spat upon, insulted, baby-killers etc… Lack of jobs and trainingLack of jobs and training Little counselingLittle counseling 1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was completed1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was completed

AfghanistanAfghanistan

Détente ends when the Soviets invade Détente ends when the Soviets invade AfghanistanAfghanistan

Considered Soviet Vietnam – Long Considered Soviet Vietnam – Long unsuccessful warunsuccessful war

US supports Afghan troops with weapons US supports Afghan troops with weapons and moneyand money

War provokes a moral crisis in Soviet War provokes a moral crisis in Soviet UnionUnion

Considered the Soviet VietnamConsidered the Soviet Vietnam

CubaCuba

Communist takeover led by CastroCommunist takeover led by CastroCuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile CrisisUS BlockadeUS BlockadeTrade EmbargoTrade Embargo