UNIT VII:

LEADEROF THE FREE

WORLD1945 – 1991

COLD WARFREE vs. COMMUNISM

US vs. Soviet Union(Super Powers)

VOCABULARYCold War - a state of tension between nations without actual fighting - between the US and Soviet Union 1945 – 1990.

Communism - an economic system where the government owns the means of production.

Capitalism (FREE-ENTERPRISE SYSTEM) - citizens can own their own businesses with hope of making a profit

United Nations - international peacekeeping organization developed after WWII. Member nations agreed to bring disputes to the UN for peaceful settlement.

Satellite States - nations controlled by the Soviet Union during the Cold War as a buffer to a united Germany. Ex: Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania.

Truman Doctrine - $400 million in military aid was given to Turkey and Greece so they would not be taken over by communist rebels.

Marshall Plan - $12 billion given to Western European countries to rebuild after WWII. Now they would not have to turn to the Soviet Union for help and become communist.

Containment - stop communism from spreading; contain communism to the areas where it exists. US foreign policy started by President Truman.

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization. US formed a military alliance with friendly nations – mostly in Western Europe- member nations pledged to defend one another if they were attacked.

Warsaw Pact - a military alliance of eastern European nations formed by the Soviet Union in 1955Berlin Blockade (Soviet Blockade) - In 1948 Stalin closed all roads, railways, and river routes from West Germany to West Berlin.

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Berlin Airlift - United States used airplanes to bring food, fuel, medicine, and other supplies into West Berlin for a year until Stalin lifted the blockade.

Domino Theory - President Eisenhower’s belief that once one country falls to communism the surrounding nations would also fall.

Superpower – a country with enough military, political, and economic power to influence other countries.

Star Wars - the development of weapons that could shoot down Soviet missiles from space.

détente - period in the 1970’s of reduced hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union

SALT Treaty - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. US & USSR signed a treaty limiting the number of nuclear warheads & missiles they built.

Vietcong - a group of communist guerillas (fighters who use hit-and-run tactics) that supported the North but live in the South

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - the U.S. would take all measures necessary to stop Soviet aggression in North Vietnam.

Paris Peace Accords - agreement made by North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the Untied States to end the Vietnam War.

War Powers Act - required the President to get approval from Congress before sending troops to an armed struggle.

Joseph Stalin - Communist dictator of the Soviet Union.

Harry S. Truman - President from 1945-1953, Democratic Party, made decision to drop the atom bomb in WWII; enacted the Berlin Airlift and the Truman Doctrine.

Nikita Khrushchev - 1953 became the leader of the

USSR when Stalin died. He was responsible for building the Berlin Wall and was leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower – President from 1953-1961, he oversaw the cease-fire of the Korean War, made nuclear weapons a higher defense priority, & launched the Space Race.

John F. Kennedy - President from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall & the Space Race.

Richard Nixon – President from 1969-1974, he followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with the

People's Republic of China.

Mikhail Gorbachev - leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 - 1991. He believed major steps were needed to improve the economy and worked with President Reagan to improve relations with the US.

Ronald Reagan – President from 1981-1989, his second term was marked by the

ending of the Cold War. He publicly portrayed the USSR as an "evil empire" and supported anti-Communist movements worldwide

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COLD WAR BEGINS - 1945USE PAGES 800-803 in textbook…Causes of the Cold War:- By the end of WWII, Soviets occupied much of EASTERN Europe. The Soviets promised at the YALTA AGREEMENT, they would hold FREE ELECTIONS in these countries, but broke their promise.

- The U.S. and Great Britain did not trust the SOVIET UNION.

- In 1946 Winston Churchill warned that “An IRON CURTAIN has descended across the [European] Continent”. He believed there would be a permanent division between SATELLITE NATIONS Soviet -controlled countries and the rest of the WORLD.

American response: - U.S. promised to help nations under threat of communist rule

TRUMAN DOCTRINE - plan to aid Greece & Turkey and provide economic aid to help countries fight communism. MARSHALL PLAN - US gave “friendly aid” to help European countries rebuild.

After WWII, Germany was divided. - USSR occupied EAST GERMANY- The U.S., France, and Britain occupied WEST GERMANY and made it a DEMOCRACY . - The city of Berlin, located in East Germany, was also divided.

- The USSR occupied EAST Berlin.- The U.S., France, and Britain occupied WEST Berlin.

In 1948 the USSR established the BERLIN BLOCKADE.It stopped all goods coming into West Berlin from West Germany.The U.S. response was the BERLIN AIRLIFT.

- The U.S. flew supplies into West Berlin.

In 1949 (NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION OR NATO) was set up. The US wanted to CONTAIN communism or keep it from spreading.

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In 1955 the Soviet Union created its own military alliance in response to the U.S. called the WARSAW PACT. This group included the Soviet Union and its EASTERN European satellite nations.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------COLD WAR IN ASIA

USE PAGES 808-811 in textbook…

CHINA: In 1949 MAO ZEDONG’S communist rebels defeated Chaing Kai Shek and the Nationalist Party and founded thePEOPLE’S REPUBLIC of CHINA.

Mao Zedong

Chaing Kai Shek

KOREAN WAR: 1950 – 1953After WWII, Korea was divided at the 38 th parallel:

North Korea – communist – backed by CHINA & USSRSouth Korea – democracy – backed by US

June 1950, NORTH KOREA crossed the 38 th PARALLEL (latitude line) dividing the two Koreas and invaded SOUTH KOREA . President Truman turned to the United Nations – INTERNATIONAL PEACE KEEPING ORGANIZATION

(Member nations agreed to bring CONFLICTS before the UN for peaceful settlement)UN set up a force led by the US to push N. Korea out of S. Korea. General MacArthur was successful in pushing the N. Koreans to CHINA. Then hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops crossed the border to help the N. Koreans and pushed the UN forces below the 38 th

parallel. MacArthur called for air strikes and ground attacks on China. PRESIDENT TRUMAN said no because he was afraid of another WORLD WAR.

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***Truman fired MacArthur!! MacArthur was seen as a war hero and welcomed home with a parade.

Peace talks began in July 1951. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER was elected President of the U.S., and he pushed to speed up the process.

A CEASE-FIRE was signed July 1953.

RESULTS: N. Korea stayed communist; S. Korea stayed a

democracy. The U.S. showed the USSR that it wouldn’t allow

communism to spread

PRESENT DAY: N. Korea is communist; S. Korea is a democracy.

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COLD WAR FEARSUSE PAGES 812-815 & 823 in textbook… Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin stirred up Cold War fears, charging that many Americans in the U.S. gov’t. were COMMUNISTS. For 4 years he charged different people with being communist; (most were not communist). This method of making accusations without proof became known as McCARTHYISM.

1.) How did Senator Joseph McCarthy bring the Red Scare back to the US?

MCCARTHY ACCUSED PEOPLE OF BEING COMMUNISTS, WITH NO PROOF, FEW PEOPLE CHALLENGED HIS ACCUSATIONS DUE TO BEING AFRAID OF BEING “SOFT ON COMMUNISM.” MANY AMERICANS WANTED AN EXPLANATION AS TO WHY COMMUNISM WAS SPREADING IN EASTERN EUROPE. HE RUINED MANY PEOPLE’S LIVES.2.) Who were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg? What were they accused of? What happened to them?

JULIUS & ETHEL ROSENBER WERE SUSPECTED SPIES WHO WERE ACCUSED OF PASSING SECRET WEAPONS’ INFORMATION TO THE USSR. THEY WERE EXECUTED FOR TREASON.

The Cold War was marked by COMPETITION (TENSIONS)between the U.S. and USSR:

1.) ARMS RACE - which country could have the best weapons & military

2.) SPACE RACE - which country could succeed in spaceSPUTNIK - 1st Soviet satellite in space

President Eisenhower believed in the DOMINO THEORY or the belief that once one country became communist, all the surrounding

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countries would also become communist. He used the CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY OR (CIA) to help the U.S. carry out covert actions against communism.

1.) What was the Space Race? COMPETITION BETWEEN THE US & USSR TO SEE WHO COULD SUCCEED IN SPACE.2.) Why was Sputnik so significant? SPUTNIK WAS THE 1 st SATELLITE IN SPACE. IT WAS SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE THE SOVIETS WERE WINNING THE SPACE RACE.

COLD WAR CONTINUES…USE PAGES 848-849 in textbook… - Under President KENNEDY there were three MAJOR Cold War crises.

CRISIS #1: In 1960 – revolutionary leader FIDEL CASTRO set up a communist dictatorship in CUBA. In response Kennedy approved a plan to have Cuban EXILES (persons who are forced to leave their country), invade at the Bay Of Pigs, in Cuba. This attempt to overthrow the government was NOT successful.

CRISIS #2: In 1961 – Due to thousands of EAST Germans leaving their country for the prosperity & freedom of WEST Berlin. The leader of the Soviet Union NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV demanded the removal of all foreign troops from WEST Berlin. On August 13, 1961 workers built the BERLIN WALL, which became a barrier that separated EAST & WEST Berlin.

CRISIS #3: In 1962 - The U.S. discovered that the SOVIETS were placing nuclear MISSILES in CUBA. Due to the close proximity to the US any MISSILE launched would hit the U.S. in MINUTES. President KENNEDY demanded Krushchev remove the missiles and sent U.S. Naval ships to BLOCKADE (prevent Soviet ships from entering). This became known as the CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS.

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1.) What was decided by Kennedy & Khrushchev after this crisis?KHRUSHCHEV AGREED TO REMOVE THE MISSILES FROM CUBA, KENNEDY AGREED TO REMOVE MISSILES FROM ITALY & TURKEY. THE LEADERS SET UP A HOTLINE SO THEY COULD TALK TO EACH OTHER AT A MOMENT’S NOTICE.2.) What is the source of the political cartoon?WASHINGTON POST 3.) Who are the individuals in the cartoon?US PRESIDENT KENNEDY & SOVIET PREMIER KHRUSHCHEV4.) What does the caption, “Lets Get a Lock For This Thing” mean?KEEPING RELATIONS CALM TO PREVENT A NUCLEAR WAR FROM BREAKING OUT BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.VIETNAM WAR: 1963

– 1975USE PAGES 874-893 in textbook…

North Vietnam – backed by USSR & CHINASouth Vietnam – backed by US

N. Vietnam was COMMUNIST and had a dictatorship run by HO CHI MINH. Many S. Vietnamese peasants joined the VIETCONG, which were a group of communist GUERRILLAS (fighters who use hit-and-run tactics; they do not fight in large forces). They were supported by North Vietnam.

President KENNEDY believed in the DOMINO THEORY & began sending advisors to help the South against the Vietcong.

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In 1964, American ships were torpedoed, but not damaged. President JOHNSON asked for the GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION, which said that the U.S. would take all measures necessary to stop Soviet aggression in North Vietnam. He ordered air strikes of N. Vietnamese military bases.

In 1965, President Johnson ordered OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER which was a series of air strikes meant to destroy N. Vietnamese war industries. Johnson also believed the attacks would destroy the HO CHI MINH TRAIL. The trail went from N. Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to S. Vietnam. It was used by the N. Vietnamese to send supplies to the Vietcong in S. Vietnam. The bombing raids lasted until 1968.

In 1967 the number of soldiers had ESCALATED or increased. WILLIAM WESTMORELAND was in charge of the US ground forces. He sent patrols on SEARCH and DESTROY missions. The US had superior military technology and it was believed the US would win easily. However the N. Vietnamese army and the Vietcong used guerilla tactics and had better knowledge of the local geography. Gradually some TELEVISION journalists started reporting that the US troops were not doing as well as the public was being told by military leaders. While most people supported the war at this time, groups of people nicknamed DOVES started to protest the war. Many protested the DRAFT or requirement of military service. Most soldiers who were drafted were from poor families or minority groups. Others, nicknamed HAWKS believed more money and troops needed to be sent to Vietnam.

January 1968, General WESTMORELAND stated that the war would soon be over. However on January 30th the N. Vietnamese launched a surprise attack on US forces throughout S. Vietnam called the TET OFFENSIVE. American and S. Vietnamese troops won most of the battles, but the American public began to really question how soon the war was going to end.

Through more television reporting, public support for the war declined. In March 1968, JOHNSON announced he would not run for reelection.

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NIXON won the candidacy. He and his national security advisor HENRY KISSENGER created a policy to bring about “peace with honor” called VIETNAMIZATION. Under this policy, they would gradually turn over control to the S. Vietnamese army. Nixon began to withdraw some ground troops, but also ordered air strikes on LAOS and CAMBODIA without telling Congress or the public. Americans were outraged, because it seemed NIXON was expanding the war instead of looking for PEACE. Many college students protested the President’s actions. Protesting at KENT STATE turned deadly when 4 students were killed.

Nixon won reelection in 1972 with the continued promise that he would end the war. In 1973, representatives from North and South Vietnam and the US signed a CEASE-FIRE at the PARIS PEACE ACCORDS. American troops left and it was agreed that the two Vietnams would remain separate. However in 1974, fighting broke out. In 1975 the North took over the South, and in 1976 the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was created.

Results: Vietnam was one communist country. 58,000 American soldiers were killed 2,500 are still missing in action 1 MILLION North Vietnamese & Vietcong soldiers were killed 185,000 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed 500,000___ Civilians died

1 MILLION Vietnamese children became orphans

In 1973 Congress passed the WAR POWERS ACT, which required the President to get approval from Congress before sending troops to an armed struggle.

Many veterans suffered the effects of napalm & Agent Orange, which were used to burn forests & kill vegetation & trees in the Vietnamese jungles. Many veterans did not receive a warm welcome, but were insulted and harassed by some Americans.

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1.) Identify the main issue presented in this cartoon. THE BATTLE @ HOME TO STAY IN VIETNAM OR PULL OUT.2.) State one reason to support each point of view expressed by the people in the cartoon. Stay in Vietnam: DON’T WANT SOUTH VIETNAM TO BECOME COMMUNIST.Get out of Vietnam: OUR SOLDIERS ARE DYING FIGHTING OVER THIS COUNTRY…NOT WORTH THEIR LIVES3.) Which right protected by the Constitution is shown in this cartoon?FREEDOM OF SPEECH/PROTEST

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Where Have All the Flowers Gone?Where have all the flowers gone? Long time passing,

Where have all the flowers gone? Long time ago,Where have all the flowers gone? The girls have picked them ev’ry

one;Oh when will you ever learn? Oh when will you ever learn?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Where have all the young men gone? Long time passing,

Where have all the young men gone? Long time ago;Where have all the young men gone? They’re all in uniform.Oh, when will they ever learn? Oh, when will they ever learn?

Where have all the soldiers gone? Long time passing,Where have all the soldiers gone? Long time ago;

Where have all the soldiers gone? They’ve gone to graveyards, ev’ry one,

Oh, when will they ever learn? Oh, when will they ever learn? . . .— Pete Seeger/Joe Hickerson, 1956–1960

1.) What do these song lyrics express the view of war?

2.) The Paris Peace Accords ended the Vietnam War explain if this was or was not successful.

No…After the US pulled troops out…fighting continued between North & South Vietnam…North Vietnam invades South Vietnam & South Vietnam falls & becomes one Communist country.

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COLD WAR CONTINUES…USE PAGES 853-854, 905-906, 916-916 in textbook…After the assassination of President Kennedy, President JOHNSON believed the SPACE RACE as a key part of the Cold War. In May 1961, the first American was LAUNCHED into space. With gov’t support NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) soon surpassed the Soviets and on July 20, 1969 the U.S. was the first to put a MAN on the MOON. By the end of the 1960’s the U.S. seemed to be winning in the COLD War.

In 1968 RICHARD NIXON becomes President of the U.S. One of his advisors, Henry Kissinger introduces a foreign policy idea called REALPOLITIK which means “practical politics”. This concept allowed the U.S. to cooperate with NONDEMOCRATIC countries (ex. Dictatorships, communist) to benefit U.S. interests. In 1970, secret talks began between the U.S. & CHINA, which led to the SOVIET UNION willing to negotiate with the U.S.

In May 1962 NIXON became the 1st U.S. President to visit MOSCOW and meet with the Premier of the Soviet Union LEONID BREZHNEV.

While meeting the two leaders agreed to slow weapons buildup and signed the STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS (SALT) treaty. The signing of this treaty began a period of DETENTE or an easing of tensions between the U.S. & Soviet Union.

The time of tension eased diminished between the 2 countries and in 1979 the USSR invaded AFGHANISTAN. The U.S. backed the rebels with weapons, placed an EMBARGO (restriction) on U.S. GRAIN sales to the Soviet Union and BOYCOTTED the 1980 Summer Olympics held in MOSCOW.

Explain the “Miracle on Ice” at the 1980 Winter Olympics. What significance does this have to the Cold War?

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USE PAGE 931 in textbook…In 1981 RONALD REAGAN becomes President of the U.S. and views the Soviet Union as an “EVIL EMPIRE.” In 1985 MIKHAIL GORBACHEV becomes Premier of the USSR and begins political & economic changes known as PERESTROIKA. He also created a policy of political openness & freedom of expression called GLASNOST which had never existed in the Soviet Union before and led to the 1st FREE ELECTIONS.

With these changes in the Soviet Union & satellite nations in 1989 the BERLIN WALL came down uniting EAST & WEST Berlin. Following the uniting of this city in 1990, 45 years after the end of WWII and the SEPARATION of East & West GERMANY, the country became UNITED/ONE again.

In 1991, when the Soviet leader MIKHAIL GORBACHEV resigned and elections for president took place it marked the official end of the SOVIET UNION (USSR) and the COLD WAR. Although it did not end the U.S. role as a world POWER and new ISSUES/CONFLICTS would soon arise.

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Compare the maps above, what new countries were formed as a result of the end of the Soviet Union?

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