Colonial Unrest…

• The French and Indian War pitted the Royal French forces

and various Native American forces against British colonial

forces in North America. (F & I against British)

• The main causes of the French and Indian War include

territorial expansion and concern over religious

freedoms (b/w France, Spain & Great Britain).

• While the French enjoyed battle success during the early

portion of the war, this success reversed in 1756 until French

surrender in 1760.

• (OHIO was a main territorial conflict in war)

•Battle of Jumonville Glen: Where the French & Indian War

began & battle over Ohio

• *To compensate its ally, Spain, for its loss of Florida, France ceded its

control of French Louisiana west of the Mississippi.

The Seven Year's War: 1754-1763

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The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis: 175... > The Seven Year's War: 1754-1763

A battle during the Seven Years War between British and Indians in North America

• ALBANY CONGRESS:

• The Albany Congress was a meeting of representatives from

seven of the thirteen British North American

colonies in 1754: Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.

• Representatives met daily at Albany, New York from June 19 to July 11 to

discuss better relations with the Indian tribes and

common defensive measures against the French during the

French and Indian War

Side Note: Delegates did not view themselves as builders of an American nation;

rather, they were colonists with the more limited mission of pursuing a treaty with the

Mohawks.

*Consequences of the F & I War: Creation of the Proclamation line of

1763

The Albany Congress

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The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis: 175... > The Seven Year's War: 1754-1763

•PONTIAC’S REBELLION: (1763–66) was an unsuccessful effort by a loose confederation of Native

American tribes who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great

Lakes region following the British victory in the French and Indian War.

•The rebellion was launched by Native

Americans to prevent Great Britain

from occupying the land previously

claimed by France.• Following the peace treaty that ended the war, King George III issued the Royal

Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763, which outlined the division and

administration of the newly conquered territory.

Pontiac's Uprising and the Royal Proclamation of 1763

The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis: 175... > The Seven Year's War: 1754-1763

British Territorial Expansion

This map shows Britain's greatest territorial expansion, which occurred in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris. The Treaty marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe.

The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis: 175...

• The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws that restricted the use of

foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies.The process of

restriction was begun in 1651.

•The goal of Parliament was to force colonial

trade development into patterns that would

be favorable to England.

• The Acts of Trade and Navigation were largely obeyed, with the exception of the

Molasses Act of 1733, a tax on molasses which

proved a great temptation to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1750s.

Navigation Acts

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Navigation Acts lead to conflict between the British and the Dutch

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The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis: 175... > The Seven Year's War: 1754-1763

• The Sugar Act, aka: the American Revenue Act, was a

revenue-raising act passed by the British Parliament in April,

1764. Taxes from the earlier Molasses Act of 1733 had never

been effectively collected, largely due to colonial evasion as

the molasses trade grew.

• By reducing the tax's rate by half and then expanding

measures to enforce the act, the British hoped that the more

reasonable tax could be effectively collected.

• These incidents increased the colonists' concerns about their

rights as British citizens, and the intent of the British

Parliament to more directly rule the colonies. These concern

helped the growing movement of colonial resistance that

became the American Revolution.

Sugar Act

• Following the Molasses, Sugar, and Quartering Acts,

Parliament passed one of the most infamous pieces of

legislation: the Stamp Act.

Previously, Parliament imposed only external taxes on

imports.

• However, the Stamp Act provided the first internal tax on the

colonists and faced vehement opposition throughout the

colonies.

• Merchants threatened to boycott British products.

• Thousands of New Yorkers rioted near the location where the

stamps were stored.

• In Boston, the Sons of Liberty (see flag), a violent group led

by radical statesman Samuel Adams, (do you remember his brother?)

destroyed the home of Lieutenant Governor Thomas

Hutchinson. *(quick note on radical…)

Resistance Strategies

• The Stamp Act 1765 required that many printed materials in the

colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London,

carrying an embossed revenue stamp.

• The purpose of the tax was to help pay for troops stationed in North

America after the British victory in the Seven Years' War.

• The British government felt that the colonies were the primary

beneficiaries of this military presence, and should pay at least a

portion of the expense.

• The Act was met with great resistance in the colonies as many

colonists considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be

taxed without their consent. (what is this again?)

• Local protest groups, led by colonial merchants and landowners,

established connections through correspondence… Very soon all stamp tax

distributors were intimidated into resigning their commissions, and the tax was never

effectively collected.

• American newspapers reacted to the Stamp Act with anger and predictions of the demise of

journalism.

Stamp Act…Continued

• Whether or not Samuel Adams helped plan the Boston

Tea Party is disputed, but he immediately worked to

publicize and defend it.

• Protesters had successfully prevented the unloading of

taxed tea in three other colonies, but in Boston, embattled

Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the tea

to be returned to Britain.

The Boston Tea Party, a famous

symbolic action against the Tea Act

of 1773, was a culmination of a resistance

movement throughout the colonies.

Boston Tea Party

• The Coercive Acts describe a series of laws passed by the British Parliament

in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies in North America.

• Tensions escalated over the Coercive Acts and the American Revolutionary

War broke out the following year.

• The Coercive Acts, passed in response to the Boston Tea Party, sought to

punish Massachusetts as a warning to other colonies.

The Coercive…INTOLERABLE ACTS

"The able Doctor, or America Swallowing the Bitter Draught.“

This picture depicting the Intolerable Acts as an assault upon a Native American woman (a symbol of the American colonies) was copied and distributed in North America

• The First Continental Congress was called in response to the passing of the

Coercive Acts by the British Parliament.

• The Congress was attended by 56 members appointed by the legislatures of

twelve of the Thirteen Colonies, the exception being the Province of Georgia,

which was hoping for British assistance with Indian conflicts on its frontier.

• The Congress met briefly to consider options: including an economic boycott of

British trade; rights and grievances; and petitioning King George III for redress

of those grievances…they decide on petitioning the King.

• The Congress also called for another Continental Congress in the event that

their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Coercive Acts…By

the time of the Second Continental Congress, fighting was underway.

• The delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia.

• The First Continental Congress was the result of a need to coordinate demands

made to the British Parliament and King.

The First Continental Congress

• Thomas Paine wrote and reasoned in a style that common

people understood.

• Paine connected independence with common dissenting

Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American

political identity.

• Popular support for independence was formed in part due

to the popularity of Thomas Paine's Common Sense.

(portrait by Auguste Millière)

Common Sense – Written by Thomas Paine

United States 1789-1789

Map of the states and territories of the United States as it was from March, 1789 to August 1789.On March 4, 1789, the Constitution was ratified, though not all of the states had joined the union by then.

On August 7 1789, the Territory North West of the Ohio River (Northwest Territory) – as we have learned the Northwest Ordinance organized.

The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis: 175...

• The Townshend Acts were a series of laws passed beginning in

1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies

in North America.

• The acts are named after Charles Townshend, who proposed the

program.

• Five laws are frequently included in the Townshend Acts: the

Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act, the Commissioners

of Customs Act, the Vice Admiralty Court Act, and the New

York Restraining Act.

• The purpose of the Townshend Acts was multifold, but the most

notable reason was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the

salaries of governors and judges so they would be independent

of colonial rule.

• The Townshend Acts were met with resistance in the

colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British

troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston

Massacre of 1770.

Townshend Acts - 1767

• Charles Townshend was aware that the Townshend

Acts would be controversial in the colonies, but was

prepared to push the Acts through.

• As a result of the Townshend Acts, boycott movements

aimed at limiting British imports became widespread,

though they were not to the economic benefit of the

colonies.

• Writers and activists such as James and Mercy Otis,

and Samuel and John Adams emerged as a partial

result of the acts.

Economic Retaliation & Reaction to the Townshend Acts

• After 1765, the major American cities saw the

formation of secret groups set up to defend their

rights.

A political group made up of American

patriots formed to protect the rights of the

colonists from the usurpations of the

British government after 1766.

•They coordinated responses to Britain and

shared their plans; by 1773, they had

emerged as shadow governments,

superseding the colonial legislature and royal

officials.

• Usurpation means taking someone's power or property by force

The Sons of Liberty

A Painting: Depicting Betsy Ross presenting the first U.S. Flag to Washington