COLOR IN INTERIOR DESIGN

John F. Pi le

McGraw-Hill NewYork San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota

Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore

Sydney Tokyo Toronto

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Color in lnterior Design

Chapter 3 Vision, Light, and Color The Eye 16 Light 17 The Visible Spectrum Daylight 20 Artificial Light 20 Color Temperature 21 Colored Light 24 Interior Lighting 25 Light Reflection 25 Light Absorption 25 Color in Interiors 26 Color Interaction 27 Color Blindness 31

Chapter 4 Color Systems Munsell System 34 Ostwald System 36 DIN System 38 CIE System 38 OASSystem 38 Kuppers System 38 Gerritsen System 39

NCS System 39 Color-Aid System 40 Paul Klee at the Bauhaus 41 Color Systems in Practice 41 Simplified Color System 42 Color Terminology 43 Special Color Issues 45 Mixed Color Effects 46 Effects of Texture 47 Using Color Systems 48

Chapter 5 The Color Wheel Additive Color 49 Subtractive Color 50 The Color Wheel 51 Monochromatic Color 53 Analogous Color 53 Complementary Color 54

Split Complementaries 56 Double Complementary

Color 56 Triad Color 57 Tetrad Color 58 Modification of Color Hues 58

Tints 59 Shades 59 Neutralization 60

Color Wheel Analysis 61

CONTENTS V

Chapter 6 Color Charts Abstract Charts 63 Chart Materials 63

Mixing Color Chips 65 Making a Chart 67 Plan Color Charts 71 Color Maquettes 72 Using Color Charts 73

Chapter 7 Color Schemes Color Harmony 77 Color Schemes by Type 77

Monotonal Color 78 Monochromatic Color 79 Analogous Color 80 Complementary Color

Schemes 80 Triadcolor 84 Tetrad Color 85

Use of Color Harmony 86

Chapter 8 Color Schemes in Practice

Theory and Pract~ce 88 Color Locations 88 Developing a Scheme 89 Color Choices 90 Favored Approaches 91

Neutral Schemes 92 Natural Color 9 7 Functional Color 99

Combined Schemes 101 Accent Color 102 Dominant and Subdominant

Tones 103 Adaptation 104

Chapter 9 From Charts to Realization

Sample Charts 106 Sample Storage 1 0 7

Material Charts 108 Material Samples 1 1 1 Mock-up Spaces 1 12 Color Plans 1 12

Chapter 10 Analysis of Color Schemes

Chapter 11 Psychological Impact of Color 136

Warm, Cool, and Neutral Colors 137 Impact of Specific Hues 142 Meanings from Color 151 Use of Color Implications

in Practice 154 Color and Form 156

Chapter 12 Use of Color in Various Functional Contexts 158

Residential lnteriors 159 Living Rooms and Dining

Rooms 159 Recreation or Family

Rooms 160 Bedrooms 760 Children's Rooms 16 1 Kitchens 162 Bathrooms 163 Libraries, Studies,

and Dens 763 Nonresidential lnteriors 163

Hotels and Motels 163 Restaurants 163 Retail Outlets 7 6 7 Showrooms 168 Galleries 169 Office Interiors 169 Schools and College

Buildings 1 74 Health Care Facilities 175 Transportation Equipment

and Facilities 7 78 Industrial Facilities 7 82

Chapter 13 Color in Historic lnteriors

Ancient Egypt 185 Ancient Greece 186 Ancient Rome 186 Early Christian and

Byzantine Era 189 Middle Ages 189 Renaissance 189 Colonial America 199 Victorian Era 199 Eclecticism 203

vi COLOR IN INTERIOR DESIGN

Art Deco 21 3 Modernism 21 3 Postmodernism 21 5

Chapter 14 Work with Color 222 Preliminary Color Planning 222 Abstract Charts 224 Materials Sample Charts 225 Color Drawings 225 Alternative Color Presentation 228 Recording Color Data 230 Custom Colors 233 On-Site Adjustment 234 Approvals 234 Standard Color Schemes 235

Chapter 15 Problems with Color 237

Accessories 24 / Artworks 248 Historic Restoration 251 Projected Light 254

Chapter 17 Color in Current Practice

Michael Graves 255 Suzanne Sekey 262 Norman Diekman 266 Shashi Caan 272 Alfredo De Vido 277 Vignelli Associates 284

Chapter 1 8 A Portfolio of Color Schemes

Chapter 16 Special Situations Outdoor/lndoor Spaces 245 Changeable Color 246

Glossary 297 245

Bibliography 299

Index 301

Index

Aalto, Alvar, 103, 21 7 Absorption, 25-26, 51 Abstract charts, 63,224, 224-225 Accent color, 102-1 03 Accessories, 247-248,248, 249 Achromatic color, 13, 13 Adam Brothers, 198-199, 1 99, 200-201 Adaptation, 104-1 05 Additive color, 39, 49, 50 Additive m~xture (of color), 30 Addit~ve primaries, 12 Advancing color, 29 Advancing and receding color, 141 Afterimage, 28 Albers, Josef, 28 Aluminum, 1 19 American Academy of Arts and Letters (Boston), 134 American Charcuterie (New York City), 150 American Express (offices) (New York City), 175 American National Bank (Rockford, Illinois), 140 Analogous color, 53, 54, 80-83, 81, 131 Angstrom, 17 Animals, 6, 9 Approvals, 234-235 Archive, The (New York City), 14 1 Artworks, 248, 250, 252 Art Deco, 210-21 l, 21 3 Artificial light, 20-24, 21-24 Artimide showroom (Miami, Florida), 284 Asahi Building, Tokyo, 221 Azay-le-Rideau chateau (France), 194

Baldwin, Benjamin, 21 5 Band charts, 1 24 Barcelona Pavilion, 214, 21 5

Barney's (store) (New York City), 286 Baruch College, CCNY (New York City), 264 Bathrooms, 149, 163 Bauhaus, 41, 92, 156, 757, 213, 21 5 BBPR (see Belgiojoso, Peressutti and Rogers) Bedrooms, 1 60-1 61 , 161 Belgiojoso, Peressutti and Rogers, 229, 252 Bennett, Ward, 92 Berger Rait Design Associates, 96, 7 30 Berries, 8 Birds, 9 Black, 150-1 51 , 242 Blue, 148, 241 Bodouva, William Ncholas, and Associates, 180-181 Bowery Savings Bank (New York City), 253 Brass, 1 1 9 Breger, Willlam, 177 Brewster, David, 33 Brewster system, 39 Brick, 115, 116 Bright colors, 15, 43 Broken color, 46 Bronze, 1 1 9 Brown, 149, 241 Byzantine, 189

Caan, Shashi, 272-274,272-274 C.A.B.S. Nursing Home (Brooklyn), 177 Cafeterias, 769 Calder, Alexander, 218-21 9 Carlyle, Thomas, house (London), 206 Carpet, 1 19, 721 Casson, Conder and Partners, 230 Castello Sforzesco (Milan), 229 Chadwick, Gordon, 149

INDEX 301

Charts (color), 63-76, 226 Chase Manhattan Bank (New York City), 92 Children's rooms, 161 Chroma, 33-34, 34, 35, 42 Chromatic colors, 13 Chrysler Building (New York City), 2 10-2 1 1 Churches, 179, 283, 288 CIE system, 38 ClGNA Corporation offices, 174 Clrcle, color, 72 Climate, 158 Colonial America, 199, 204-205 Color-Aid system, 40, 41, 64 Color blindness, 31 Color constancy, 20, 124 Color drawing, 225-228, 226-227 Colored light, 24-25 Color harmony, 77 Color names, 44-45 Color rendering index (CRI), 24 Color schemes, 77-87,290-296 Color solid, 35, 35-38, 41 Color temperature, 22, 24 Color wheel, 32-33, 33, 39, 39, 49-62, 53, 78-79, 82-82, 84-86, 87, 127, 129, 137, 133, 135

Complementary color, 14, 14, 39, 42, 54, 55-56, 82, 82, 83, 133

Concepts, color, 223 Concrete, 1 1 5-1 1 6, 1 1 7 Continuous spectrum, 21-22, 22 Cool colors, 15, 15, 19 Copper, 1 19 Cornell University fieldhouse (Ithaca, New York), 700 CPS (cycles per second), 17 Cranbrook Academy, 21 5 CRI (color rendering index), 24 Custom colors, 233-234 Cyan, 39

Danish modern, 21 5 Darkness, 14 Daylight, 20, 21 Decorative papers, 66 Dennis Lennon and Partners, 182 Dens, 163 Designer's Collezione (Pasona, Japan), 286 De Stijl, 92, 212, 213 De Vido, Alfredo, 276-283, 276-283 Dial Finance (offices) (Des Moines, Iowa), 169, 248, 250

D~ekman, Norman, 74, 75, 266-271 ,266-271 . Dining rooms, 159-1 60, 182, 249 DIN system, 38 Discontinuous spectrum, 2&22, 22-23 Dominant color, 103-1 04 Double complementaries, 56-57, 57, 83, 85 Drawings, 230-231

Drywall, 1 17 Dull color, 15, 43 Dyes, 44

Eames, Charles, 760, 21 5 Ear, Nose and Throat Associates (offices) (Fort Wayne,

Indiana), 257-258 Early Christian (period), 189 Eastlake, Charles Locke, 32 Ebel (shop) (New York City), 128, 170 Eclecticism, 203, 21 3 Egyptian house, 185 Electromagnetic radiation, 17, 78 Elevations, 72, 73, 75, 225, 269 Elizabethan (period), 191 Empire (style), 196 Engle, Dolores, 149 English Renaissance, 191, 197 Exeter Cathedral (England), 193 Eye, human, 16, 7 7

Fallingwater, 208-209 Family rooms, 160 Federal period, 199 Fiberglass, 1 19 Flagstone, 1 13 Flat (surface color) (see Matte) Flowers, 3, 6, 44 Fluorescent light, 20, 23 Fontainbleau, Palace of (France), 196 Francis W. Little house (Wayzata, Minnesota), 98 French Government Tourist Office (New York City), 96 French Renaissance, 1 89-1 91, 794-195 Fruits, 6, 7, 44 Full-spectrum lighting, 20 Functional color, 94-1 01, l00 Furniture, 123 Fusion, 30

Gabriel, Ange-Jacques, 195 Galleries, 146-147, 169, 173, 260 Gallery Nilsson (New York City), 172 General Dental Council (London), 230 General Motors Saturn Plant (offices) (Springhill, Ten

nessee), 143 Georgian style, 191, 197 Gerritsen, Frans, 39 Gerr~tsen system, 39 Glass, 1 19 Gloss, 45 GM Argonaut, 143 Goethe von, Johann Wolfgang, 32 Gold leaf, 120 Gothic revival, 203 Granite, 1 13, 7 14 Graves, Michael, 255-261 ,256-261 Gray, 151, 241 -242

302 INDEX

Gray scale, 43 Greece (ancient), 186 Greek revival, 1 99 Green, 144-1 48, 241 Guarin~, Guarino, 154 Gwathmey Siegel & Associates, 700, 162

Hammer Galleries (New York City), 94-95, 173 Hauserman showroom (Los Angeles, California), 287 Health care facilities, 175-1 78, 257-258 Health effects, 136 Hering, Ewald, 39 Herman Miller, 123, 227, 233 Hertz, 17 Heyer, Paul, 146-147, 152-153, 173 High key, 80, 159 Historic interiors, 184-221 Historic restoration, 251 -254 Holiday House (Long Island, New York), 246 Hospitals, 177, 178 Hotels and motels, 163, 164-166, 265 Hue, 33-34, 42 Humana Building (Louisville, Kentucky), 261

Incandescent light, 20, 21 Indigo, 19 Industrial facilities, 182-1 83 Insects, 8 Intensity (of color), 33 Interaction (of color), 27 Interior Spaces (offices of firm), 126 International style, 21 3-21 5 I.S.D., 134, 140 ltten Johannes, 156 JFN, 232 John Carl Warnecke & Associates, 261 Johnson, Phiip, 220

Kallman, McKinnel and Wood, architects, 134 Kandinsky, Vassily, 156 Kelvin, 22, 24 Kente cloth, 122 K~rtlington Park (England), 197 Kitchens, 152-153, 162, 162 Klee, Paul, 41, 156 Knoll, Florence Schust, 21 5 Kroin, 145 Kuppers, Harald, 38 Kuppers system, 38

Laminates, plastic, 67, 1 19 Landscape, 3, 3 Langais chateau (France), 1 90-1 91 La Potagerie (New York City), 168 Larsen, Jack Lenor, 2 1 5 Larson & Darby, architects, 140 Late modernism, 21 5, 2 18-21 9

Leather, 120 Leaves, 3, 5 Le Corbusier, 93, 176, 21 5, 216 Leeds Associates, 177 Libraries, 163, 259 Light, 17-27 Lightness, 14 Living rooms, 159-1 60, 160, 270-271, 278-281 Lowenfeld mosaic test, 136 Low key, 80, 159 Luscher color test, 137

Magenta, 39 Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company (offices) (New

York City), 101 Maquettes, 72, 76, 225,227 Marble, 1 14-1 15, 174 Materials charts, 108-1 12, 109-7 7 1 Matte (surfaces), 25,30 Medical and dental offices, 1 78 Medieval (period), 189, 191, 193 Memphis, 221 Mental hospitals, 178 Mercury-vapor light, 20, 22 Metallic colors, 45 Metals, 1 19 Metamerism, 24 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (New York City), 231 Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), 132, 185, 797, 204-205

Michael Carlos Museum, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 260

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 214, 21 5 Mirror, 46 Mixing color samples, 65, 67 Mock-ups, l l2 Models, 228-229,232-233 Mondrian, Piet, 21 3 Monochromatic color, 53, 79, 79, 80, 129 Monotone color, 53, 78, 78, 79 Montgomery Ward offices (Chicago), 144 Moorish design, 189 Mosaics, 189 Multicolor weaves, 31 Munsell, Albert, 34 Munsell system, 24-36, 35-36, 4041, 43

Nanometer, 17 National Galley of Art (Washington, D.C.), 278-219 Natural color, 97-99, 98 NCS system, 39, 40, 40 Nelson, George, 149, 227, 246 Nelson, George, and Company, 168, 233 Neon light, 20 Neutral colors, 15, 60, 60-61, 92, 92, 97 Newton, Isaac, 32 New York University, 262-264

INDEX 303

Nivola, Constantino, 252 Nurseries, 176 Nursing homes, 177, 178

OAS system, 38 Office furniture, 266-267 Offices, 169-1 70, 174, l 74-1 75, 178,248, 250, 289 Olivetti Corporation showroom (New York City), 252 On-site adjustments, 234 Op art, 30 Orange, 144, 240 Oriental rugs, 189, 280 Orientation, 158 Osterley Park (England), 200-201 Ostwald, W~lhelm, 36 Ostwald system, 36-38, 37-38 Outdoor-indoor spaces, 245-246, 246

Paimio Sanatorium (Finland), 21 7 Paint, 120 Pantheon (Rome), 186-787, 1 89 Paramount Hotel (New York City), 164-1 66 Pei, I. M,, and Partners, 218-219 Percier and Fontaine, 191 Perspective, 72, 266-267, 269-270 Petit Trianon, Versailles (France), 195 Photographs (of models), 229, 232 Pigments, 44 Pile, John, 169, 231-232, 248, 250 Plan charts, 71 -72, 73-74, 1 12-1 13, 225-226 Plans, 266-269 Plaster, 1 17 Plastics, 120 Plywood, 1 1 8 Pompeiian (color), 1 89, 196, l 99, 200-201 Postmodernism, 21 5, 220, 221, 221, 255 Powel house room, 204-205 Powell/Kleinschmidt, 142 Prang system, 39 Primary colors, 13, 33, 36, 42, 49, 51, 51-52 Process color, 39 Projected light, 254 Psychological impact of color, 136-1 57 Psychological tests, 136-1 37 Purchase orders, 232-233 Putman Andree, 128, 170

Quarry tile, 1 16 Quaternaries, 42, 43, 52 Queen Elizabeth II (ship), 182, 249

Reced~ng color, 29 Red, 142, 240 Reflectance, 26, 27 Reflection, 25, 25 Regency (style), 199, 202 Renaissance, 189-1 99

Renderings, 227-228,229-231 Residential interiors, 159-1 63 Resilient tile, 1 18-1 19, 119 Restaurants, 1 63, 167, 168-1 69, 276-277 Retail stores, 167-1 68, 171, 286 Ribbon charts, 124 Rietveld, Gerrit, 212, 21 3 Rococo (style), 1 91 Rogers Associates, 144 Roman design, 186, 786 Ronchamp (chapel) (France), 93 Rorschach test, 136 Royal Pavilion, Br~ghton (England), 199, 202 Rugs, 1 19

Saarinen, Eero, 179, 21 5 Saarinen, Eliel, 179, 21 5 Saarinen, Eliel and Eero, 179 Sabbathday Lake Shaker community, Maine, 148, 207 St. Chapelle (Paris), 47 St. Mark's (Venice), 188 St. Paul's church (New York City), 288 St. Sindone chapel Furin, Italy), 154 Samples, 63%66,68, 106-1 08, 108-109, 1 1 2 Sanderson, John, 76 Sandgren and Murtha, 231 San Juan Capistrano L~brary (California), 259 Santa Creus monastery (Spain), l 17 Saturation, 33, 34, 35, 42, 239 Schemes, color, 88-1 05 Schools and colleges, 174-1 75 Schroder house (Utrecht, Netherlands), 212 Secondary colors, 13, 33, 36, 42, 51, 52 Sekey, Suzanne, 262-265,262-265 Shades, 14, 14, 15, 44, 44, 59 Shaker (design), 148, 203, 207 Sheraton, Thomas, 76 Ships, 178, 182, 249 Showrooms, 168-1 69, l 72, 252, 256, 282, 284-287 Silver leaf, 120 Simultaneous contrast, 28, 28-29 685 Third Avenue (New York City), 220 Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, 92 Slides (coior), 73 Smith, Heather Blake, 230 Sodium light, 20, 23 Sony Corporation (apartment), 130 Specifications, 231 -232 Spectrascope, 18-1 9 Spectrum, 13, 18, 19 Split complementary color, 56, 57, 83, 84 Stained glass, 46, 47 Standard color schemes, 235 Starck, Philippe, 764-766, 221 Steel, 1 19 Steelcase Design Partnership showroom (Grand Rapids,

Michigan), 285

304 INDEX

Steelframe chest, 123 Stockman, Judith, 147, 168 Stockman, Judith, & Assocates, 172 Stockman and Manners, 150, 168 Stone, 113, 114 Stow & Dav~s/Steelcase, 266-267 Stuarts (restaurant) (New York City), 276 Studies, l63 Subdominant color, 163-1 64 Subtractive color, 32, 50-51, 57 Subtractive primaries, 12 Success~ve contrast, 28 Sunar Hauserman showroom (Houston, Texas), 256 Supervision, 234 Swanke Hayden Connell Architects, 101, 174-1 75, 253, 275

Syon House (England), 198

Tabernacle Church of Christ (Columbus, Indiana), 7 79 Taliesen (Spring Green, Wisconsin), 236 Terra-cotta, 1 16 Terrazzo, l 14-1 15, 7 16 Tertiary colors, 13, 42, 43, 52 Tetrad color, 56, 59, 85, 87 Textiles, 48, 120, 121-122, 274 Texture, 30, 47 Tile, 1 16, l1 7, 1 18-1 19, 119 Tints, 14, 14, 15, 44, 44, 59, 59 Transportation equipment and facilities, 178, 180-181 Travertine, 1 13, 115 Triad color, 57, 58, 84-85, 86, 135 Tutankhamen tomb, 185

Unite, Firminy Vert (France), 176 USAir terminal (New York City), 180-181

Valentini, Peter, 172 Valkus, Jim, 227 value, 33-34, 42 Van Doesburg, Theo, 21 3 Veiling reflecton, 30 Venturi, Robert, and Denise Scott Brown, 138-139 Versailles, Palace (France), 191 Vibration, 30, 31 Victorian (style) 199, 203, 205-206 Vignelli, Massimo, 289 Vignelli Associates, 145, 284-289, 284-289 Villa Savoye, Poissy (France), 21 6 Vinyl, 1 18-1 19 Violet, 148-1 49, 241 Visible spectrum, 1 7, 18-19 Visual perception, 17 Voksenasen hotel (Oslo, Noway), 10 Vuoksenniska church (Imatra, Finland), 103

Wallpaper, 1 20, 122, 204-205 Warm colors, 15, 15, 19 White, 93-96, 94-96, 149, 242 Wood, 117-118, 118 Wood finishes, 67 Word of Mouth (restaurant) (New York City), 277 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 97, 98, 208-209, 235,236

Yellow, 144, 240-241 York and Sawyer, 252

INDEX 305