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COLOUR

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Page 1: COLOUR - isgart.weebly.com · The&human&eye&can&differenBate&over(tenmilliondifferent colours. This&image&(when&viewed&in&full&size,&1000&pixels&wide)&contains&1&million& pixels,&each&of

COLOUR  

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1.   Colour  and  Percep0on–  Sense  and  Reason    We  will:  consider  how  our  senses  –  specifically  sight-­‐  give  us  knowledge  of  the  world;  the  difficulBes  of  achieving  an  objecBve  assessment  of  colour  sensaBon  and  why  science  and  art  interpret  phenomena  so  differently.        2.  Colour  and  Culture  –  Language  and  emo0on      We  will  consider  how  our  culture  and  gender  effect  our  percepBon  of  colour.  We  will  look  at  the  relaBonship  between  words  and  sensaBons.        3.  Colour  in  prac0ce  –  Pigments  and  light    We  will  consider  color  and  light  as  a  material    used  in  tradiBonal  and  digital  media.  We  will  deal  with  pigments  and  learn  about  subtracBve  and  addicBve  color    methods.          

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1.  Colour  and  percep0on  

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 The  human  eye  can  differenBate  over  ten  million  different  colours.                                      This  image  (when  viewed  in  full  size,  1000  pixels  wide)  contains  1  million  pixels,  each  of  a  different  colour.    

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 The  Physiology  of  sight      The  ReBna  :  Your  ability  to  disBnguish  colours  is  based  on  the  sensiBvity  of  the  cells  in  your  reBna  to  the  different  wavelengths  of  light.  There  are  3  types  of  colour  receptor  cells  -­‐  called  cones:  one  type  is  mainly  sensiBve  to  violet-­‐blue;  one  to  yellowish-­‐green  and  one  to  red.    Light  is  reduced  to  three  colour  components  by  the  eye.  The  three  types  of  cones  give  signals  according  to  the  extent  they  are  sBmulated.    The  reBna  also  contains  rods  that  have  a  different  response  curve;  in  normal  light  they  do  not  contribute  to  vision  but  in  dim  light  the  cones  are  under  sBmulated  so  sight  comes  from  the  rods  which  record  light  and  dark  but  not  colour.  (Rods  are  only  parBally  responsive  to  red  light)                      The  Brain:    Colour  informaBon  is  transmiSed  to  the  brain  by  three  opponent  processes  derived  from  the  cones:  red-­‐green,  blue-­‐yellow  and  black-­‐white  (this  explains  why  you  cannot  see  „reddish  green‟  or  „yellowish  blue‟).    

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Are  we  all  seeing  the  same  colours?      Most  humans  are  tri-­‐chromaBc,  which  means  they  have  3  types  of  colour  receptors  but  many  animals  are  tetrachromats,  meaning  that  they  have  4  types  of  receptor  (birds,  repBles  and  some  fish).  Up  to  50%  of  women  are  tetrachromaBc  but  only  a  small  number  of  men.  Not  all,  but  some,  of  those  who  are  tetrachromaBcs  have  the  ability  to  make  enhanced  colour  discriminaBon.    

HOW  MANY  HUES  CAN  YOU  SEE?  

Derval  Color  Test  TM,  (c)  DervalResearch  -­‐  www.derval-­‐research.com  

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     RESULT        Fewer  than  20  color  nuances:  You  are  a  dichromat,  like  a  dog,  and  have  only  two  types  of  cones  (25%  of  the  populaBon).    Between  20  and  32  color  nuances:  You  are  a  trichromat.  You  have  three  types  of  cones  in  the  purple/blue,  green  and  red  area  (50%  of  the  populaBon).    Between  33  and  39+  color  nuances:  You  are  a  tetrachromat.  Like  bees,  you  have  four  types  of  cones  (25%  of  the  populaBon).  

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The  problem  of  objec0ve  reason.      The  Muller-­‐Lyer  illusion.  Which  line  is  longer?                      There  are  different  ways  of  knowing  the  line:  we  can  take  an  objec0ve  (scienBfic)  measurement  or  we  can  follow  our  subjec0ve  experience.      Our  culture  gives  a  higher  value  to  objecBve  knowledge,  which  is  a_er  all  the  basis  of  science,  than  to  the  subjecBve  experiences  of  our  senses  yet  it  is  through  our  senses  that  we  understand  the  world.      If  one  line  „feels‟  longer  –  in  our  first  sensory  experience-­‐  than  the  other,  then  should  we  regard  it  as  longer  even  if  the  measurement  suggests  otherwise?      

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 Gestalt      Gestalt  psychology  is  an  aSempt  to  understand  the  laws  behind  the  ability  to  acquire  and  maintain  meaningful  percepBons  in  an  apparently  chaoBc  world.    “Why  does  the  moon  always  appear  larger  near  the  horizon  than  at  the  meridian?”    Because  we  judge  the  size  of  an  object  by  comparing  it  to  the  surroundings      Look  at  a  colour  illusion  and  you  will  understand  why  some  philosophers  decided  to  concentrate  on  abstract  knowledge  rather  than  sensory  experience.    What  is  the  true  colour  of  the  dots?                          

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Colour  as  understood  before  Newton    Classical  philosophers  noted  the  eye’s  incapacity  to  judge  the  true  nature  of  things.      Aristotle  in  his  „On  Sense  and  Sensible  objects‟  suggests  that  “the  intermediate  colours  arise  from  the  mixture  of  light  and  dark”.      

God  Covenant  with  Noah,  The  Vienna  Genesis,  6th  century.  The  green  of  water  signifies  the  Deluge  and  the  red  the  Last  Judgment  Day.  

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ASempt  at  true-­‐colour  spectrum,  wavelength  in  nanometres  marked    

1.  Name  the  colours  that  you  see  in  the  order  that  they  appear.    

2.  Draw  a  circle  and  divide  it  into  what  you  consider  to  be  an  accurate  division  of  the    rela0ve  area  taken  by  each  color.    3.  How  many  colours  are  there  in  the  spectrum?    

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 Newton  and  aYer    In  the  1660’s  as  a  result  of  his  observaBons  with  prisms  Newton  proposed  that  colour  was  simply  a  funcBon  of  the  variable  refracBon  of  white  light.  Red  had  the  least  refracBon  and  violet  the  most.      Newton  divided  the  spectrum  into  seven  colours:  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo  and  violet.  He  did  this  as  he  wanted  to  link  colour  to  the  number  seven.  As  a  ChrisBan  he  believed  that  God  had  created  the  world  to  follow  a  divine  paSern;  not  only  had  he  done  so  in  seven  days  but  so  that  seven  was  the  basis  of  the  world‟s  order:  the  seven  days  of  the  week;  the  seven  known  objects  in  the  solar  system  and  musical  notes.  In  his  diagram  above  Newton  shows  the  spectral  colours  in  relaBon  to  the  musical  notes.      He  has  interpreted  his  apparently  objecBve  evidence  in  accordance  with  his  subjecBve  cultural  beliefs.          

Do  we  only  see  what  we  know?    

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Phenomenology      ‘Phenomenology  is  a  branch  of  philosophy  that  deals  with  what  you  see,  feel  etc  in  contrast  to  what  may  actually  be  real  or  true  about  the  world’    Oxford  DicBonary      The  philosopher  Merleau  Ponty  used  this  illusion  to  illustrate  the  value  of  the  subjecBve  as  a  „natural‟  pre  objecBve  vision;  one  which  is  usually  ignored  by  science.  He  argued  that  sensa0on  was  an  element  of  knowledge  which  was  oYen  ignored  by  science  sugges0ng  that  science  is  a  schema0za0on  (plan  or  diagram)  of  the  world  in  the  same  way  that  Geography  is  a  schema0za0on  of  the  landscape;  neither  show  things  as  we  experience  them.          

How  does  our  prior  knowledge  affect  what  we  see?    

     

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GOETHE’S  THEORY  OF  COLOR      SkepBcal  of  Newton's  theory  of  color,  Johann  Wolfgang  von  Goethe  began  his  own  studies  in  the  late  1780s  and  published  Theory  of  Color  (Zur  Farbenlehre)  in  1810.      The  crux  of  his  color  theory  is  its  experienBal  source:  rather  than  impose  theoreBcal  statements  (as  he  felt  Newton  had),  Goethe  sought  to  allow  light  and  color  to  be  displayed  in  an  ordered  series  of  experiments  that  readers  could  experience  for  themselves.    

Through  his  «delicate  empiricism»  Goethe  developed  the  no0on  of  complementary  color,  aYer  image  and  colored  shadows.  

 “It  is  a  calamity  that  the  use  of  experiment  has  severed  nature  from  man,  so  that  he  is  content  to  understand  nature  merely  through  what  arCficial  instruments  reveal  and  by  so  doing  even  restricts  her  achievements...Microscopes  and  telescopes,  in  actual  fact,  confuse  man's  innate  clarity  of  mind.”      "The  human  being  himself,  to  the  extent  that  he  makes  sound  use  of  his  senses,  is  the  most  exact  physical  apparatus  that  can  exist."  

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Experience  is  what  directs  arBst’s  choices  in  color.    Here  are  some  examples:  

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SPATIAL  EFFECTS  OF  COLOR  AND  SHAPES  

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2.  Color  and  culture  

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Lawrence  Alma-­‐Tadema,  Phidias  Showing  the  Frieze  of  the  Parthenon  to  his  Friends,  1968,  Birmigham  Museum  and  Art  Gallery,  Birmigham  

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WHITE    “Color  contributes  to  beauty,  but  it  is  not  beauty.  Color  should  have  a  minor  part  in  the  consideraCon  of  beauty,  because  it  is  not  color  but  the  structure  that  consCtutes  its  essence.  “      

Johann  Joachim  Winckelmann.                                  

Canova,  Napoleon  as  Mars  the  Peacemaker,  1802-­‐1806,  Apsley  House,  London    

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1858  Gladstone's  explanaBon  of  Homer's  colour  terms  was  taken  as  the  suggesBon  that  he  and  the  other  ancient  Greeks  were  colourblind.  Gladstone  denied  that  he  suggested  here  the  Greeks  suffered  from  colourblindness,  though,  and  he  later  said:  "My  meaning  was  substanBally  this:  that  he  [Homer]  operated,  in  the  main,  upon  a  quanBtaBve  scale,  with  white  and  black,  or  light  and  dark,  for  its  opposite  extremiBes,  instead  of  the  qualitaBve  scale  opened  by  the  diversiBes  of  colour."superiorità  della  razza  bianca,  inferiorità  delle  culture  affascinate  dal  colore  In  Western  art  tradiBon,  white  acts  as  the  mark  of  the  superior  white  race  over  non-­‐Western  underdeveloped  cultures  who  find  color  fascinaBng.    Color  has  been  considered  female,  irraBonal,  insBcBve,  childish  by  the  dominant  male  autority.  White  has  been  used  as  part  of  propaganda  strategy.                    James  Hoban,,  White  House,  1792-­‐1800,  Aquia  Creek  sandstone  painted  white,  Washington  D.C.  

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Olympia  Part  One:  FesBval  of  the  NaBons  (Leni  Riefenstahl,  1938)  

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3.  Color  in  prac0ce  

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Although  today  many  pigments  and  dyes  are  syntheBc,  our  ancestors  managed  to  obtain  a  wide  spectrum  of  colors  from  mineral,  plants  and  animal  sources  long  before  chemical  equivalents  were  manufactured.  Those  most  rare  and  difficult  to  obtain  became  symbols  of  wealth  and  status.      ArBst's  paint  consists  primarily  of  two  components:  pigment  and  binder.  In  order  to  produce  paint,  pigment  and  binder  are  ground  into  a  sBff  paste  which  must  have  three  requirements:  it  must  be  brushable,  it  must  adhere  permanently  to  the  support's  surface  and  it  must  not  alter  significantly  in  Bme.    Pigments  are  insoluble  color  parBcles  that  require  a  binding  agent  to  hold  them  onto  the  surface  of  the  material  being  colored.    The  binder,  commonly  called  vehicle  or  also  medium,  is  the  film-­‐forming  component  of  paint.    A  pigment  should  not  dissolve  in  the  binding  medium  nor  be  affected  by  it.  In  oil  painBng  for  example,  linseed  oil  is  the  binder  .  Many  colors,  such  as  lead  white  or  umber,  accelerate  the  drying  of  the  oil  paint;  others,  such  as  the  lakes  and  vermilion,  retard  this  process.  In  general  the  dense,  heavy  pigments  dry  well  and  quickly,  since  they  require  liSle  oil.    Watercolor  uses  gum  arabic  as  binder,  tradiBonal  tempera  paint  uses  egg  yolk,  acrylic  paint  use  a  plasBc  polymer.      

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Cave  painBngs  by  early  man  show  the  early  use  of  pigments,  in  a  limited  range  from  straw  color  to  reddish  brown  and  black.  These  colors  occurred  naturally  in  charcoals,  and  in  mineral  oxides  such  as  chalk  and  ochre.  Most  of  matural  pigments  nowadays  have  been  replaced  by  cheaper  and  less  toxic  syntheBc  pigments.  

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The  Milkmaid  by  Johannes  Vermeer  (c.  1658),  shows  his  use  of  expensive  pigments,  including  Indian  Yellow  (urine  from  Indian  cows  fed  only  on  mango  leaves),  Lapis  lazuli,  and  Carmine.      The  only  way  to  achieve  a  deep  rich  blue  was  by  using  the  semi-­‐precious  stone  Lapis  lazuli  to  produce  a  color  known  as  ultramarine.      Because  the  best  sources  of  lapis  lazuli  were  remote,  the  stone  was  expensive,  and  was  later  replaced  by  azurite  and  smalt  (minerals)  and  indigo  (biological).  

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Please  visit  the  following  website  to  know  more  about  colors  and  pigments  and  to  invesBgate  how  arBsts  ‘    paleSe  changed  across  the  Bme:  

 hSp://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/history.html  

   

             

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Dyes  are  colored  substances  that  change  the  color  of  other  materials  permanently.  They  are  soluble  substances,  though  some  become  insoluble  a_er  they  have  been  applied.  They  have  a  special  affinity  for  the  substrate  they  color.                                Tyrian  purple  was  extracted  from  shellfish  of  the  Murex  genus,  tradiBonally  harvested  near  Tyre  in  the  eastern  Mediterranean.  Phoenicia  (present  day  Lebanon)  was  famous  for  the  color  of  its  Tyrian  purple  and  became  a  big  producBon  center.  The  cloth  was  prized  by  the  Romans,  and  used  in  the  fine  robes  of  kings  and  emperors.    

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Fragment  from  an  11th-­‐century  ByzanBne  robe  with  griffins  embroidered  on  a  silk  woven  of  murex-­‐dyed  threads,  Église  de  Valére,  Sion,  Switzerland    

 

             

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 Carmine  is  much  more  concentrated  than  the  tradiBonal  red  dyes  of  madder  root,  kermes,  Polish  cochineal  and  brazilwood.  It  was  in  high  demand  throughout  Europe,  coloring  the  fabrics  of  royalty,  nobility,  and  church  leaders.  Michelangelo  used  carmine  in  his  paints,  and  the  dye  lent  disBncBon  to  the  uniforms  of  the  BriBsh  Redcoats,  the  Hussars,  the  Turks  and  the  Royal  Canadian  Mounted  Police.                      

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                         Cochineal  comes  from  the  cochineal  insect,  which  produces  carminic  acid  to  protect  itself  from  its  insect  predators.  Carmine  dye  is  made  from  carminic  acid,  which  is  extracted  from  the  female  beetles’  body  and  eggs.  This  deep  crimson  dye  is  used  to  produce  scarlet,  orange,  and  other  shades  of  red,  and  is  found  in  cosmeBcs  and  as  a  food  colorant.      

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Please  visit  the  following  website  to  know  more  about  colors  and  dyes:    

hSp://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/7.html    

 

             

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Wolfgang  Laib,  Pollen  from  Hazelnut,  2013,  MOMA  New  York      

 

             

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Luca  Vitone,  Räume  (Rooms),  2014,  exhibiBon  view  Neuer  Berliner  Kunstverein