32
Commercial Building Envelope Air Leakage Presented by: Matt Heron, P.E., Pie Consulting & Engineering Stu Reeve, Energy Manager, Poudre School District Kim DeVoe, Energy Services Engineer, Fort Collins Utilities,

Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    5

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Commercial Building Envelope Air Leakage

Presented by:•Matt Heron, P.E., 

Pie Consulting & Engineering•Stu Reeve, Energy Manager,

Poudre School District•Kim DeVoe, Energy Services Engineer,

Fort Collins Utilities,

Page 2: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Why Test & Repair Air Barriers?• Energy conservation

– Reduce heating and cooling loads– EPACT 2005 / EISA 2007

• 30% reduction over ASHRAE 90.1‐2004 by 2012• Net zero by 2030 (Executive Order 13514)

• Mechanical System Sizing/Operation– Air Exchange 20% to 50% of thermal load– Designing / Modeling Infiltration Loads

• Moisture and mold control– Water vapor transport via air movement – Very costly to remediate– Politically volatile 

• Pollutant transport (IAQ)– Example: TEMF facilities ‐

Fumes

• Microclimate Conditioning

Presenter
Presentation Notes
So, let’s get into this. Net Zero by 2030. Have you been exposed to any projects with this requirement? Achieving this metric is noble, but quality assurance is also key. Take for instance moisture & mold (and we’ll get into this more in a moment). Moisture & mold damage can be a serious issue. For example, we don’t want to see some general written up for having soldiers housed in an unhealthy environment. So our first focus is on building performance, sustainability, and healthy living. (Don’t get into details…stories) Pollutant Transport – Example TEMF’s or as we like to refer to them – Jiffy Lube on steroids. Certainly, HP has done a lot of these and as many of you know, there’s an important divide between the work bays and admin areas. Sizing & Operation – Installing the air barrier and establishing a performance value for it addresses each of these issues. Equally important, by setting a value for the air leakage, you take the guess work out of mechanical design. Someone might ask if a building can be too tight. That’s a great question and the first one we asked when HP asked us to conduct the benchmark testing at Bliss. It’s important to remember that the building envelop (floor, roof, and all sides) works as one component with all other operational systems including mechanical. Therefore, we need to understand that this is part of a system, but now I can control the amt. of fresh air. In the past, building were constructed too loose. Can be issues if too tight, so quantifying rate of leakage reduces chance and risk.
Page 3: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Historic Performance of Commercial Buildings– ASHRAE Fundamentals (CFM / ft2)

Page 4: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Whole Building Air Tightness Testing• ASTM E779:  Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan 

Pressurization

• ASTM E1827:  Standard Test Methods for Determining Air tightness

of Buildings 

Using an Orifice Blower Door

• US Army Corps of Engineers Air Leakage Test Protocol for Measuring Air Leakage 

in Buildings (Engineering & Construction Bulletin dated October 30, 2009)

Page 5: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Existing Building Retro‐Commissioning  Poudre School District 2011 Testing

Page 6: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing
Page 7: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics• ASTM E1186:  Standard Practices for Air Leakage 

Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air  Barrier Systems

Page 8: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Low Slope Roof to Wall Interfaces

Page 9: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Steep Slope Roof to Wall Interfaces

Page 10: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Expansion Joints & Dissimilar InterfacesAIR LEAKAGE PATHWAY

INTERIOR

EXTERIOR

EXTERIOR

INTERIOR

AIR LEAKAGE OBSERVED

OBSERVE FOR SEALANT

Page 11: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Beam Pockets

Page 12: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Doors & Operable/Fixed Windows

Page 13: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Soffits & Mansard Roofs

Page 14: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Clerestory Assemblies & Skylights

Page 15: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Thermal Discontinuities

Page 16: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

PSD 2011 Air Leakage Testing Results

Page 17: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

City of Fort Collins Civic Center

Page 18: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

High Electrical usage but low gas usage?

LEED Gold building– 3 story, 72,000 sf, built 

in 2001– 2 RTU’s

split N S

– VAV’s

have electric  reheat

– Metasys

BAS identified   high electrical use on 

the 1st

floor– Comfort complaints by 

clerks on the 1st

fl;  electric space heaters 

under desks

Electricity Cost for Selected City Buildings ($/sf/yr)

$-

$0.20

$0.40

$0.60

$0.80

$1.00

$1.20

$1.40

$1.60

215 N. M ason 281 N. College Downtown Library Harmony Library City Hall

Selected City Buildings Gas Cost

$-

$0.05

$0.10

$0.15

$0.20

$0.25

$0.30

$0.35

215 N. M ason 281 N. College Downtown Library Harmony Library City Hall

Page 19: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

IR investigation & Building Shell Study• IR images taken by Gary Schroeder, Fort Collins Utilities Senior Engineer

• Shell leakage investigation performed by Kevin  Knight, Architectural Testing Inc.

Findings:– Cold air on 1st

fl caused by Stack effect – Exterior building materials penetrating inside the thermal 

boundary– Misaligned/discontinuous & missing air barrier causing air 

leakage into above ceiling return air plenums

Page 20: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing
Page 21: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Stack Effect: where it leaks matters

Page 22: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Misaligned or Missing Air Barrier, Exterior Finish  penetrating the Thermal Boundary

Page 23: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Roof Air Barrier Continuity 

Page 24: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Air Leakage at floor and roof decks

Page 25: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

The Air Barrier Is Now Continuous  (But only in accessible areas above ceiling grid)

Page 26: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Results• Building Air leakage Test‐out by Stuart Mitchell,   

PIE Consulting and Engineering– Air leakage reduced from 0.43 cfm/sf

to 0.26

cfm/sf.

– A 41% reduction!• Reduced comfort complaints & space heaters• Discovered / repaired return air imbalances

in 

building which were adding to the stack effect. • 2012 winter electric usage decreased

due to 

reduced electric reheat in winter; increased natural  gas usage for overall heating cost savings.

• 2012 Summer electrical usage did not increase,  even during the hottest summer on record!

Page 27: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Civic Center GHG Reduction Exceeds Goal (based on electrical use) 

Page 28: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Percent Annual Energy Savings due to improved Percent Annual Energy Savings due to improved  building air tightness (Modeling results from Annex 46)building air tightness (Modeling results from Annex 46)

Source Leakage Rate at 0.3 in w.g. (75 Pa) cfm/ft2

Baseline 1.0

ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing 0.40

Current Army requirement for air sealing 0.25

Proposed requirement for air sealing 0.15

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Climate Zone

Ener

gy S

avin

gs

0.4 cfm/ft20.25 cfm/ft20.15 cfm/ft2

Page 29: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

BECx

in Rating Systems/Codes/Specs

ASTM E2813 – Standard Practice for Building

Enclosure Commissioning

Page 30: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Raising the Bar for Commercial  Buildings in Fort Collins

• New Commercial Building Tightness  Standards:

– ASHRAE: 0.40 cfm/sf– U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACE): 0.25 cfm/sf– City of Fort Collins: 0.25 cfm/sf

• Developed New Building Code Amendments – Fort Collins Utilities consulting w/ PIE– Lessons learned from testing and repairs done to  

the Fort Collins Civic Center

Page 31: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Building Tightness Testing as a Design Tool to  Meet Goals for Poudre School District

• Impact of Providing the Right Tools to Challenge  Conventional Design

• Building Envelope Studies and Impact on Energy  Modeling

• Design Team Confidence to “Right Size”

Mechanical  Systems

• Reinforcing Goals Throughout the Design Process• Final Design Energy Modeling• Rebates and Incentives for High Performance Design• We’ll Keep You Posted 

Page 32: Commercial Building Envelope - Utility Exchange · Air Tightness Testing Diagnostics ... ASHRAE Std 189.1 requirement for air sealing : 0.40 . Current Army requirement for air sealing

Thank You!

Matt HeronStu ReeveKim DeVoe