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COMMON CONCLUSION SIGNAL (SITA)
THEREFORE THUSSUGGEST SOAS A RESULT ACCORDINGLYINDICATE IT FOLLOWS THATCONSEQUENTLY HENCE
CONCLUSION
IT IS SIGNALED BY STRONG TONE, OFTEN MARKED BY WORDS LIKE SHOULD/proposed
PREMISE IT IS SIGNALED BY STRONG TONE, OFTEN MARKED BY WORDS LIKE
BECAUSE DUE TO
SINCE GIVEN THAT
ASSUMPTION= UNSTATED PART OF THE ARGUMENT(hidden)
ASSUMPTION+ PREMISES= CONCLUSION
ASSUMPTION
PREMISES
CONCLUSION
MOSTLY LAST PART OOF
Level each point in the list as either PREMISES(P) OR CONCLUSION(C)
THE CONCLUSION:-
1) INTERNAL CONCLUSION
2) EXTERNAL CONCLUSION
PASTSIMPLE
PASTPARTICIPLE
PRESENTPARTICIPLE
ACTIVE HAS/HAVE/HAD(PASSIVE)
IS/AM/ARE/WILL BE/SHALL BE/COUDLDBE/SHOULD BE/WOULD BE
WILL/SHALL/WOULD/COULD/SHOULD/OUGHT TO/
to talk Talked talking Talkto hire Hired hiring Hireto do Did Done doing Doto say Said saying Sayto eat Ate Eaten eating Eatto write Wrote Written writing WriteTo beat Beat Beaten beating Beatto sing Sang Sung singing Singto see Saw Seen seeing See
VAN:-VERB,ADJECTIVE,NOUNVERB(ACTION WORD):-
HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB
SUBJECT(HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB) PREDICATE
HE DID MAKE IT POSSIBLE,
HE IS DOING
ADJECTIVE(CHARACTERISTIC)
HELPING VERB+ADJECTIVEI AM OPTIMISTIC, SHE IS BEAUTIFUL.HELPING VERB+ADJECTIVE+MAIN VERBI WILL CERTAINLY INFORM YOU ORSUBJECT+(HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB) PREDICATE +ADJECTIVE.
I WILL INFORM YOU POSITIVELY OR PERFECTLY.
NOUN:-NAMING WORD
HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB+NOUN
PRESIDENT ADMINISTERED OATH TO MINISTERS. SHE DID COMMIT MISTAKES.
ADMINISTERED-MAIN VERB
OATH-NOUN
ACTIVE VOICE:- I ATE MANGO (SUBJECT VERT OBJECT)PASSIVE:- THE MANGO WAS EATEN BY ME. (OBJECT VERT SUBJECT)
ALWAYS ACTIVE VOICE:- QUESTION ARE IN ACTIVE VOICE, WHO DID COMPLETE TASK?ALWAYS PASSIVE VOICE:-IT’S ANSWER, THE TASK WAS COMPLETED BY ME.
IF I HAD money, THEN I WOULD HAVE GONE for higher studies Abroad.IF+ PAST TENSE, THEN+WOULD+VERB
AInfinitive Simple Past Past ParticipleWILL/SHALL/WOULD/COULD/SHOULD
HAS/HAVE/HAD
/OUGHT TO/
arise Arose Arisenawake awakened / awoke awakened / awokenBbackslide Backslid backslidden / backslidbe was, were Beenbear Bore born / bornebeat Beat beaten / beatbecome Became Becomebegin Began Begunbend Bent Bentbet bet / betted [?] bet / betted [?]bid (farewell) bid / bade Biddenbid (offer amount) Bid Bidbind Bound Boundbite Bit Bittenbleed Bled Bledblow Blew Blownbreak Broke Brokenbreed Bred Bredbring Brought Broughtbroadcast broadcast /
broadcastedbroadcast / broadcasted
browbeat browbeat browbeaten / browbeat
build built Builtburn burned / burnt [?] burned / burnt [?]burst burst Burstbust busted / bust busted / bustbuy bought BoughtCcast cast Castcatch caught Caughtchoose chose Chosencling clung Clungclothe clothed / clad [?] clothed / clad [?]come came Comecost cost Costcreep crept Creptcrossbreed crossbred Crossbredcut cut CutDdaydream daydreamed /
daydreamt [?]daydreamed / daydreamt [?]
deal dealt Dealtdig dug Dugdisprove disproved disproved / disprovendive (jump head-first) dove / dived Diveddive (scuba diving) dived / dove Diveddo did Donedraw drew Drawndream dreamed / dreamt
[?]dreamed / dreamt [?]
drink drank Drunkdrive drove Drivendwell dwelt / dwelled [?] dwelt / dwelled [?]Eeat ate EatenFfall fell Fallenfeed fed Fedfeel felt Feltfight fought Foughtfind found Foundfit (tailor, change size) fitted / fit [?] fitted / fit [?]fit (be right size) fit / fitted [?] fit / fitted [?]flee fled Fledfling flung Flungfly flew Flownforbid forbade Forbiddenforecast forecast Forecastforego (also forgo) forewent Foregoneforesee foresaw Foreseenforetell foretold Foretoldforget forgot forgotten / forgot [?]forgive forgave Forgivenforsake forsook Forsakenfreeze froze Frozenfrostbite frostbit FrostbittenGget got gotten / got [?]give gave Givengo went Gonegrind ground Groundgrow grew GrownHhand-feed hand-fed hand-fedhandwrite handwrote Handwrittenhang hung Hung
have had Hadhear heard Heardhew hewed hewn / hewedhide hid Hiddenhit hit Hithold held Heldhurt hurt HurtIinbreed inbred Inbredinlay inlaid Inlaidinput input / inputted input / inputtedinterbreed interbred Interbredinterweave interwove /
interweavedinterwoven / interweaved
interwind interwound InterwoundJjerry-build jerry-built jerry-builtKkeep kept Keptkneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeledknit knitted / knit knitted / knitknow knew KnownLlay laid Laidlead led Ledlean leaned / leant [?] leaned / leant [?]leap leaped / leapt [?] leaped / leapt [?]learn learned / learnt [?] learned / learnt [?]leave left Leftlend lent Lentlet let Letlie lay Lainlie (not tell truth) REGULAR lied Liedlight lit / lighted lit / lightedlip-read lip-read lip-readlose lost LostMmake made Mademean meant Meantmeet met Metmiscast miscast Miscastmisdeal misdealt Misdealtmisdo misdid Misdonemishear misheard Misheardmislay mislaid Mislaid
mislead misled Misledmislearn mislearned /
mislearnt [?]Misle
Participles in Modern English
English verbs have two participles:
1. called variously the present, active, imperfect, or progressive participle, it is identical in form to the gerund; the term present participle is sometimes used to include the gerund. The term gerund-participle is also used.
2. called variously the past, passive, or perfect participle, it is usually identical to the verb's preterite (past tense) form, though in irregular verbs the two usually differ.
Examples of participle formation include:
VerbPastSimple
PastParticiple
PresentParticiple
Regular/Irregular
to talk talked talkingregular
to hire hired hiringto do did done doing
irregular
to say said sayingto eat ate eaten eatingto write wrote written writingto beat beat beaten beatingto sing sang sung singingto see saw seen seeing
The present participle in English is in the active voice and is used for:
forming the progressive aspect: Jim was sleeping. modifying a noun as an adjective: Let sleeping dogs lie.
modifying a verb or sentence in clauses: Broadly speaking, the project was successful.
The present participle in English has the same form as the gerund, but the gerund acts as a noun rather than a verb or a modifier. The word sleeping in Your job description does not include sleeping is a gerund and not a present participle.
The past participle may be used in both active and passive voices:
forming the perfect: The chicken has eaten. forming the passive voice: The chicken was eaten.
modifying a noun, with active sense: our fallen comrades
modifying a noun, with passive sense: the attached files
modifying a verb or sentence, with passive sense: Seen from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution.
As noun-modifiers, participles usually precede the noun (like adjectives), but in many cases they can or must follow it:
The visiting dignitaries devoured the baked apples. Please bring all the documents required.
The difficulties encountered were nearly insurmountable.
Verb forms
Verbs in English can take the various forms listed in (1)-(5).
Name Description Examples
(1) Bare Default form in present tense sentences. They play together. I see.
Also appears in various nonfinite contexts, such as in to infinitive clauses,
I want to play. They need to see you.
after modals, They may play. We will see.
and in connection with do support . They don't play lacrosse. Do you see?
(2) -s Special form used in the present tense to mark agreement with a third person singular subject.
Lukas runs for miles. The cat enjoys treats.
(3) -ing As present participle, combines with auxiliary be to express various aspectual nuances
The cat is playing with the yarn. I was seeing her until a week ago.
Also occurs on its own as the gerund. Playing with landmines is dangerous. We always enjoy seeing you.
(4) -ed (past tense)
Expresses past tense. The cat played with the yarn. We saw a deer.
(5) -en (past participle)
Combines with auxiliary be to form passive forms.
Baseball is played all over the world. She was last seen off Mozambique.
Combines with auxiliary have to form perfect forms.
They have never played lacrosse. I have seen it many times.
For all verbs, the -ing form is predictable from the bare form, being derived from it by the affixation of -ing (play-ing, see-ing, hav-ing, be-ing). The -s form is similarly predictable for most verbs, with major (be, is) or minor (have, has) exceptions.
The past tense and past participle forms are predictable from the bare form in some cases, but not in others. With regular verbs, the past tense and past participle forms are homonyms and are formed by affixing -ed to the bare form. Why bother distinguishing between the two forms? That is, why not just post a single past form?
The reason is that the past tense and the past participle are distinct for irregular verbs such as go, see, sing, or write (past tense went, saw, sang, wrote versus past participle gone, seen, sung, written).
A verb's bare form, past tense, and past participle (in other words, exactly the forms that aren't predictable in general) are known as its principal parts.
Finiteness of verbs
The verb forms just discussed are classified into two categories: finite and nonfinite. The basic difference between the two categories in English is that finite verbs can function on their own as the core of an independent sentence, whereas nonfinite verbs cannot. Rather, nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal, an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.
A verb's -s form and past tense form are always finite, and the two participles (the -ing and -en forms) are always nonfinite.
(6) a. Finite verb: ok She gives both of them a back rub.
b. ok She gave both of them a back rub.
(7) a. Nonfinite verb: ok She is giving both of them a back rub.
b. ok She has given both of them a back rub.
To complicate matters a bit, a verb's bare form can be either finite or nonfinite. Bare forms that express the present tense are finite; otherwise, they are nonfinite. Examples are given in (8) and (9).
(8) Finite verb: ok We give both of them a back rub.
(9) a. Nonfinite verb: ok We will give both of them a back rub.
b. ok We promised to give both of them a back rub.
VAN:-VERB,ADJECTIVE,NOUNVERB(ACTION WORD):-
HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB
SUBJECT(HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB) PREDICATE
HE DID MAKE IT POSSIBLE,
HE IS DOING
ADJECTIVE(CHARACTERISTIC)
HELPING VERB+ADJECTIVEI AM OPTIMISTIC, SHE IS BEAUTIFUL.
NOUN:-NAMING WORD
HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB+NOUN
PRESIDENT ADMINISTERED OATH TO MINISTERS. SHE DID COMMIT MISTAKES.
ADMINISTERED-MAIN VERB
OATH-NOUN
COLLECTION BY :=
RIAZ AHEMAD, BPHARM, MBA
