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COMMUNAL CLASHES Riots in India

Communal Clashes

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Page 1: Communal Clashes

COMMUNAL CLASHES

Riots in India

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CONTENTS• Introduction• Major Riots in India• Violation of Laws• Major Contributors• Case Studies• Tackle• Conclusion

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INTRODUCTIONRIOTS OR RIGHTS ?• Riot is a form of civil disorder characterized

by disorganized groups.

• Riots often occur in reaction to a perceived grievance or out of dissent .

• Riots typically involve vandalism and the destruction of private and public property.

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COMMUNAL RIOTS

• Communal riots have become a distinct feature of communalism in India.

• Whenever conflicting groups from two different religions, which are self-conscious communities, clash, it results in a communal riot.

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Communal Riots(contd.)

• An event is identified as a communal riot if (a) there is violence, and (b) two or more communally identified groups confront each other or members of the other group at some point during the violence.

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Communal Riots(contd.)

• The reason for such a clash could be:• a) Communal tentions• b) Religion based politics• c) Intensity of electoral competition• d) Rumours

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Impact of the riots

• Loss of lives and properties.• People feel more threatened.• Threat to society and culture.• Riots make children the worst victim.• Economic hardship.

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. List of states in the sample (sorted by the average number of riots)

• State Total years Average no. of Hindu–Muslim riots Average growth rate( %) • 1. Gujarat 14 13.71 4.71• 2. Maharashtra 14 8.14 4.64• 3. Uttar Pradesh 14 7.00 2.01• 4. Karnataka 14 4.43 3.61• 5. Bihar 14 2.71 0.63• 6. Andhra Pradesh 14 2.07 3.31• 7. West Bengal 14 1.43 3.39• 8. Rajasthan 14 1.36 4.31• 9. Madhya Pradesh 14 1.29 2.10• 10. Tamil Nadu 14 0.93 4.22• 11. Assam 14 0.71 0.96• 12. Kerala 14 0.57 3.39• 13. Orissa 14 0.43 2.22• 14. Haryana 14 0.10 4.13• 15. Punjab 14 0.00 3.11(data observed over the period of 1986 to 1999)Journal of Peace ResearchThe World Bank

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BIGGEST INCIDENTS

• The 1947 "population exchanges" at the partition of India, resulting in an estimated 500,000 deaths.

• The 1984 anti-Sikh riots,• The 1992 Bombay Riots,• The 2002 Gujarat violence

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VIOLATION OF LAWS• Violation of Constitution of India –

Section14,15,19,20,21,22,26,29,32,39A and 50.• Violation of Indian Penal Code of 1960-Section 120B in

conjunction with 302,Sections 153,166,171,186,187,199, 203,295A and 506.

• Violation of Principles of International Law-passed under U.N. Resolution 260A-applicable section under articles 1 to 9.

• Violation of U.N. Declarations of Human Rights-Articles 1 to 30.

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Major Contributors• Role of most important players

in spreading of communal violence:

–POLITICIANS–COMMONS–POLICE

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Case Studies

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Delhi Sikh Massacre

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DRIVING FACTOR• Operation Blue Star was an

Indian military operation which took place 3–8 June 1984, ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in order to remove Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar,Punjab.

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"I don't give a damn if the Golden Temple and whole of Amritsar are destroyed, I want Bhindranwale dead."

(Indira Gandhi, Indian Prime Minister)

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What happened in Delhi?October 31, 1984:Outcome of OPERATION BLUE STAR

-9.20 am: Indira Gandhi was shot by two of her security guards at her residence

-11 am: Announcement on All India Radio specifying that the guards who shot Indira Gandhi were Sikhs.

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• Late evening and night: Mobs fanned out in different directions from [the hospital]. The violence against Sikhs spread. The violence included the burning of vehicles and other properties of Sikhs.

• November 1, 1984- The first killing of a Sikh reported from east

Delhi in the early hours of November 1. • November 2,1984: Curfew was in force throughout Delhi – but

only on paper. The Army was also deployed throughout Delhi.

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Aftermath of the carnage:

• Most of the arrested miscreants were released at the earliest. But the Sikhs arrested for firing in self-defence generally remained in detention for some weeks.

• Police were even spotted participating in and encouraging the mob activities, throwing stones at Sikhs along with the mob. Official tallies put the death toll of these riots at exactly 2,733 Sikhs, though most estimates fall around 5,000. Some estimates are even as high as 10,000.

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• Most of the mobs were led by Congress members, including those from affluent families like-Sajjan Kumar ,JagdishTytler

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INQUIRY AND OUTCOMES• It took 6 Months for the Government to

accede to the inquiry demand. However govt. took just four days to announce a judicial inquiry into the assassination of Indira Gandhi.

• Formation of several Inquiry commissions like marwah commission(1983),Ahuja committee(1987).

• Report of Nanavati Commission(2002)

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Ayodhya Case

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DEMOLITION OF BABRI MOSQUE

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• History• Happening on site• International Reaction• Liberhan Commission• Verdict

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GUJARAT RIOTS

• Location• Reason• Communities involved• Inquiry Commission• Result

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