Communists Take Power in China Communists vs. Nationalists Slide
2 During and After WWII During WWII China fought with the Allies
Japan occupied and devastated most of Chinas cities Chinas death
toll (10-22 million) was second to Russias (@26.6 million) 1945
opposing Chinese armies faced each other Slide 3 Mao Zedong
Communist Leader Stronghold in North Western China (during WW2)
Organized peasants for guerrilla warfare against Japan was highly
successful Peasants gave their loyalty to communists because they
were taught better food production. 1945 Communists controlled much
of Northern China. Slide 4 Jiang Jieshi Nationalists Dominated
southwestern China Had an army of 2.5 million men 1942-1945 the
U.S. sent the Nationalists about $1.5 billion to fight the
Japanese. Corrupt officers took most of the money and did little to
fight the Japanese. After Japan surrendered the Communists and
Nationalist resumed fighting each other Slide 5 Civil War 1946 -
1949 At first the Nationalists had the advantage: a larger army,
and $2 billion in aid from the U.S. However, they did little to
gain popular support. Nationalist soldiers left for the Communist
party as the economy fell. 1949 Chinas major cities fell to the
well- trained Red (Communist) forces. Slide 6 - Peoples Republic of
China Red forces were well- trained and Mao pro- mised to return
the land to the peasants. Jiangs left-over army fled south. Oct.
1949 Mao con- trolled the country and proclaimed the Peoples
Republic of China Slide 7 Next. Jiang and other Nationalist leaders
fled to the island of Taiwan (Formosa). This became Nationalist
China. Maos victory fueled U.S. anti-Communist feelings. 1950 -
U.S. feelings got worse when China and Soviets signed a Treaty of
Friendship. Many people in the U.S. thought the Communists wanted
to conquer the world! Slide 8 Two Chinas: Taiwan = Nationalist
China; 13,000 sq. miles Mainland = Peoples Republic of China; 3.5
mill. sq. mi. Their existence and conflicting international
loyalties intensified the Cold War. Slide 9 The Superpowers (U.S.
and Soviet Union) React: U.S.: helped Jiang in Taiwan set up a
Nationalist government (Republic of China). Tried to halt Soviet
expansion in Asia Soviets: gave financial, military, and technical
aid to Communist China The Chinese and Soviets pledged to come to
each others defense if either was attacked. Slide 10 Communist
China Expands: Tibet 1950-51: Brutal assault and take-over of Tibet
China promised autonomy to those who followed the Dalai Lama. Late
1950s China tightened control and the Dalai Lama fled to India.
Slide 11 -There was a failed revolt in Tibet -1959 - India welcomed
Tibetan refugees -Resentment builds between India and China -1962:
They clashed briefly over the unclear border -Resentment continues
to this day Slide 12 **** Learn 360 War Comes to Tibet 3:35 No
notes just view Slide 13 A New Mandate of Heaven Mandate of Heaven
justified rebellion against an unjust, tyrannical, or incompetent
ruler. If a rebellion was successful in overthrowing the emperor,
then it was a sign that he had lost the Mandate of Heaven and the
rebel leader had gained it. Slide 14 In addition, unlike the
hereditary Divine Right of Kings, the Mandate of Heaven did not
depend upon royal or even noble birth. Any successful rebel leader
could become emperor with Heaven's approval, even if he was born a
peasant. Failing Leader: Jiang Jieshi Rebel leader who gained
Mandate = Mao Zedong Slide 15 Maos Brand of Marxist Socialism There
were two parallel organizations: Communist Party and the national
government. Mao heads both until 1959. Mao was determined to
reshape Chinas economy 80% of people lived in rural areas but owned
no land. Instead 10% of the rural population was controlled 70% of
the farmland. Slide 16 Agrarian Reform Law of 1950 Mao seized the
holdings of the landlords. Mao killed more than a million of the
landlords who resisted. He then divided the land among the
peasants. To further socialist principles the govt. forced peasants
to join collective farms (200-300 households). Slide 17 Slide 18
Slide 19 Industry and Business 1953 Five Year Plan that set high
production goals for industry. 1957 Chinas output of coal, cement,
steel and electricity had increased dramatically Slide 20 The Great
Leap Forward Early 1958 to expand the success of the First Five
Year Plan Called for larger collective farms (communes) End of 1958
26,000 communes were created. One commune = 15,000; supported
25,000 people Slide 21 Communal Life Peasants worked the land
together. Ate in communal dining rooms Slept in dormitories
Communal nurseries for children Owned nothing! Only the state
profited by their work they had no incentive to work hard. Slide 22
Great Leap A Failure A Giant Step Backward Poor planning
Inefficient back- yard industries hampered growth 1961 massive crop
failures = famine Killed 20 million people Program ended Back Yard
smelters Slide 23 The Great Famine Communes were over populated and
not enough food to feed everyone. Massive crop failures
Distribution of food was not organized lots of waste. Preferential
treatment to favorites in communes. Slide 24 People hid provisions.
Mao refused to accept the truth. The rest of the world was not
aware of the famine because of Chinas isolationism. Slide 25 Slide
26 ******** You Tube: China Under Mao Great Leap Forward 12:57
Slide 27 Relationship with Soviet Union Late 1950s relationship
with Soviet Union starts to crumble. No more spirit of cooperation
between the two. Each sought to lead the worldwide Communist
movement. Faced numerous territorial disputes over longest shared
border. Slide 28 New Policies and Maos Response Mao reduced his
role in government after the Great Leap failure and break from
Soviet Union. Others moved away from Maos strict socialist ideas:
they lived in their own homes. People sold crops they grew on small
private plots. Factory workers could get wage increases and
promotions. Slide 29 Cultural Revolution Mao thought new economic
policies weakened the Communist goal of social equality. He was
determined to revive the revolution 1966 Urged young people to
learn revolution by making revolution. Slide 30 Red Guards Millions
of high school and college students left their classrooms and
formed militia units. They led the Cultural Revolution Goal: to
establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were
equal. Slide 31 New Hero Was the peasant who worked with his/her
hands. Intellectual and artistic activity was useless and
dangerous. Process: they shut down colleges and schools. Targeted
anyone who resisted the regime. Slide 32 -Intellectuals had to
purify themselves by doing hard labor in remote villages. -Children
turned in their parents, teachers, doctors any one they thought
subversive. -Thousands were executed or imprisoned. -Their
widespread chaos threatened farm production and closed down
factories. -Civil war seemed possible. -1968 Even Mao admitted the
Cultural Revolution had to stop. Slide 33 Learn 360: Cultural
Revolution in China 5:06 Slide 34 Zhou Enlai 1968 - Chinese
Communist party founder and premier since 1949, began to restore
order. Red Guards were exiled to the countryside; others were
arrested and some executed. While China was trying to become
stable, the Cold War continued to rage. Slide 35 Assignment: Answer
the following questions: Due next class. 1.How did the Chinese
Communists increase their power during WWII? 2.What actions did the
Nationalists take during WWII? 3. What was the goal of the Cultural
Revolution?
