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QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED BY – LISHA ROY_PROCTER &GAMBLE ENROLLMENT NO.-A30101909040 1 st SEMESTER AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL,NOIDA

Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

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Page 1: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY –

LISHA ROY_PROCTER &GAMBLE

ENROLLMENT NO.-A301019090401st SEMESTER

AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL,NOIDA

Page 2: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

CONTENTS

COMPANY PROFILE…………………..3 - 15

INDUSTRY PROFILE………………….16 -19

RESEARCH DESIGN CHOSEN……...20

RESEARCH PROCESS……………….20-22

PROBLEM DEFINITION……………….22

HYPOTHESIS…………………………..22-23

Page 3: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

COMPANY PROFILE

The Procter & Gamble Company

Type Public   ( NYSE :   PG )

Founded 1837

Headquarters Cincinnati, Ohio ,   USA ; Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Key people Bob McDonald , President, and Chief Executive.

Industry Consumer goods

Revenue ▲   US$ 79.0 billion (FY 2009)

Net income ▲   US$ 13.4 billion (FY 2009)

Employees 138,000

Website www.pg.com

WHO THEY ARE :

Procter & Gamble is world’s largest multinational consumer goods company,and 8th largest market capitalization organization in the world.

Page 4: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

Procter & Gamble Co. (P&G, NYSE: PG) is a Fortune 500, American multinational corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, that manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. As of 2008, P&G is the 8th largest corporation in the world by market capitalization and 14th largest US Company by profit. It is 10th in Fortune's Most Admired Companies list (as of 2007). P&G is credited with many business innovations including brand management and the soap opera.

History

William Procter, a candle maker, and James Gamble, a soap maker, immigrants from England and Ireland, respectively, who had settled earlier in Cincinnati,formed the company initially, who met as they both married sisters, Olivia and Elizabeth Norris.As the result of persuation by their father in law,Alexander Norris, Procter &Gamble was born on October 31,1837, as they became business partners.By1859,when 80 employees worked for P&G,sales reached 1million dollar.the company supplied soaps and candles to the Union Army during the American Civil War.the military contracts won introduced soldiers from all over the country to P&G’s products,alongwith increased profits.In 1980s,it began marketing a new product,an inexpensive soap that floats in water.it was named ‘Ivory’.In 1987,William Procter’s grandson William Arnett Procter began a profit sharing programme for its employees,he assumed that by giving the workers stake in the company,they would be less likely to go on strike.

The company started building factories in other site of USA as the demand was outgrowing the capacities of Cincinnati.the products were also being diversified.It also sponsored a number of radio programmes termed as “soap operas”.

With its 1930 acquisitionof Newcastle upon Thomas Hedley Co,it became an international corporation.numerous new products were introduced over time,like Tide,Prell,Crest,Bounce,Pampers,Chux.,.P&G acquired a lot of companies including Folgers coffee,Norwich eaton pharmaceuticals,Richadson-Vicks,Noxell,Max Factor,Iams company.

P&G acquired Gillette in January 2005,forming the largest consumer goods company and placing Unilever in the 2nd place.

P&G has expanded significantly,but its its hesdquaters still remains in Cincinnati.

Page 5: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

PURPOSE, VALUES AND PRINCIPLES

PURPOSE

They provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that intend to improve the lives of the world's consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward them with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing people, shareholders and the communities in which live and work to prosper.

VALUES

P&G is its people & the values by which they live.They recruit the finest people in the world.they build the organization from within,promoting and rewarding people without any difference unrelated to performance.thry work on the conviction that the people of P&G are the most rewarding asset.# Integrity :Being right in deeds,honest and straight to esch otheroperating within the spirit of law,upholding the values nad principles in every decision and action,staying data-based and intellectually honest in advocatingproposals and recognizing risks.

# Leadership: Having clear vision of where they are going,focusssing the resources to achieve leadership objectives and strategies,developing the capability to deliver the strategies and eliminate organizational barriers.

# Ownership: Accepting personal accountability to meet the business needs.improve the system and helping others improve their effectiveness.everyone acts owner,treating the company’s assests as owm and behaving with companu’s long term success in mind.

# Passion for winning: Determination to be the best,having healthy dissatisfaction with the status quo, compelling desire to improve and win in the workplace.

# Trust: Respecting &treating others as they want to be treated,having confidence in each others capabilities and intentions.,foundation of trust.

Page 6: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

PRINCIPLES

~Showing respect for others

~Being strategically focused in the work

~Valuing personal mastery

~Seeking to be the best

~Making the interests of the company nad workers insepsrable

~Innovation is the cornerstone of success

~Making mutual interdependency a way of life

~Staying extremely focussed

DIVERSITY

This is the 2nd time in row that P&G has been recognized by Black Enterprice magazine one of the 40 Best Companies for Diversity. The Black Enterprise annual list is compiled by identifying companies that have demonstrated significant representation of African Americans and other ethnic minorities in four key areas: corporate board participation, corporate procurement senior management representation and total workforce.

Operations

The company's operations are categorized into 3 "Global Business Units" with each Global Business Unit divided into "Business Segments" according to the company's March 2009 earnings release.

1.Beauty Care # Beauty segment # Grooming segment

2.Household Care

Page 7: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

# Baby Care and Family Care segment # Fabric Care and Home Care segment

3.Health and Well-Being

#Health Care segment #Snacks, Coffee, and Pet Care segment

Procter & Gamble brands:

24 of P&G's brands have more than a $ billion in net annual sales,and another 18 have sales between $500 million and $1 billion.

Billion dollar brands:

1. Always is a brand of feminine hygiene products, including maxi pads, pantyliners, and feminine wipes.

2. Ariel is a brand of laundry detergent/liquid available in numerous forms and scents.

3. Actonel is a brand of the osteoporosis drug risedronate co-marketed by Sanofi-Aventis.

4. Bounty is a brand of paper towel sold in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom (rebranded to "Plenty" in the UK after being sold to SCA Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget).

5. Braun is a small-appliances manufacturer specializing in electric razors, coffeemakers, toasters, and blenders.

6. Crest is a brand of toothpaste.

7. Dawn is a brand of dishwashing detergent.

8. Downy/Lenor is a brand of fabric softener.

9. Duracell is a brand of batteries and flashlights.

10. Fusion is a brand of men's wet shave razors and is the quickest P&G brand to have reached $1 billion in annual sales.

Page 8: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

11. Gain is a brand of laundry detergent and fabric softeners.

12. Gillette is a safety razor manufacturer.

13. Head & Shoulders is a brand of shampoo body wash, and deodorant.Old Spice is a brand of aftershave and shaving cream.

14. Ivory is a soap.

15. Nice 'n Easy is a hair coloring product.

16. Olay is a brand of women's skin care products.

16. Oral-B is a brand of toothbrush.

17. Pampers is a brand of disposable diaper.

18. Pantene is a brand of hair care products (conditioners/styling aids).

19. Prilosec OTC is a brand of heartburn medicine co-marketed by AstraZeneca.

20. Pringles is a brand of potato chips.

21. Puffs is a brand of facial tissue.

22. Secret is a brand of antiperspirant and deodorant.

23. TAG is a deodorant and body spray.

24 Tide is a brand of laundry detergent.

25. Vicks is a brand name of over-the-counter medicines (Formula 44, Sinex, NyQuil/DayQuil)

26. Wella is a brand name of hair care products (shampoo, conditioner, styling, and hair color).

27. Whisper is a brand of panty liners sold primarily in Asian markets.

Manufacturing operations are based in the following regions:

United StatesCanada

Page 9: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

MexicoLatin AmericaEuropeChina (31 wholly-owned factories) and other parts of AsiaAfricaAustralia

Productions

Procter &Gamble production logo used from 1986 to 2007

Procter & Gamble produced and sponsored the first radio “soap operas“ in the 1930s (Procter & Gamble's being known for detergents (soaps) was probably the genesis of the term "soap opera"). When the medium translated to television in the 1950s and 1960s, most of the new serials were sponsored and produced by this company. The serials “The Young and the Restless” and “As the World Turns” are currently broadcasted on CBS and are still partially sponsored by Procter & Gamble, while “World Turns” is now produced by TeleNext Media, Inc. (a unit of Publicis), the successor-in-interest to Procter & Gamble Productions (although P&G continues to hold the copyright).

Page 10: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

These past serials were produced by Procter & Gamble:

Another WorldThe Brighter DayThe CatlinsThe Edge of NightThe First Hundred YearsFrom These RootsGuiding Light (TeleNext Media-produced in its last 2 years)Lovers and Friends / For Richer, for PoorerOur Private WorldSearch for TomorrowSomersetTexasYoung Doctor Malone

Procter & Gamble also is the first company to produce and sponsor a prime-time show, a 1965 spinoff of the daytime soap opera “As the World Turns” called Our Private World. PGP also produced “Shirley”, a prime-time NBC series starring Shirley Jones, in 1979; it lasted only 13 episodes. They also produced TBS' first original comedy series,” Down to Earth”, which ran from 1984 to 1987 (110 episodes were produced). They also distributed the syndicated comedy series “Throb”. Procter & Gamble Productions originally co-produced Dawson's “Creek“ with Sony Pictures Television but withdrew before the series premiere due to early press reviews. It also produced the 1991 TV movie “A Triumph of the Heart: The Ricky Bell Story”, which was co-produced by The Landsburg Company.In addition to self-produced items, Procter & Gamble also supports many Spanish-language novellas through advertising on networks such as Univision, Telemundo, Telefutura, and Azteca America. Procter & Gamble was the one of the first mainstream advertisers on Spanish-language TV during the mid-1980s.In 2008, P&G expanded into music sponsorship when it joined Island Def Jam to create “Tag Records”, named after a body spray that P&G acquired from Gillette.

Research

In December 2005 the Pharmaceutical division of P&G was involved in a dispute over research involving its osteoporosis drug Actonel. The case was discussed in the media and more recently on a blog of one of the researchers involved.

Page 11: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

Environmental research

Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Procter & Gamble as the 52nd-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with roughly 350,000 pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air. Major pollutants indicated by the study were manganese compounds, sulfuric acid, epichlorohydrin, and bromine.In 2007 Procter & Gamble pledged to reduce their carbon emissions, mainly through reduction in packaging along with reduction in water and energy use. The stated emission reduction goal was 10% by 2012.

Procter & Gamble is one of the founding members of Carbon Disclosure Project's Supply Chain Leadership Council. Procter & Gamble is one of 12 global companies on the council whose first course of action is to distribute a survey to suppliers on the topic of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.

Procter & Gamble has, for several years, funded a recycling school in the slums of Cairo, Egypt. Many of the people in the village of Manshiyet Nasser collect garbage and have done so for decades. Procter & Gamble along with UNESCO has started the Mokattam Non-Formal Education Project. The project teaches the people of the village about the business and economics of recycling and how to properly recycle plastic.In December 2008, The US Environmental Protection Agency's Design For Environment program awarded P&G its highest level of recognition, Champion, for P&G's work in developing safer detergents under the Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative (SDSI).

Animal testing

P&G conducts research using animals to demonstrate safety or efficacy of their raw materials and products. This has led to a worldwide campaign to raise public awareness and to stop P&G being involved in animal testing. The campaign is led by Uncaged Campaigns in the UK and Stop Animal Exploitation Now in the USA. In 2002 P&G was recognized by the Humane Society of the United States for "advancing alternatives to animal testing".

SWOT ANALYSIS :

STRENGTHS

1.Business and community partnerships

Page 12: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

Improving lives in all countries and communities has led to a focus on building effective business and community partnerships in areas where they can make a meaningful difference : education,economic development,

2.Leadership focus and accountability

To assess progress and reinforce lesdership accountability for corrective actions,management shows strong visible leadership,commitment and constant focus.

3.Talent support and development

P&G recruits the best talents ,leverages the full talent of each individual through effective assignment and promotion planning processes and executing critical systems that affect and support retention of employees.employee support groups and network teams perform effective recruiting,join-up and development efforts.

4.Organizing facts

For many years, P&G has been recognized across the globe as one of the "best places to work" and for improving lives in the communities where they operate. This recognition is reflected in many publications, like, Fortune, Working Mother and Latina Style.

5.Employee networks

Employee support groups and network teams operating throughout the organization contribute strongly to effective recruiting and development efforts. 

6.Inclusive culture

P&G leaders create an inclusive environment that welcomes and embraces diversity in the employees,regadless of their individual differences, talents or personal characteristics. This is an environment that provides everyone equal access to information, opportunities and involvement, so each person learns, grows, excels and maximizes his or her personal contribution.

WEAKNESSES:

1.The company introduced toll-free numbers for the contumers.but in october 1981,this facility turned into a backdrop for the company as public used it for

Page 13: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

enquire about the rumour of the ownership of the company by the Church of Satan and the president and chief of P&G John Smale being its member.in july 1982,the calls peaked upto 15,000.

2.Although the company changed its logo in 1985,it still appears at the end of certain commercials in China and Japan,stock certificates and at the entrance of of some P&G facilities.3.P&G is one of the largest corporate producers of air pollution.,emitting green house gases and toxic chemicals.

OPPURTUNITIES:

1.P&G,being a highly diversified organization,can out think,out innovate and out perform an homogeneous osganization.

2.P&G may understand the needs of the diverse consumers and work effectively with customers and suppliers to fulfill its values ,principles and purpose.

3. It can delight the consumer with sustainable innovations that will improve the environmental profile of the products.,and thereby increasing the sales.

4. Working transparently with the stakeholders can enable freedom to innovate in a responsible way.

5. P&G can focus on shifting its product portfolio to faster growing high margin businesses.

6.The company may concentrate on its core business (through innovation), to expand penetration in the developing countries and restructuring its existing businesses.

THREATS

1.The likelihood of one of their products cannibalizing the sales of another.the products may directly compete with one another

2.Due to high cultural diversity,problems may arise as a course of miss communication.

3.As a result of language difference,dubbed commercials may be miss interpreted.

Page 14: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

4.There is an enormous chance of competion in the market at the higher positions.

5.As the range of its products is very vast,there are even greater number of their substitutes.

6.A change in the consumers’ taste can affect the demand for the products.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

William Cooper Procter thinks if employees are the owners of the company,corporate governance is at its best.so,he allowed the employees to have a stake in the company a century ago.he believed that whenemployees become shareholders,theis interest and company’s interest become inseparable.

P&G’s GROWTH OVER LAST 5 YEARS :

Financial Highlights

FINANCIAL SUMMARY (UNAUDITED)

Amounts in millions, except per share amounts 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005

Net Sales $79,029 $81,748 $74,832 $66,724 $55,292

Operating Income 16,123 16,637 15,003 12,916 10,026

Net Earnings 13,436 12,075 10,340 8,684 6,923

Net Earnings Margin from Continuing Operations 14.3% 14.4% 13.4% 12.7% 12.0%

Diluted Net Earnings per Common Share from Continuing Operations $ 3.58 $ 3.56 $ 2.96 $ 2.58 $ 2.43

Diluted Net Earnings per Common Share 4.26 3.64 3.04 2.64 2.53

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Amounts in millions, except per share amounts 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005

Dividends per Common Share 1.64 1.45 1.28 1.15 1.03

NET SALES

DILUTED NET EARNINGSDiluted Net Earnings (per common share)  05 $2.5306 $2.6407 $3.0408 $3.6409 $4.26

OPERATING CASH FLOWOperating Cash Flow (in billions of dollars)05 $8.606 $66.707 $74.808 $15.009 $14.9

Summary of 2009 Results

Net sales decreased 3% to $79.0 billion. Net earnings increased 11% to $13.4 billion.. Diluted net earnings per share increased 17% to $4.26. Cash flow from operating activities was $14.9 billion.

Financial Condition

Financial condition continued to be of high profile as operations generated substantial cash and accessing capital markets at competitive rates,.the overall

Net Sales (in billions of dollars)05 $55.306 $66.707 $74.808 $81.709 $79

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cash status of the company indicates strong business results and global cash management strategy.

Report Highlights

P&G markets more than 300 brands including 22 billion-dollar brands in more than 180 countries spanning Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region, and Asia. The company is engaged in producing beauty, health, fabric, home, baby, family and personal care products. The company's product portfolio also includes pet health products, and snacks and beverages such as coffee. In many of the markets and industry segments, in which P&G markets its products, it competes against other branded products as well as retailers' private-label brands.

INDUSTRY PROFILE

FAST MOVING CONSUMERDS GOODS INDUSTRY

Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), are the products that are sold frequently purchased at relatively low cost. Though the absolute profit made on FMCG products is relatively small, they generally sell in large quantities, so the cumulative profit on such products can be large. Examples of FMCG generally include a wide range of frequently purchased consumer products such as toiletries, soap, cosmetics, oral care products, shaving products and detergents, as well as other non-durables such as glassware, light bulbs, batteries, paper products and plastic goods. FMCG may also include pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics, packaged food products and drinks, although these are often placed separately.FMCG products are generally replaced or fully used up over a short period, usually a few days or weeks, or months, but within one year.

Page 17: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

CATEGORIES OF FMCG INDUSTRY:

Segments Products Major playersHousehold care

Soaps and detergents,household cleaners,mosquito repellers

P&G,HUL,Nirma,ITC,Dabur,etc

Personal care

Oral care ,skin care,hair care,soaps,toiletries and cosmetics,deodorants,female hygien products,papperproducts

P&G,HUL,ITC,fem care,lakme,marico,himalaya,emami,dabur,colgate-pamolive

Food &Beverages

FOOD:staples/cereals,snacks,bakery products,ice cfream,chocolates,braded sugar,branded flourBEVERAGES:health beverages,soft drinks,tea,coffee.packaged water,liquor,juice.

ITC,parle-agro,nestle,Britannia,Cadbury India pepsico,dabur

Coca-cola, pepsico,dabur,glaxosmithkline,khaitanUnited breweries

THE INDIAN FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY

The size of the Indian fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector is around Rs 600 bn. The personal care segment has been the fastest growing segmebt showing Barring the fastest-growing personainvolvement of so many brands.it has experienced a market boom.it has come up as a result of urbanization,liberalization,increase in income,change in lifestyles,and also spread of satellite television.moreover,the boom has also been backed by reduction in excise duty,efforts of personal care companies to woo the middle class through product and packaging innovations and dereservation from the small scale sector.

Salient features of the FMCG industry:

#The FMCG industry is the key component of Indian economy,which is foerth in therow.it pays a great part of Indian GDP and is a direct and indirect employer.its responsible for 5%of total factory employment in India andcreates employment for 3 million people.

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#FMCG produces the items of every day needs of the people.low priced products account for he major part of the sales and low and lower middle income groups produces the sector’s 60% sales.moreover,Indian rural market creats 56% of total domestic FMCG demand.

#It has significant links with the agriculture sector and 71% of the sales comes from the agro-based products.it is 2nd to IT sector in creating market capital.it also has accountable contribution in the total corporate tax,central excise revenue and state tax revenues.

#The main challenges for the new players are huge investment,strong distribution channels, for building and growing the brand.

#The sector is characterized by low margins and high volumes.

#Indian consumer is very price sensitive.The cost increment is partially passed on to the consumesr in the personal care sector due to effective branding...

#COMPETITION IN THE MARKETIn past,domestic companies were not considered as competitive like the multinational corporations (MNCs).but at present times,the scenario has changed to a great extent and it is changing furthermore,with domestic companies like Nirma,dabur,Marico,himalaya standing up to their MNC counterparts.Also,competition among the MNCs has increased resulting in shrinkage of margins.

SWOT analysis of the FMCG industry:

Strengths:

1. Well-established distribution network extending to rural and urban areas.

2. Powerful brands in the FMCG sector.

3. Low price operations

Weaknesses:

1.Low export levels.

Page 19: Company Profile of Procter & Gamble

2.Small scale sector reservations limit ability to invest in technology and achieve

economies of scale.

3.Several similar products.

Opportunities:

1. Huge untapped domestic market.

2. Export potential.

3. Increasing disposable income levels will result in faster revenue growth.

4. Segmented approach to general trade and modern trade

5. Penetration in rural markets

6.Improving customer services:

#Continuous replenishment operational

#Lower trade stock

#stock freshness

Threats:

1.High Imports level

2.Taxation and regulatory structure.

3.Slowdown in rural demand.

4.Competition from unbranded players in dometic market

5. Removal of import restriction resulting in replacement of domestic products and brands 6.Bargaining power of consumerrising material,advertisement and distribution prices 7.Mushrooming of local brands

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Productivity of FMCG Sector

28 Feb'2009Recession report - Indian FMCG sector upbeat

During the recession period,when other major sectors of the international and national markets were are going through a record global slowdown,the FMCG industry in India has showed a sustsinable growth in double digits during the first half fiscal2009 ,supported by healthy sales.According to the findings,India's fast moving consumer goods industry has so far been resilient to the slowdown in the economy and a dip in consumer demand. If we go by the records for October 2008 and estimates for November 2008, the growth only seems to have got better as compared to the earlier months.

In October 2008, the soap and colors categories recorded a 22% and 27% value growth respectively. The estimates for November2008 are also good, whereas in September 2008, the growth was 12% to 13%.

Indian FMCG Industry Set to Grow by 16% during 2008-09

The Indian FMCG sector is expected to grow by 16% in 2008-2009 as a

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consequence of rising disposable income,rapid urbanization and changing lifestyle.

The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) has predicyed that the Indian FMCG sector sales will go up by 16% during 2008-2009.It also revealed that within it,very few sectors will grow more than 20%,Like tooth powder-22%,shampoos-21.3%,shaving cream-23%,skin cream-22%,etc.The estimation is based on rising income level of the common people,which enable them to spend on more on quality products.people have increased spending on lifestyle goods.moreover,India is transforming into an urban country mayching pace with the western nations.also,the boom in the retail sector as supermarkets,shopping malls also plays a significant role in nourishing the FMCG sector.As India holds a greater young age group,the large sized young generation creats a big demend for luxurious lifestyle products.consumers are the defining factor of marketing and branding strategies for the FMCGs ,which is thereby boosting the industry..

RESEARCH DESIGN CHOSEN

The research design chosen for this assignment is of Exploratory type.

Exploration is needed when researchers lack a clear idea of the problem they willmeet during the study.

Exploratory research is flexible,versatile,unstructured and cheaper.it provides in sights and understanding about the target firm.

The findings are tentative which are generated through secondary data collection.

RESEARCH PROCESS

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1. Problem definition and recognition.A research generally begins with a question. That question is the synonym for problem definition. It is the base of a research. Based on that problem a researcher formulates the objectives and scope of the study. Clearly stated objectives keep a research project focused. The research question can also be stated as hypothesis. It is simply the researcher’s belief about a problem, which he develops during the review of literature.

2. Creating research designThe researcher chooses the research design based on how he would like to come to a conclusion and whether that research type would satisfy his thirst meet the objectives and goals for the study undertaken. For this research exploratory research design has been chosen.

3. SamplingIt involves defining the target population. Types of sampling are random, stratified, systematic, convenience, judgment, quota and snowball sampling.Convenience sampling would serve the purpose of this research.

4. Data collectionA research project uses a data collection technique appropriate to the particular research methodology. Quantitative study employs deductive logic, where the researcher starts with a hypothesis, and then collects data to confirm or refute the hypothesis. Qualitative studies use inductive logic, where the researcher first designs a study and then develops a hypothesis or theory to explain the results of the analysis.For this research qualitative study would be adopted.

5. Data analysisThese days’ computer software has made the analysis of quantitative data a very easy task. It is no longer incumbent on the researcher to know the formulas needed to calculate the desired statistics. Data analysis then leads to findings and conclusion of the research.

6. Reporting the result The purpose of reporting is to communicate information, and therefore, the report should be prepared specifically for the readers of the report

7. Validity and reliabilityIt refers to the accuracy or truthfulness of a measurement. Reliability is synonymous with repeatability. A measurement that yields consistent results over time is said to be reliable.

8. Variability and errorMost research is an attempt to understand and explain variability. . When a measurement lacks variability, no statistical tests can be performed. When a

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researcher finds differences between respondents, they are due to true difference on the variable being measured.   

PROBLEM DEFNITION

Product cannibalization among the various brands of the company and problems arising in product marketing due to cultural differences

HYPOTHESIS

Better product orientation with defined characteristics may confirm increased sales of products.

Reaching out to the rural customers through various marketing strategies can boost the net income

Taking over the local brands may help out in tackling competition Targeting the middle class and lower middle class customers can be

helpful in increasing the demand Training the employees to learn the local languages can improve

customer relations Innovative and economic product launching will attract customers Opening exclusive outlets may increase customer satisfaction by easy and

comfortable reach.