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Compendium of Animal Rabies
Prevention and Control, 2016
Jennifer House, DVM, MPH, DACVPM
State Public Health Veterinarian
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
Slides Courtesy of: Catherine M. Brown,Jenn DVM, MSc, MPH
Massachusetts Department of Public Health
1
JAVMA : Volume 248 : Number 5 :
March 1, 2016
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http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/NASPHVRabiesCompendium.pdf
Document Overview
• National Association of State Public Health
Veterinarians (NASPHV), Compendium of Animal Rabies
Prevention and Control Committee
• Best practice recommendations for animal rabies
prevention and control programs throughout the U.S.
• Facilitate standardization across jurisdictions
• Document is reviewed and revised as necessary.
• These recommendations do not supersede state and
local laws or requirements
• Traditionally published in JAVMA with subsequent MMWR
publication
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NASPHV Committee Members
• Catherine M. Brown DVM, MSc, MPH
• Sally Slavinski DVM, MPH
• Paul Ettestad DVM, MS
• Tom J. Sidwa DVM, MPH
• Faye E. Sorhage VMD, MPH (retiring)
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Consultants
• Jesse Blanton, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Richard B. Chipman, MS, MBA, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services,
• Rolan D Davis, MS, Kansas State University, Room
• Cathleen A. Hanlon, VMD, PhD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Ret.)
• Jamie McAloon Lampman, National Animal Control Association
• Joanne L. Maki, MS, DVM, PhD, Animal Health Institute
• Michael C Moore, DVM, MPH, Kansas State University
• Jim Powell, MS, Association of Public Health Laboratories
• Charles E. Rupprecht, VMD, MS, PhD, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy & Biology
• Geetha B. Srinivas, DVM, PhD, United States Department of Agriculture, Center for
Veterinary Biologics
• Nick Striegel, DVM, MPH, American Veterinary Medical Association
• Burton W Wilcke, Jr, PhD, American Public Health Association
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Development and Implementation
• Consensus guidelines based on:
– Peer reviewed literature
– Expert opinion
– Unpublished data
• Applied differently by jurisdiction
– Flexible enough to account for variability
– Specific enough to be used as regulation or law
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Accessed 3/31/2010: http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/resources/publications/2008-
surveillance/domestic-animals.html
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Accessed 3/31/2010: http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/resources/publications/2008-
surveillance/wild-animals.html
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Acknowledge lack of standardized
data collection by jurisdictions
• No national data exists on
– Incubation periods
– Number of animals quarantined
– Vaccination histories of exposed animals
• Those that completed strict quarantine versus
those that didn’t
• Vaccine failures
– Epidemiologic characteristics of animals
developing rabies
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Reporting of Surveillance Data
• Every animal submitted for rabies testing
should be reported to the CDC
• Reported information: species, point location,
vaccination status, rabies virus variant (if
rabid), and exposures
• NEW: Encourage additional data elements:
– age, sex, neuter status, ownership status,
quarantine dates (if any), date of onset of any
clinical signs, and vaccination history
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Pre-exposure Vaccination
• Routine pre-exposure vaccination critical!
• Initial vaccination + booster vaccination one year later. Future booster vaccinations should be given consistent with vaccine label
• If a previously vaccinated animal is overdue for a booster, including the one-year booster, it should be revaccinated – Immediately after revaccination, the animal is
considered currently vaccinated and should be placed on a booster schedule consistent with the label of the vaccine used
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Post-Exposure Management
• Currently vaccinated dogs, cats and ferrets
• Overdue dogs and cats with documentation
of previous vaccination
• Never vaccinated dogs, cats and ferrets
• Vaccinated (maybe) but without
documentation
• Livestock
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Currently Vaccinated
• No Change from previous compendium
• Animal Management
– Immediately receive veterinary medical care
– Booster rabies vaccine
– 45 day home observation (NOT a quarantine)
– If they get sick….need to see a veterinarian
Overdue Vaccination
• Check Documentation
– (Veterinary Records)
• Animal Management
– Immediately receive veterinary medical care
– Booster rabies vaccine
– 45 day home observation (NOT a quarantine)
– If they get sick….need to see a veterinarian
Never Vaccinated
• These animals are at highest risk of developing rabies
• Animal Management – Euthanize or
– 120 Day Quarantine
• Immediate vaccination –within 96 hours of exposure
– If vaccination is delayed—consider extending quarantine to 180 days (6 months)
• Strict quarantine (isolation from animals & people)
Why 96 hours?
• Texas Animal PEP Data
– Animals exposed to rabies
– Received a single dose of PEP
– Dose administered 5 days or more after
exposure
17
J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:522-525.
J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208(11):1827-30.
• Initially treat as unvaccinated
• Considered prospective serological monitoring – Very confident animal was previously vaccinated,
dedicated owner, local agency approval
• Day 0- Collect blood sample and give vaccine
• Day 5- Collect 2nd blood sample – Send both blood samples for End-Point RFFIT
• If robust antibody response and adequate titer level acheived, likely was previously vaccinated
Vaccinated with No Documentation
Prospective Serologic Monitoring
• Guidance document and algorithm on NASPHV website (posted with Compendium)
• Decision to use MUST be approved by local Rabies Control Authority
• Engage an approved rabies laboratory from the beginning – Sample collection and processing
– Paperwork
– Turnaround time
– Results interpretation
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Livestock
• No change to post-exposure management recommendations of livestock
• Exposures in animals intended for commercial use – Notify state and local public health authorities,
state meat inspectors and USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
– Animals should not be presented for slaughter in a FSIS-regulated establishment if such animals originate from a quarantine area and have not been approved for release by the proper authority
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Reduced Quarantine Period
• Dogs and cats only – Limited data has hampered previous
recommendations • Requested information from states with raccoon,
skunk and fox strains of virus
– Published reports of incubation periods following natural infection are rare
– Vaccination at entry into quarantine may help protect minor exposures
– Combination of unpublished data, expert opinion and experience of states
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Additional Highlights
• Encourages an inter-disciplinary approach with
routine and consistent communication
• Strives to reduce the risk from introduction of
rabid animals through importation
• Facilitates implementation of routine or
emergency low cost (or free) rabies vaccination
• Facilitates voluntary surrender of animals to
prevent abandonment
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Resources
• 2016 Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control
http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/NASPHVRabiesCompendium.pd
• Prospective Serologic Monitoring Protocol
http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/NASPHVSerologicMonitoring2016.pdf
• Moore et al. Comparison of anamnestic responses to rabies vaccination in dogs and cats
with current and out-of-date vaccination status JAVMA, Vol 246, No. 2, January 15, 2015
http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/pdf/10.2460/javma.246.2.205
• State Public Health Veterinarians:
http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/StatePublicHealthVeterinariansByState.pdf
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rabies Section www.cdc.gov/rabies/
• Atlanta Health Associates, Inc. http://www.atlantahealth.net/
• Kansas State University Rabies Laboratory http://www.ksvdl.org/rabies-laboratory/
• NYSDOH Wadsworth Center http://www.wadsworth.org/programs/id/rabies
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Jennifer House State Public Health Veterinarian, Colorado National Association of State Public Health
Veterinarians
303-692-2628