Compilation of results for hydrology - RSOE · FINAL REPORT ON HYDROLOGICAL ACTIVITIES – COMPILATION OF NATIONAL SQR Document ID: Activity: Activity 3.1: Improve methods, processes

“NETWORK OF DANUBE WATERWAY ADMINISTRATIONS”

South-East European Transnational Cooperation Programme

FINAL REPORT ON HYDROLOGICAL ACTIVITIES – COMPILATION OF NATIONAL SQR

Document ID:

Activity: Activity 3.1: Improve methods, processes and procedures for

hydrographical and hydrological activities

Author / Project Partner: Date: Version:

Stefan Polhorsky/SVP, s.p.

(Slovakia) 1.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT .......................................................................................................... 10

2 MONITORING NETWORK – GENERAL INFORMATION .......................................................... 11

2.1. Austria – general information ....................................................................................... 11

2.1.1. Description of water gauge station in Austria ...................................................... 11

2.1.2. Gauge equipments in Austria ............................................................................... 12

2.1.3. Quantity and quality of measurements in Austria ............................................... 16

2.1.4. Elaboration of data in Austria ............................................................................... 17

2.2. Slovakia – general information ..................................................................................... 21

2.2.1. Hydrological monitoring the network in Slovakia ................................................ 21

2.2.2. Gauge equipments in Slovakia .............................................................................. 23

2.3. Hungary – general information ..................................................................................... 26

2.3.1. Monitoring network in Hungary ........................................................................... 26

2.3.2. Description of water gauge stations in Hungary .................................................. 27

2.3.3. Gauge equipments in Hungary ............................................................................. 30

2.3.4. Quantity and quality of measurements in Hungary ............................................. 31

2.3.5. Elaboration of data in Hungary ............................................................................. 33

2.4. Serbia – general information ........................................................................................ 34

2.4.1. Description of Water Gauging Stations in Serbia ................................................. 34

2.4.2. Gauging Station Equipment in Serbia ................................................................... 35

2.4.3. Quantity and Quality of Measurements, Elaboration of Data in Serbia............... 43

2.5. Bulgaria – general information ..................................................................................... 44

2.5.1. Description of Water Gauging Stations in Bulgaria .............................................. 44

2.5.2. Gauge equipment in Bulgaria ............................................................................... 46

2.5.3. Quantity and Quality of Measurements. Elaboration of Data in Bulgaria ........... 48

2.6. Romania – general information .................................................................................... 53

2.6.1. Description of water gauge station in Romania ................................................... 53

2.6.2. Gauge equipments in Romania ............................................................................. 58

Page 3 of 198

2.6.3. Quantity and quality of measurements in Romania ............................................. 59

2.6.4. Elaboration of data in Romania ............................................................................ 60

2.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information .......................................... 62

2.7.1. Description of water gauge station in area of Danube-Black See canal ............... 62

2.7.2. Measuring the water volumes and flows in area of Danube-Black See canal...... 64

2.7.3. Quality and quantity measurements in area of Danube-Black See canal ............ 66

2.7.4. Elaboration of data in area of Danube-Black See canal ........................................ 68

3 HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS – GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................... 72

3.1. Austria – general information ....................................................................................... 72

3.1.1. Regime and operative data in Austria .................................................................. 72

3.1.2. Discharge series and designed data in Austria ..................................................... 77

3.2. Slovakia – general information ..................................................................................... 80

3.3. Hungary – general information ..................................................................................... 86

3.3.1. Regime and operative data ................................................................................... 86

3.3.2. Discharge series in Hungary .................................................................................. 89

3.3.3. Designed data in Hungary ..................................................................................... 89

3.4. Bulgaria – general information ..................................................................................... 89

3.4.1. Regime and Operative Data in Bulgaria ................................................................ 89

3.4.2. Discharge series in Bulgaria .................................................................................. 92

3.4.3. Designed data in Bulgaria ..................................................................................... 93

3.5. Romania – general information .................................................................................... 95

3.5.1. Regime and operative data in Romania ................................................................ 95

3.5.2. Discharge series and designed data in Romania .................................................. 96

3.6. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information .......................................... 97

3.6.1. Regime and operative data in area of Danube-Black See canal ........................... 97

3.6.2. Discharge series and designed data.................................................................... 100

3.6.3. Concrete data ...................................................................................................... 103

4 EXTREME FLOWS AND FLOOD DISASTERS – GENERAL INFORMATION .............................. 108

Page 4 of 198

4.1. Austria – general information ..................................................................................... 108

4.1.1. Floods regime in Austria ..................................................................................... 108

4.1.2. Drought regime in Austria .................................................................................. 109

4.2. Slovakia – general information ................................................................................... 110

4.2.1. Sensitivity of basins to creation the flood extreme in Slovakia .......................... 110

4.2.2. Extreme flows and flood disasters in Slovakia .................................................... 111

4.2.3. Drought and minimal flow – Pannonien Danube River in Slovakia .................... 113

4.3. Hungary – general information ................................................................................... 114

4.3.1. Floods regime in Hungary ................................................................................... 114

4.3.2. Drought regime in Hungary ................................................................................ 117

4.4. Serbia – general information ...................................................................................... 117

4.5. Bulgaria – general information ................................................................................... 120

4.5.1. Floods regime in Bulgaria .................................................................................... 120

4.5.2. Drought regime in Bulgaria ................................................................................. 122

4.6. Romania – general information .................................................................................. 122

4.6.1. Floods regime in Romania .................................................................................. 122

4.6.2. Drought regime in Romania ................................................................................ 124

4.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information ........................................ 124

4.7.1. Floods regime in area of Danube-Black See canal .............................................. 124

4.7.2. Drought regime in area of Danube-Black See canal ........................................... 127

5 HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING AND WARNING – GENERAL INFORMATION ..................... 129


5.1.1. Forecasting services in Austria ............................................................................ 129

5.1.2. Meteorological forecasting in Austria ................................................................ 129

5.1.3. Hydrological forecasting & forecasting methods in Austria ............................... 130

5.1.4. Forecasting action plan in Austria ...................................................................... 130

5.1.5. Dissemination of information in Austria ............................................................. 131


Page 5 of 198

5.2.1. Inventory of Methods and Practices of Hydrological Forecasting and Warnings,

hydrological products, modelling tools, forecasting organisations in Slovakia.................. 132

5.2.2. Hydrological Forecasting and Products in Slovakia ............................................ 133

5.2.3. Forecasting Methods in Slovakia ........................................................................ 134

5.2.4. Dissemination of hydrological information in Slovakia ...................................... 134

5.2.5. The flood service in Slovakia ............................................................................... 140


5.3.1. Flood defense in Hungary ................................................................................... 142

5.3.2. Flood monitoring system in Hungary .................................................................. 144

5.3.3. The Flood Management Information System in Hungary .................................. 148

5.3.4. Flood Forecasting in Hungary ............................................................................. 157

5.3.5. Dissemination of flood related information in Hungary .................................... 162


5.4.1. Forecasting Services in Serbia ............................................................................. 165

5.4.2. Meteorological Forecasting and Methods in Serbia ........................................... 165

5.4.3. Hydrological Forecasting and Methods in Serbia ............................................... 170

5.4.4. Forecasting Action Plan in Serbia........................................................................ 173

5.4.5. General Plan for Flood Control in Serbia ............................................................ 173

5.4.6. Action Plan for Flood Control in Serbia ............................................................... 174

5.4.7. Dissemination of Information in Serbia .............................................................. 175


5.5.1. Forecasting services in Bulgaria .......................................................................... 175

5.5.2. Meteorological Forecasting in Bulgaria .............................................................. 176

5.5.3. Hydrological Forecasting in Bulgaria ................................................................... 176

5.5.4. Forecasting Methods in Bulgaria ........................................................................ 176

5.5.5. Dissemination of Information in Bulgaria ........................................................... 177


5.6.1. Forecasting services in Romania ......................................................................... 177

Page 6 of 198

5.6.2. Meteorological forecasting in Romania .............................................................. 177

5.6.3. Hydrological forecasting and forecasting methods in Romania ......................... 177

5.6.4. Forecasting action plan in Romania .................................................................... 178

5.6.5. Dissemination of information in Romania .......................................................... 178


5.7.1. Forecasting services in area of Danube-Black See canal .................................... 178

5.7.2. Meteorological and Hydrological forecasting in area of Danube-Black See canal

179

6 TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION – GENERAL INFORMATION .......................................... 180


6.1.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Austria .............................................. 180

6.1.2. Navigation in Austria ........................................................................................... 181

6.1.3. Inventory of data transmission and communication system in Austria ............. 181


6.2.1. Inventory of data transmission networks and communication systems of flood

information services among Slovakia’s neighbouring countries in Slovakia ...................... 183

6.2.2. Cooperation with the Institute for the Environment and Sustainability (JRC) Ispra

in Slovakia ........................................................................................................................... 185

6.2.3. Cooperation in framework Danube Commission – Navigation issues in Slovakia

185


6.3.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Hungary ............................................ 187

6.3.2. Navigation in Hungary ........................................................................................ 187

6.3.3. Inventory of data transmission in Hungary ........................................................ 188

6.3.4. Communication system in Hungary .................................................................... 189



6.5.1. Exchange data among the countries in Bulgaria ................................................ 191

Page 7 of 198

6.5.2. Navigation in Bulgaria ......................................................................................... 191

6.5.3. Inventory of Data Transmission in Bulgaria ........................................................ 192

6.5.4. Communication System in Bulgaria .................................................................... 193


6.6.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Romania ........................................... 194

6.6.2. Navigation in Romania ........................................................................................ 194

6.6.3. Inventory of data transmission and communication system in Romania .......... 195


Page 8 of 198

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Hungary

ABBR. Abbreviation

DEWD District Environmental and Water Directorate

SQR Status Quo Report

OMSZ Hungarian Meteorological Service

LDN Lightning Detection Network

FMIS Flood Management Information System

DLCM Discrete Linear Cascade Model

Serbia

GTS Global Telecommunications System

ICPDR International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River

IWW Inland waterways

MMS Main Meteorological Stations

MOSS Meteorological Observation System of Serbia

RHMZ Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WWI World War I

Bulgaria

EAEMDR Executive Agency for Exploration and Maintenance of the Danube River

HMS Hydrometeorological station

Page 9 of 198

AMSL Above mean sea level

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

HHM Directorate Hydrology and Hydrometeorology Directorate

NIMH National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology

BAS Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

QMS Quality Management System

DC Danube Commission

MTITC Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications

VHF Very High Frequency

Romania

ABBR. Abbreviation

AFDJ River Administration OF the Lower Danube

ANM National Meteorological Administration

DC Donau Commission

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

INMH National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology

MT Ministry of Transport

ACN Administration of the Navigable Canals SH , Constantza, Romania

DBSC Danube Black Sea Canal

PAMNC Poarta Alba- Midia Navodari Canal

mrMB Meter mark Baltic Sea

1 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT

This document describes the main hydrological activities in each participating country within

the project.

The relevant content of the status quo report includes the monitoring network system, the

hydrological conditions and extreme flows and flood disasters. It deals both with hydrological

forecasting and warning and with the transboundary cooperation.

F:\WP3\NEWADA_Act_3.1_hydrological_activities_final report.doc Page 11 of 198

2 MONITORING NETWORK – GENERAL INFORMATION

2.1. Austria – general information

2.1.1. Description of water gauge station in Austria

A surface water gauge station (Figure 1: gauging site with inclined gauge) consists at

least of a staff gauge. The staff gauge is made up of a fixed measuring staff and at least three

gauge bench marks. The water level may not fall below the gauge datum, even under lowest

water level conditions.

Figure 1: gauging site with inclined gauge

According to conditions there are different types of staff gauges. The lowest scale of the

measuring staff should not be bigger than 2 cm.


Three possible types of construction:

Figure 2: Vertical-, Inclined- and Staircase shaped gauge (HZB, “Pegelordnung 2007”)

A gauge site can have additional attachments and equipments which are used for

registration, indication and telecommunication.

2.1.2. Gauge equipments in Austria

Different equipments, like pressure sensors, float gauge systems or bubbler level

sensors, are utilized for the measurement of the water level.

Float gauge system: Changes in the water level will be recorded by using a float

gauge and its counter balance which are connected with a rope, chain or band.


Figure 3: Float operated sensor (e.g.: OTT Thalimedes)

Pressure sensor: To get the correct water level, the hydrostatic pressure of the

water column (above the sensor) is detected

Figure 4: Pressure sensor (e.g.: OTT PS1)


Bubbler level sensor: A compressor inside the instrument generates compressed

air or gas. Through a pressure line and a metering valve the air bubbles out into the

water. The water level is detected by the hydrostatic pressure of the water column.

Figure 5: Bubble level sensor (e.g.: OTT Nimbus)

Those systems are constructed to get data both at flood and low water level conditions.

If it’s possible, changes in the water level through wave action or the influence of power

stations have to be damped. To avoid data loss, the most important gauge sites have redundant

equipment.

Beside the water level measurement there are additional parameters (see Table 1:

Parameter list via donau) like temperature, content of suspended sediment load and discharge

(propeller gauge, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler - ADCP) which are measured on selected

sites. Also the groundwater level, groundwater temperature and conductivity of groundwater,

which are needful for water engineering projects and monitoring, are collected at those sites.

The different measurement devices and the performance of discharge measurement are

particularly described in the hydrographic activities (template hydrography).


Table 1: Parameter list via donau

Parameter Unit Recording interval Data transfer

Water level cm resp.

m a.s.l.*

15 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,

monthly

Water temperature °C 15 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,

monthly

Suspended sediment

load

mg/l, g/l 15 min., per hour, daily +

dependent on discharge

hourly, daily,

monthly

Groundwater level cm resp.

m a.s.l.*

15 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,

monthly

Groundwater

temperature

°C 16 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,

monthly

Conductivity of

groundwater

µs/cm 17 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,

monthly

*above sea level (Reference Tide Gauge: Triest, Adriatic sea)

Via donau uses four different types of remote data transmission:

Modem/landline: Data transfer via landline is relatively safe against breakdown. If costs and

effort for installation and transfer are not too high, a redundant remote data transmission is

highly recommended at the most important gauge sites. It’s the preferred system for fixed long

service gauge sites.

Modem/GSM: This system is recommended for gauge sites in rough terrain and

bad connection to the road network. It’s also a good choice for temporary studies

and supporting gauges. A good connection to the GSM network of the provider is

required.


Modem/GPRS: Equal advantages and requirements like GSM. It’s recommended

for higher amounts of data and shorter intervals of data request, because of lower

costs and a faster transfer.

UHF radio: via donau uses a radio transmission system for the network of

groundwater measuring sites and some gauge sites. The frequency is appropriable

for free and therefore there are no additional costs or fees. A relatively close

network of measuring sites is recommended because the gauge sites need to

communicate among each other.

To avoid data loss, the most important gauge sites have redundant equipment (landline

+ GSM, UHF radio + GSM, UHF radio + landline ...). In the case of a network breakdown a

second transfer path is able to transmit the data immediately.

The transmitted data is administrated in a central data bank and routed to costumers

and partners. The GSM and landline data files are collected by the central office passively at the

gauge site. The GPRS data files are cached actively by the gauge site at a FTP server and will be

collected by the central office afterwards. Also the UHF radio data is administrated in a system

which is managed by the central office.

2.1.3. Quantity and quality of measurements in Austria

The interval of transmission depends on the relevance of the gauge site. Data from

navigation and flood relevant gauges are transmitted at least every hour and published on the

internet by the responsible organisation. Further gauge data, which are needed for the

dimensioning and monitoring of water engineering projects normally, have a daily transfer

interval, if a telecommunication system is implemented. For less relevant gauges a direct

reading of the data logger every three month or a daily water level measurement by a person (if

possible at 7:00 am) is sufficient.


The fault tolerance of the data quality shouldn’t be higher than +/- 1 cm, irrespective of

the mode of measurement (measurement instrument or a person makes the measurement).

This quality standard is warranted by steady control and service by skilled staff.

The water level is recorded either absolutely in m a.s.l. [above sea level (Reference Tide

Gauge: Triest, Adriatic sea)] or relatively in cm. The time registration system at via donau is the

Central European Time (CET resp. UTC+1) and the gauge sites are synchronized by time-servers.

The recording interval depends on the importance of the site and its parameters. The archiving

storage of the data is mostly made in an interval of 15 minutes (mean value).

2.1.4. Elaboration of data in Austria

Normally the data is transmitted to the central office in its original condition. If the data

is going to be published immediately (Internet, data for forecasts,…), the unchanged original

data will be sent to the responsible office at once.

A hydrologic data management system “HyDaMS”, designed respectively adapted to the

Hydrographic Services (“Hydrographischer Dienst”) in Austria, is used to archive the data.

HyDaMS is used by all Hydrographic Services, including via donau (team Hydrology – as a part of

the Hydrographic Service) and the Hydrographic Central Office (“Hydrographisches

Zentralbüro”; HZB). The HZB in Vienna is responsible for the central administration and

summary of the data.

The data is archived and divided in different quality categories. Primarily the unchanged

original data are stored and the first treatment and review is made. Before saving the data,

errors in data transmission and data gaps are corrected. Comparative measurements,

corrections and control of plausibility of the data is performed in the last treatment phase.

Missing data is reconstructed by data of neighbouring gauge sites shows the different

treatment steps and saved quality categories of the time series in HyDaMS at the gauge in

Kienstock.


Figure 6: HyDaMS elaboration of data

The data control is made by comparing the values of the data logger with the data of a

direct measurement by a person or technician. If necessary the data will be adapted.

Additionally the relation between several batched gauge sites and the determination of

hydrological balance helps to generate correct data. The final release and determination is

made by the Austrian Hydrographic Central Office (HZB). The hydrologic specific values of the

most important and long time observed gauge sites are released annually in the Yearbook of

Hydrography (“Hydrographisches Jahrbuch”).

The controlled data is used for the planning and monitoring of water engineering

projects (flood control, maintenance of the waterway, energy industry,…), for the

determination of the specific water levels (ELWL/equivalent low water level, MWL/mean water

level and HNWL/highest navigable water level) and for forecasts.


In the internet [see Figure 7: website doris bmvit (via donau], via donau releases hourly water

levels of 7 most important gauges of the Austrian Danube at http://www.doris.bmvit.gv.at/

(database AHP – Austrian Hydro Power).

Figure 7: website doris bmvit (via donau)

The water levels can also be requested via SMS at the service number +43 (0)676 800

505 065. The instruction for the water level information via SMS can be downloaded from the

website.

Important gauge sites (Kienstock, Wildungsmauer) have the possibility to query the

relative water level (15 minutes mean value) via telephone.

The telephone numbers are:

Kienstock (km 2015,21): +43 (0)27146347

Wildungsmauer (km 1894,72): +43 (0)2163370

http://www.doris.bmvit.gv.at/


The determination of the discharge is made by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler - ADCP

or propeller gauges on appropriate sites (e.g.: profile at a bridge). The execution of the

measurement is made by the team Hydrography. The team Hydrology is responsible for the

analysis and data processing.

For each profile 5-10 records per year are fixed, but there are additional measurements in the

case of flood.

The results of the measurements are proofed respectively controlled and will be

integrated in the stage discharge relationship (see Figure 8: Stage discharge relationship

Kienstock). With the software of the Hydrologic Data Management System (HyDaMS) the

measured water levels can be transformed into discharge values. There is a yearly time interval

for the control of the stage discharge relationship of each gauge. According to the changes the

stage discharge relationship is edited and validated.

Figure 8: Stage discharge relationship Kienstock


2.2. Slovakia – general information

2.2.1. Hydrological monitoring the network in Slovakia

Hydrological monitoring the network for the main river basins (Danube, Morava, Váh,

Nitra, Hron, Ipeľ) is illustrated in Fig.1

The network consists of 45 hydrological forecasting stations from 282 regime stations.

The forecasting stations were created and arranged for the best representation of the

hydrological situation and its progress in all the Danube River’s sub-basins in Slovakia.

Fig. 1 Distribution of water gauge stations in 6 main river basins (Danube watershed) in Slovakia


Basin Number of stations among them – number of telemetric

stations) Morava 29 20

Danube 20 18

Váh 120 67

Nitra 29 21

Hron 55 28

Ipeľ 29 20

Total 282 174

Information from the state monitoring network’s surface water gauge stations represents:

Measurements of water stages of 282 stations

Discharge measurements of 258 stations

Measurements of water temperatures of 250 stations

Turbidity measurements of 9 stations

Daily hydrological information from hydro forecasting stations (MARS 5i automatic stations,)

contains the following parameters: water stages, discharges and water temperature. The

appearances of ice-related effects are observed by voluntary observers. Moreover the

hydrological information deals with the relation of current water stages/discharges to their

long-term observed means.

Water stage – is measured at hourly intervals (MARS5 automatic instruments), continuously

(water level recorder). Controlling measurements are provided by voluntary observers from

water stage gauges.

Discharge - is derived from a discharge rating curve, which is constructed and analysed from

the measurement of discharges at different water stages

Water temperature is measured by a thermometer once a day or automatically at one-hour

intervals

Appearance of ice – is observed visually by voluntary observers once a day during the winter

season


Turbidity (concentration of a suspended load) – water banks are sampled daily, 2 times

a year from the entire profile. Valuations of the samples are made in a laboratory using the

filtration method.

In addition to the state monitoring network, measurements and observations are conducted at

14 extra line purpose-built water gauge stations and 7 stations in countries neighbouring

Slovakia.

2.2.2. Gauge equipments in Slovakia

Dicharge at a given time can be measuremed by several different methods, and the

choice of methods and equipments depends on the conditions encountered at a particular site

Fig. 2 Water gauge station


Datalogger MARS5i

is based on removing of hydrostatic pressure of water columm. Data logger MARS5i with data

& voice transmission is designed for the early flood warning and forecasting systems located in:

rivers

dams and reservoirs

lakes

wells and boreholes

another locations for scientific studies and flood analysis

The transmission of data & voice is provided via the Public Services Telephone Network (PSTN)

or via the radio-telephone GSM-GPRS Network and is based on internal analog (PSTN) modem

or GSM modem.

Data logger MARS5i can automatically measure, record to the memory and transmit data for

the following:

water level

discharge (rating curve)

water temperature

air temperature

precipitation (quantity and intensity)

Data logger MARS5i is battery powered and does not require mains power supply ~ 220 V.

Battery life is 2 years by average PSTN operation.

Basic Functions:

recording of data into internal memory at programmable time intervals

on the trigger event (3-stages of high water) data logger MARS5i sends ALARM to the

selected phone number with the all necessary information (ID number, water level, etc.).

automatic and manual readout of data at programmable time intervals via telephone line

from main PC.

Transmission of voice


- immediate values (water level and tendency, discharge, etc.)

- values at 6:00 AM

- average and extreme values from previous day

Basic Technical Data

Power supply 12 V DC

Memory 15 000 readings

Recording period 1 to 60 minute with step 1 minute

Water level sensor Precision, temperature compensated stainless steel pressure

sensor, range 0–1 m, 0–5 m, 0–10 m, 0– 0 m, 0–40 m, 0–

80m

Accuracy ± 0.15% of Full Scale

Water temperature sensor –5°C…+50°C, accuracy ±0.1°C

Air temperature sensor –50°C…+60°C, accuracy ±0.2°C, Pt1000 shielded

Precipitation sensor Tipping bucket, 0.1 mm or 0.25 mm

Baud rate 19200 bps (PSTN), 9600 bps (GSM), GPRS

Operating temperature –30°C – +55°C

Dimension MARS5i 90 x 158 x 258 mm

Protection IP65, watertight robust cast aluminium housing

Weight 2.9 kg


Fig.3 Datalogger Mars 5i

2.3. Hungary – general information

2.3.1. Monitoring network in Hungary

The network of the Hungarian hydrological stations within Danube valley’s stations fits

into the network of surface water monitoring sites in the whole Danube watershed area. (Fig.

HU-1.)


Fig. HU- 1. The principal gauging stations in the Danube Catchment

2.3.2. Description of water gauge stations in Hungary

In Hungary, according to the environmental situation, three types of staff gauges are operated:

Staff gauge with measuring scale (human measurement/reading)

Staff gauge with data registration and collection for archive (human

measurement/reading)

Staff gauge with totally automatic registration, forwarding/transfer and archive (no

human measurement/reading)


Along the Hungarian stretch of the River Danube the mostly used type of staff gauge is the

totally automatic one. Figure HU-2. shows a general, typical arrangement of an automatically

operated station. In case of these stations there is no human intervention.

Fig. HU-2. General arrangement of an automatically operated station

Regarding the type of the staff gauge there are three possible types of construction:

Inclined gauge (Fig. HU-3.)

Vertical gauge

Staircase shaped gauge


Fig. HU-3. Inclined staff gauge

The widely used type of construction is the inclined one in contrast to other devices e. g.

vertical or staircase shaped gauges. Vertical gauge – which is applied on fewer places than the

inclined type - although one of the main staff gauges in Budapest is a vertical construction -

consists of one or more parts depending on the dimension of the riverbed and the riverside.

Along the Danube staircase shaped gauges are applied just occasionally – they are used in

smaller tributaries.

Implementing the national staff gauge network all around the country there are a lot of

stations which are used not continuously but only periodically, especially just during the time of

flood events. These gauges are situated on theoretically flood prone areas between the main

gauges for helping to determine the most exactly downstream of the floods for the defence

crew and many other stakeholders (incl. for the ship’s crew). These gauges are operated

typically with measuring scale and human measurement (reading).

On all of the elements of the staff gauge network the measurement (and registration)

happens basically once a day - every day at 6.00 a.m. In case of flood events the measurement

is more frequent according to the following water level’s terms:

Ist alert water level - twice a day (6.00 a.m. and 18.00 p.m.)

IInd alert water level - every six hours (from 6.00 a.m.)


IIIrd alert water level - every two hours (from 6.00 a.m.)

The different adequate flooding water levels have been determined and fixed for all gauges -

incl. for all rivers suffered by flood - all around the country. This timetable is referring to the

above mentioned flooding staff gauges as well. The automatically operated stations are able to

measure, register and transmit – among others - water level data with hourly frequency too,

providing a lot of additional information for the defence in these dangerous situations.

2.3.3. Gauge equipments in Hungary

In the automatic staff gauge stations the settled equipment are working with different

methods in a very wide scale for the field of the measurement, especially the following three of

them:

equipment with pressure sensor,

equipment with float operated sensor,

equipment with bubbler level sensor.

The most important gauge stations operate with pressure sensor type equipment. Of

course, equipment can measure - beyond the water level - lots of other parameters such as

water temperature, water discharge, very different water quality data, etc.

The Hungarian Hydrological Service measures the water velocity at its gauging stations

measuring water level and discharge data, and the water discharge is calculated on the basis of

the measured water velocity.

In the Hungarian hydrological praxis there are basically two equipments (and

methodology) for measuring the water velocity.

One of them is the propeller current meter, where the measured number of revolutions

shows the speed. All equipments used are tested and calibrated annually at the central service

of the Hungarian Hydrological Service.


The other equipment is the ADCP (Acoustic Doppler systems for water velocity

measurement) using the principle of sound waves called the Doppler effect, i.e. transmitting

„pings” of sound at a constant frequency into the water, and measuring the parameters of their

backscattering from the particles suspended in the moving water, i.e. from the bottom of the

riverbed. (Fig. HU-4)

Fig. HU-4. ADCP

2.3.4. Quantity and quality of measurements in Hungary

On the Hungarian rivers, in 2009 there are altogether 334 gauging stations. Among them

207 stations yield not only water level, but also discharge data. 180 stations report

telemetrically.

From the 334 stations the 20 most important ones were selected and displayed in Fig.

HU-10 (of the SQR “Hydrography”). The main characteristics of these 20 stations are listed in

Table HU-3.


33

S ymbol Name

1 - 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 80 81 - 100 > 100 Total

1 Nord-T ransdanubian DE WD 12 15 7 1 35

2 Middle Danube Valley DE WD 4 12 2 2 2 1 23

3 L ower Danube Valley DE WD 1 5 1 7

4 C entral-T ransdanubian DE WD 4 11 7 3 25

5 S outh-T ransdanubian DE WD 4 6 8 1 19

6 West-T ransdanubian DE WD 3 11 8 2 24

7 Upper-T isza DE WD 7 6 2 1 1 17

8 North Hungarian DE WD 1 8 11 3 1 1 25

9 T rans-T isza DE WD 2 8 1 11

10 Middle-T isza DE WD 6 1 1 1 9

11 L ower-T isza DE WD 1 1 1 3

12 K örös DE WD 1 4 3 1 9

1-12 Hung ary 39 88 49 20 6 5 207

1) T he geographical s ituation of the 12 DE WDs see on the map of F igure HU-10

of Dis tric t E nvironmental and Water

Direc torate (DE WD)1)

L eng ht of the daily dis c harg e s eries (years )

Table HU-3 : The number of dis c harg e data s eries of various leng ths of obs ervation

on the operation areas of the DE WDs of Hung ary

2.3.5. Elaboration of data in Hungary

In Hungary the water level and discharge measurements, the collection of data, data

procession, their upload to the database (Hungarian Hydrological Database) and archiving are

performed by the 12 district environmental and water directorates, according to a nationally

unified technical specification and the ISO quality assurance and quality management system.

Information about the collection of hydrological data characterizing the national area

of Hungary is available from about two millennia. Most of the data of earlier ages had been

destroyed, so that hydrological information in a well-ordered and systemized form is available

only starting with the first half of the last century. The Hydrographic Section established in

1886 by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, was the first organization responsible for

34

the collection, measurement and evaluation of the country’s hydrological data as well as for

flood prediction. This was the first organized Hydrographic Service in the Carpathian Basin. As

for its content and comprehensiveness, the Hungarian collection of hydrological data was

ahead of other similar services abroad.

The Hydrographic Service determines the data necessary for the protection against

water-related damages, for water utilization, for a water management harmonizing with

sustainable development as well as for estimating the impact of human activities on the

water, as an element of the environment. A part of the hydrological data is published in the

Hydrographic Yearbooks, issued regularly since 1887. The 110. volume of this series of

Yearbooks has been published in 2009.

2.4. Serbia – general information

2.4.1. Description of Water Gauging Stations in Serbia

It is assumed that the first hydrological observations within the Serbian reach of the

Danube River were performed by the Romans. Though, more extensive and systematic

observations began late in the 18th and early 19th century due to extreme floods occurring on

the Danube and Tisza Rivers. First observations of the Danube stages were performed in 1819

on the right bank of the Danube River near Petrovaradin, which today belongs to the city of

Novi Sad. New measuring sites were established at Bezdan, Dalj, Vukovar and Backa Palanka in

1856, at Zemun in 1859, and in 1870 at Pancevo and Bogojevo. These sites did not have a

stable gauge zero and therefore their measured values are not satisfactory for present use.

Before the World War I 12 gauging stations in Yugoslav reach of the Danube River were in

operation. After the World War I the General Water Directorate was established in Yugoslavia,

charged with measurements and development of the existing network of up to 16 stations.

After the World War II the hydrological service was incorporated into the Hydrometeorological

Service of Yugoslavia, and was comprised of 17 gauging stations on the Yugoslav section of the

Danube River (Stančik A., Jovanovid S., et al., 1988).

35

The first water discharge data originate from 1924, on the Yugoslav Danube at Bezdan,

Slankamen, Ritopek. After World War II discharge measurements were more intensive.

Measurements were performed using the standard current meter till 2002, when along with

existing equipment the new Nautilus Electromagnetic Flow Sensor was used. Acoustic Doppler

Current Profiler was introduced in 2005.

The first observations of the ice phenomena were carried out in 18th and 19th century

in order to provide safe navigation on the Danube River. The systematic ice phenomena

observations were started jointly with systematic stage measurements. Water and

temperature measurements were introduced after WWI. The bedload measurements started

in 1960 at the gauging stations at Bezdan and Novi Sad. The water quality monitoring started

in 1965, (Stančik A., Jovanovid S., et al., 1988).

Sampling profiles in majority of cases coincide with gauging stations. If that was not

possible, water discharges were calculated from the data at the nearest gauging station, or

discharge measurements were performed only for the purpose of water quality

measurements, (RHMZ, 2007).

2.4.2. Gauging Station Equipment in Serbia

The flow status of major rivers is monitored by the Republic Hydrometeorological

Service of Serbia (RHMZ) through systematic measurements and observations at established

hydrologic stations. The hydrologic stations are arranged in such way that they provide

adequate information on the runoff from its catchment area, water discharge, sediment

transport rate along the river, and ice occurrence..

The basic network of hydrologic stations in Serbia consists of 195 stations. At these

stations different measurements are performed, as shown in Table 2. Out of that number 63

are reporting hydrological stations, located on all major watercourses and profiles within the

territory of Serbia. (ICPDR, 2006), (Figure 9), and 69 gauging stations are included in the flood

monitoring network.

36

Table 2: Number of Gauging Stations and Types of Measurements by Major Catchment Ares

Catchment area Number of hydrological monitoring stations

Water level Water

temperature Discharge Ice Sediment

Danube 63 40 32 52 3 Sava 33 23 27 28 7 Morava 99 25 97 87 17 Total 195 88 156 167 27

RHMZ gathers water level, temperature and ice data in real time, 365 days a year, from

63 routine reporting stations. 15 of those gauging stations are equipped for automatic transfer

of water level data, (Table 3), (ICPDR, 2006). In addition, water level data from 13 emergency

reporting stations are gathered only when predefined water level limits are exceeded.

37

Figure 9: Locations of 63 reporting hydrological stations1

1 http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/

38

Table 3: Gauging stations equipment by main sub-basins

River Gauging Stations

Limnigraph Thermometer Cable Telephone Structure Radio

Station Danube 63 28 40 2 - 5 14 Sava 33 26 23 3 4 7 8 Morava 99 83 25 18 5 16 15 Total 195 137 88 23 9 28 37

Both meteorological and hydrological collected data are available to the public through

the RHMZ’s web site http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/. The example of data available for one

gauging station on RHMZ web site is given in Appendix 1.

APPENDIX I - Example of the Information Available for the Gauging Station BEZDAN

(http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/hidrologija/povrsinske/pov_stanica.php?hm_id=42010)

Reporting surface water station: BEZDAN

Station: BEZDAN

River: DUNAV

Basin: BLACK SEA

Foundation year: 1856

KOTA "0" (m a.s.m.): 80.64

Distance from the river mouth (km): 1425.50

Basin area (km2): 210250

Date: THURSDAY, 01.10.2009.

Water stage (cm)

Change of water stage (cm)

River flow (m3/s)

Water temperature (оC)

36 -9 1440

18.8

Tendency Ice events First flood alert (cm)

Second flood alert (cm)

http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/

http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/hidrologija/povrsinske/pov_stanica.php?hm_id=42010

39

Station: BEZDAN

- 500 700

Water stage forecast Weekly range

Day: FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY MONDAY WEDNESDAY ÷ TUESDAY

Date: 02.10. 03.10. 04.10. 05.10. 30.09. ÷ 06.10.

Water stage (cm): 27 22 21 22 0 ÷ 60

40

41

The RHMZ is also in obligation to send daily reports to all upstream and downstream

Danubian countries, as well as customized daily reports to specialized institutions. Plovput is

one of those institutions who receive daily reports. Template of that report is presented in

Table 4. It has information on water stages, discharges, water temperature, 2 or 4 day

forecast, and occurrence of ice, if exists.

42

Table 4: Daily report from RHMZ2

Republic of SerbiaRepublic Hydrometeorological ServiceB e o g r a d, Kneza Viseslava Street 66

HYDROLOGICAL REPORT WITH FORECASTS FOR 26.09.2009.

kota Stage Disch. T water

"0" H Q 27.09. 28.09. 29.09. 30.09.

m n.J.m. cm m3/s oC cm cm cm cm

Linc 247.74 365

Kornojburg 154.05 225 220

Devin 164 1266 160

Komarno 104.41 172 1332 165

Estergom 101.61 101 17.1

Budimpe{ta 95.65 162 1518 17.8 157 148 145 139

Dunavfeldvar 89.58 -69 1243 17.4 -69 -74 -79 -83

Baja 81.72 194 1560 18.4

Mohac 79.20 228 1690 18.8 219 214 208 201

Bezdan 80.64 87 1719 19.3 77 75 70 65

Apatin 78.84 173 19.5 155 150

Bogojevo 77.46 172 2398 19.0 145 135 134 129

Vukovar 76.19 157 18.6

Ilok 73.97 200

Bac. Palanka 73.90 184 18.5 169 157

Novi Sad 71.73 170 2460 18.5 154 137

Slankamen 69.68 202 18.4 189 176

Zemun 67.87 256 18.6 250 244

Pancevo 67.33 278 274 268

Smederevo 65.36 466 3027 462 458

Banat. Palanka 62.85 691

V. Gradiste 62.17 760

Prahovo 29.00 -5 20.0

Botovo 121.55 114 15.0

Terezino Poqe 100.67 -147 16.5

D. Miholjac 88.39 129 655 15.0

Osjek 81.48 95 18.0

Tisabec 115.01 -260 18.0

Vasarosnamen 101.98 -203 68.5 17.6

Tokaj 90.01 455 19.1

Solnok 78.78 -204 131 20.3

Congrad -131 20.2

Segedin 73.70 88 195 20.4 88 88 84 84

Senta 72.80 238 268 21.0 239 241

Novi Becej 71.87 323 20.4

Titel 69.70 191 21.0 181 169

Zagreb 112.26 -258 100

Crnac 89.99 -164

Jasenovac 86.82 -56 189

Gradi{ka 85.47 -5 189

Sl. Brod 81.80 12 274 20.0

Sl. Samac 80.70 -182

Sr. Mitrovica 72.28 55 473 20.0 45 36 30 25

Sabac 72.61 -44 20.1 -53 -62 -67 -72

Beograd 68.28 204 22.6 198 192

Karlovac 103.17 -63

Prijedor 129.68 -10 18.3

Novi Grad -46 18.8

Delibasino Selo 151.21 28 24.5 16.1

Doboj 137.01 -147 24.6 18.7

Jasika 138.56 -117 27.7 -118

Aleksinac 157.63 -102 34 17.0 -107

Varvarin 126.13 -126 52.4 -128 -128

Bagrdan 100.94 -4 50 18.4 -5 -7Ljubicevski m. 73.42 -311 74.8 19.1 -313 -315 -318

Department for Hydrological ForecastsPhone: 011/3050 904, 064/838 5050, Fax: 011/2542 746

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

River Station

DA

NU

BE

DR

AV

AT

ISA

SA

VA

V.M

OR

AV

A

Stage forecast

Ice occurrence

2 Report translated into English

43

2.4.3. Quantity and Quality of Measurements, Elaboration of Data in Serbia

Water levels, temperatures and ice phenomena are monitored daily, at 6AM UTC (i.e.

at 7AM local winter time and 8AM local summer time). At 36 stations, mainly those whose

data are internationally exchanged, water levels are also surveyed at 6PM UTC. Monitoring is

provided by the trained amateurs.

Analysis of the current status of the gauging stations network and quality of data was

performed by RHMZ within the project Design and Optimization of the National Network of

Water Gauging Stations funded by the Kingdom of Norway and done in cooperation with

Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate, (RHMZ, 2007). The goal of this project was to

initiate revision, reconstruction, and modernization of the national network of gauging

stations in order to satisfy the needs of data users. The finds of the analysis were that:

The number and distribution of the gauging stations in regard to their distance is generally in

agreement with the Guidelines on the Establishment and Program of Works of

Hydrometeorological Stations on the Territory of Republic of Serbia, from 2003;

The program of works for some gauging stations is not adequate so that these stations

can not provide all necessary information. For example: the gauging station Slankamen on the

Danube River does not have sufficient amount of discharge measurements for the

establishment of reliable rating curve; on the Tisza River there is only one gauging station with

discharge information, located further upstream; on the Serbian section of the Sava River only

one station has rating curve; on the Danube River reach between Smederevo and the

Bulgarian border there are no stations with discharge measurements, except the

measurements at the site of the Iron Gate I dam. Due to the importance of the Danube and

the Sava River for the navigation it is necessary to perform discharge measurements at the

selected gauging stations in the sub-basins;

Many of gauging stations are with outdated equipment, so that the problem of spare parts is

always present;

Gauging stations should be equipped, in the future, with the modern and reliable measuring

equipment and other accompanying infrastructure.

44

2.5. Bulgaria – general information

2.5.1. Description of Water Gauging Stations in Bulgaria

For the performance of daily meteorological and hydrological observations along the

Bulgarian stretch of the Danube River 6 main water gauge stations were situated along it.

These are: Novo selo at km 833.6; Lom – at km 743.3; Oriahovo – at km 678.0; Svishtov – at

km 554.3; Ruse – at km 496.5 and Silistra – at km 375.5.

Figure 1 - Network of the hydrometeorological stations along the Bulgarian section of the

Danube

The first regular meteorological observations for the Bulgarian section of the Danube

began in 1866 in the Austrian Consulate in Ruse. The meteorological station at Ruse was

established in 1884. It was transformed into hydrometeorological in 1955. The level mark of

the zero elevation is 11.80 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.

The station at Novo selo has been functioning since the 1st of January, 1937. The level

mark of the zero elevation is 26.75 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.

The station at Lom has been functioning since 1st of January, 1911. The level mark of

the zero elevation is 22.65 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.

45

The station at Oriahovo has been functioning since 15th of March, 1924. The level mark

of the zero elevation 21.34 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.

The station at Svishtov exists from the 1st of January, 1913. The level mark of the zero

elevation 14.89 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.

The Silistra station began its activity as a part of the Romanian Hydrographic Service. It

has been operating as a Bulgarian hydrometric station since the 1st of May, 1941. In 1942

measurements of the air and water temperatures were commenced. The level mark of the

zero elevation 6.27 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.

Hydrometeorological

station

Longitude Latitude AMSL

Novo selo 22°78’ 44°15’ 49.00 m

Lom 23°13’ 43°49’ 32.50 m

Oriahovo 23°58’ 43°41’ 28.85 m

Svishtov 25°21’ 43°37’ 24.30 m

Ruse 25°52’ 43°52’ 37.50 m

Silistra 27°15’ 44°07’ 15.85 m

Table 1 – Geographical coordinates of the hydrometeorological stations

All of these stations are within the Hydrology and Hydrometeorology Department of EAEMDR.

The department performs the following main activities:

All hydrological measurements and the entire complex 24-hour synoptic and

meteorological observations on the Danube river;

Measurements of water levels and temperature;

Measurements of the velocity of the flow and water quantities;

Prepare daily, monthly, annual and multi-annual prognosis on the basis of the

collected data;

Process and prepare for dissemination the hydrological data for internal and

external exchange.

46

Figure 2 – Hydrometeorological station in Ruse

2.5.2. Gauge equipment in Bulgaria

In order to measure the water levels the gauge stations are equipped with cast iron

gauges which are mounted on the quay walls and are ruled in 2 cm intervals. The HMS in Lom

and Ruse are equipped with automatic stations (limnigraphs). It is foreseen the stations in

Novo selo and Oriahovo to be equipped with such limnigraphs as well.

Figure 3 - Self-writing water measuring gauge in Ruse

47

They are also provided with pressure detectors.

Water quantities are measured by a ship that is equipped with hydrometrical propeller OTT –

Kempten, and the velocity of the flow - on the basis of the integral method by vessel. Its

location is determined by GPS with one-meter precision.

.

Figure 4 - Hydrometrical propeller OTT – Kempten.

At all the stations the ice occurrence in the river waters is registered. There is no

special equipment for defining the ice occurrence, thus this is made taking into account the

percentage of water surface that is covered with ice.

The water temperatures are measured with mercury thermometers with a precision of

0.1°C.

48

All the parameters and the relevant equipment are presented systematically in the following

table:

Measured parameters Equipment

Atmospheric pressure

Mercury barometer and

barograph

Speed and direction of the wind Wild anemometer

Visibility By sight

Type and quantity of clouds By sight

Air temperature Mercury thermometer

Humidity

Wet and dry mercury

thermometer

Type and quality of penetration Pluviograph and Wild rain gauge

Water level

Iron gauges and automatic

stations

Ice appearance By sight

Water quantities Hydrometrical propeller

Water temperature Mercury thermometer

Table 2 – Hydrometeorological parameters and equipment

2.5.3. Quantity and Quality of Measurements. Elaboration of Data in Bulgaria

In order to be ensured good quality and sufficiency of the measurements and the

eternal and external transmission of the data all the relevant procedures are developed in

accordance with the Quality Management System (QMS).

The water levels are measured at least once a day. At Novo selo and Lom the

measurements are performed three times a day due to the big 24-hour fluctuations caused by

the working regime of the Hydrotechnical facility “Iron Gates”.

The measurements of the water quantities are performed by the hydrological team

within HHM Directorate at least 4 times a year during different water levels.

49

Measured parameters Frequency of the measurements

Atmospheric pressure 12 times per day

Speed and direction of the wind

12 times per day and permanently

in cases of decreased visibility

Visibility

12 times per day and permanently

in cases of decreased visibility

Type and quantity of clouds 12 times per day

Air temperature 12 times per day

Humidity 12 times per day

Type and quality of penetration

Minimum 6 times per day when it

is raining

Water level

1-3 times per day; in cases of flood

threats more frequently

Ice appearance Permanently when appear

Water quantities Minimum 5 times per year

Water temperature Daily

The hydrological automatic stations in Ruse and Lom register data every

15 min.

The meteorological automatic stations in Ruse and Lom register data

every 5 min

Table 3 Measured parameters and frequancy of measurents

Hydrological measurements and observations:

The responsible experts from the HMSs at Novo selo, Lom, Oryahovo, Svishtov and

Silsitra send the information from the stations to the HMS at Ruse till 07:30 a.m. GMT via

email.

50

The observation of the water levels at the main HMSs and water gauging points is done

every day at 07:00 a.m. GMT. In cases of intensive increasing or decreasing of the water level

of the Danube, additional observations are done besides the main one - at 13:00 a.m. and

17:00 a.m. When it is necessary they are done at intervals of 1 – 3 hours.

The daily data is registered in the referent journals and is published once a day on the

website of the Agency. When there are additional observations the results of them are

published in real time.

Figure 5 Water level information ot the website of EAEMDR

51

At the stations where there are limnigraphs the data from them is compared with the

data from the iron gauges. When there is difference more than 2-3 cm, the limnigraph is set to

the correct data from the iron gauges.

During low waters (when the level is under the bottom end of the iron gauge) and high

waters (when the level is above the upper end of the iron gauge) the measurements are done

with a mounted beforehand temporary gauge.

Measurements of the flow velocity and water quantities

The measurement of water quantities are done at the main hydrometric profiles,

critical for the navigation and the secondary branches of the islands in order to be set the

relation between water quantities and water levels, to be indicated the discharge of the

waters in the relevant branches, the characteristics of the water flow and its development.

The number of the verticals is defined in compliance with the width of the river (or the

branch). And the distance between them should not exceed 1/7th from the width of the river

flow.

In order to be achieved higher precision of the measurements it is recommended and

preferably this distance not to exceed 40 – 50 m (for the main profiles) and 15-20m in the

secondary branches.

The verticals at the left and right banks are done as near as possible to the riverbank

(depending the draught of the vessel). The adjacent verticals should not lie remote from those

at the banks due to the fact that the average velocity intensively increases from the riverbank

to the midstream. The acceptable maximum error in the measurements is ± 5%.

The measurements are postponed if the meteorological conditions are not favourable.

There is a detailed procedure for defining the distances between the verticals and for

the measurements of the depths that the responsible experts are obliged to follow. This

procedure is in accordance with the QMS.

The measurement of the velocity at the fairway are done at different water levels in

order to be defined the average speed of the flow in the different sections of the river. They

are done on every 5 km at a depth 1m and with duration minimum 100 seconds.

52

Al the data from the measurements are registered in the following table:

Figure 6 Table for measurement results

All the information is permanently stored in HMS Ruse.

Meteorological observations and preparation of information:

The synoptic observations are done 10 minutes before the following time (GMT)

(without shifting to summer time) – 12:00a.m, 03:00 a.m., 06:00 a.m., 09:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m.,

01:00 p.m, 18:00 p.m., 21:00 p.m., following the procedure and the guidance from the

National Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology. The ciphering of the information is

performed with the Synop programme, developed by the NIMH – BAS, and is sent to the

responsible meteorological expert in NIMH.

Climate observations are done at 05:00 a.m., 12:00 a.m. and 19:00 p.m. (GMT), the procedure

for their proceeding and dissemination is the same.

There are special registers where the responsible expert from NIMH enters the data

from the meteorological observations. At the beginning of every month these registers are

sent to the EAEMDR and permanently stored in the HHM Directorate

53

2.6. Romania – general information

2.6.1. Description of water gauge station in Romania

As part of a highly important hydrological monitoring the evolution has a water level.

For this there are water stations that are equipped to help groom hydrometric daily water

level readings (figure 1). Opening requirements of Maritime Navigation was preceded by the

Danube's mouth when making a scientific research program on knowledge of basin and

hydrologic conditions in the Danube Delta.

When conducting such research, in the months December 1856 - August 1857 are the first

measurements of the Black Sea at the mouth of arms Sulina and Saint George, fixing the

reference plane "Zero" Black Sea-Sulina, materialized on the foundation of central headlamp

Sulina (still existing) with a metallic marker at the rate of 4.88 feet (1.4874m) above the

reference plane respectively. Compared to the reference plane were reported all topo-

hydrographic work carried out then and later in the Danube Delta Danube.

After national independence in 1878, the Romanian State surprise move to install new gauging

Figure 1. Hydrometrical inclined gauge station Giurgiu

the economic importance of all points on the river at that time. In the years 1879-1880 to

install hydrometric levels groom 8 ports Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Calafat, Bechet, Turnu

Magurele, Zimnicea, Giurgiu, Oltenita and Calarasi, systematic measurement and observation

levels glaciers. Next to install other groom gauging the Danube (at Moldova Veche in 1893, the

54

Sviniţa in 1893, at Gruia in 1898, the Bistret in 1899, at Cernavoda in 1896, the Hârsova in

Isaccea in 1898 and 1895).

Figure 2. Reference system plan

How to obtain such data and items of hydrological regime of the Danube, observation changes

the system used for measuring levels of graduated rulers, called wonder hydrometric, installed

on foundations established with other relevant systems improved. (figure2).

Using hydrometric groom could accumulate in the last 150 years an important background

data on the system accurate water level Danube Delta and Black Sea. For the reference

contour’s maps in the Danube basin, three systems were adopted by reference Adriatic, Baltic

and Black Sea. The Black Sea basin system plans to exit several references, Sulina, Constanta,

Varna, Odessa, Sevastopol, Kerch, Poti, Batumi and others (table 1).

55

Table 1. Particulars of the main surprise gauging the Danube on the Romanian bank.

Gauge station Year of

establis

hment

Distance

to Sulina

km

catchment

area

share groom absolute gauging relative origin of the

reference systems

United

North

Sea

Adriatic

Trieste

Sea

Baltic Sea

Kronstad

m

BBlac

k Sea

Sulina

m

BBlac

k Sea

Varna

m

Bazias 1874 1072 - - 63,87 63,56 64,17 -

Moldova

Veche

1893 1049 - - 62,39 62,38 63,02 -

Drencova 1854 1015,8 573412 - 59,62 59,47 60,11 -

Svinita 1893 995 - - 49,59 49,28 50,06 -

Orsova 1838 955 576232 - 43,87 43,91 44,36 -

Turnu Severin 1879 931,1 578300 - 33,67 33,36 34,13 -

Gruia 1898 851 - - - 28,07 29,10 -

Cetate 1899 811 - - - 26,46 27,79 -

Calafat 1879 794,4 588620 - - 25,94 26,68 -

Bistret 1899 725 - - - 23,11 23,88 -

Bechet 1880 679 - - - 21,31 22,08

Corabia 1879 630 623350 - - 19,49 20,12 -

Turnu

Magurele

1879 597 - - - 18,34 19,13

Zimnicea 1879 554 658400 - - 15,29 16,22 -

Giurgiu 1879 493 676150 - - 12,58 13,06 -

Oltenita 1879 430 684900 - - 9,53 10,01 -

Calarasi 1879 364,8 - - - 6,79 7,31 -

Parjoaia 1951 348,5 - - - 5,34 5,87 -

Unirea 1952 341(70) - - - - 6,00 -

56

Cernavoda 1896 300 707000 - - 4,36 4,87 -

Harsova 1898 252 ,3 709100 - - 2,58 3,08 -

Vadu Oii 1953 238 - - - - 2,63 -

Braila 1874 170 726700 - - 0,45 1,08 -

Galati 1874 150 - - - 0,28 0,86 -

Isaccea 1895 103,5 - - - 0,09 0,63 -

Ceatal Ismail 1928 80 - - - - 0,57 -

Tulcea 1879 71,3 807000 - - 0,00 0,56 -

Chilia Noua 1919 47,0 - - - - 0,33 0,36 -

Sulina 1857 0,00 817000 - - - 0,69 0,00 -

During the cold season of the year, in winter when frost phenomenal occur, when

measurements of levels are observed and the nature of ice (ice or fixed bridge) measuring the

thickness of the ice near shore. In case of ice jams in the hydrometric groom, which affect

natural drainage system, corrections are made to wonder local levels, using correlation levels

with neighbouring points uninfluenced by ice. For monitoring the water level along the

Danube, there are a number of 29 gauges mounted usually in the ports area, with next

characteristic values (table 2).

Table 2. Characteristic values of annual minimum annual levels and their trends for the years 1931-2004, the

groom gauging the Danube

Gauge

station

name

position

km

Maximum

cm

year average

cm

minimum

cm

year 1931

cm

Tendency

cm/an

Gruia 851 178 1955 -11,6 -196 1985 - 8,2 - 0,092

Cetate 811 200 1955 29,6 -111 1954 32,7 - 0,08

Calafat 794,4 195 1955 20,3 -128 1985 37,6 - 0,46

Bechet 679 169 1955 25,1 - 90 1954 23,8 0,035

Corabia 630 202 1955 10,9 -138 2003 22,0 - 0,295

Turnu 597 160 1955 20,7 - 71 1954 14,4 0,17

57

Magurele

Zimnicea 554 213 1955 33,0 - 86 1954 31,7 0,035

Giurgiu 493 202 1955 - 9,35 -309 1954 15,1 - 0,65

Oltenita 430 214 1955 103 -120 1954 0,82 0,245

Calarasi 364,8(94,4) 183 1955 - 28 -141 2003 - 24,7 - 0,084

Cernavoda 300 148 1955 - 67,7 -245 1969 - 43,8 - 0,605

Harsova 252,3 257 1955 6,7 -125 2003 12,4 - 0,144

Braila 170 275 1955 59,4 - 61 1954 23,5 0,909

Isaccea 103,5 212 1955 44,9 - 35 1946 19 0,657

Tulcea 71,3 178 1955 37,2 - 24 1947 -16,5 0,55

Depending on ground conditions, there are three types of gauges: vertical, inclined and

staircase (figure 3).

Figure 3. Types of the gauges

Staircase inclined vertical

58

2.6.2. Gauge equipments in Romania

For the measurement requires a set of equipment and instruments available in

equipping each station. Within these stations is harvested a number of parameters: water

level, water temperature, air temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature,

wind speed, wind direction, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloud, precipitation.

The reading for water level is visual where they are located groom and automatic

stations (figure 4) for tide gauge where there are groom with automatic recording (Galati,

Giurgiu, Tr. Severin) – resolution of 1 cm , auto logging and averaging period up to 24 hours

and sensors for pressure and water temperature, which use a modem /GSM to transmit the

data.

Figure 4. E-sea tide gauge Marimatech

In order to measure the water levels the gauge stations are equipped with cast iron

pegels which are mounted on the quay walls and are ruled in 2 cm intervals and in some ports

there are used the limnograph which record the level on the paper (figure 5).

Figure 5. limnograph

59

The water temperatures are measured with mercury thermometers with a precision of

0.1°C. Others parameters for meteorological information are registered by classical and

electronic instruments (figure 6) .

Figure 6. Weather station (Davis Vantage Pro)

Other parameter which is recorded is the appearance of ice in the river waters. The

observations are done visual and take into account the percentage of water surface that is

covered with ice.

2.6.3. Quantity and quality of measurements in Romania

The water levels are measured once a day and in periods of extreme levels (small and

large) twice daily or whenever necessary. In periods of flood levels are registered in one or

two hours and transmitted to those interested.

Each gauging station maintained by a person who harvested their data and

communicate more. Data are checked and then pooled to make public (on site AFDJ and radio

communication).Annual tests are made on the physical and the zero plane of the groom with

topographical instruments. All apparatus and equipment is calibrated annually or whenever

necessary.

60

2.6.4. Elaboration of data in Romania

The data collected (water levels, meteorological information, discharge, etc) are used

for statistics , making models, forecasts, transmitting the Danube Commission, for navigation,

topo-hydrographical measurements (figure 7). Informations for debts collected are stored in a

database in different formats that can be analyzed and processed for different purposes.

Figure 7. Hydrographer for water level

CALAFAT 2007

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351

2007

H(c

m)

61

Figure 8. Discharge in Calafat area

The information and results of measurements collected in the field are processed,

analyzed, validated and submitted by the departments of hydrology and hydrography.

Annual verifications and calibrations are tests, if necessary by the team at gauging stations

basin.

Information about the levels and forecasts are made public on site AFDJ Galati at

http://www.afdj.ro/cote/cote.htm (figure 9).

Figure 9. web site AFDJ

http://www.afdj.ro/

62

Situation and forecast for the tributary rivers are disseminated by the National Administration

Romanian Waters (ANAR).

2.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information

2.7.1. Description of water gauge station in area of Danube-Black See canal

The information regarding the water level and flow on the Danube, the forecast of the

level evolution is collected daily from the site of the National Institute of Hydrology and Water

Management. At Administration of Navigable Canals S.H. there is a data basis serving this

purpose.

The level measurements on the navigable canals DBSC and PAMNC are made through

installations of level measurements completely automated and assisted of existing computers

at the four locks, in the following control points:

- Upstream and downstream at the Cernavoda lock;

- Upstream and downstream at the Agigea lock;

- Upstream and downstream at the Ovidiu lock;

- Upstream and downstream at the Navodari lock;

The level measurement system allows the transmission at the Agigea Central Dispatch

in a computer, where it will be created a data basis regarding the history of the level variation

in the two waterways. In addition to this, in all the hydro-technical nodes there are located

topometry gauges for comparison and as reserve element at the automated installations.

The measurement system completes the following conditions:

- Measured parameter: the water level in the downstream points and upstream

ones on each lock;

- The level measurements precision: ± 1 cm;

- Level display frequency:

- Locally at lockage: - from 5 to 5 minutes

- The transmission to headquarter: - once an hour;

63

- Data base: in the computer from the headquarter is created a data base with

statistic role which covers the transmitted data from the level measurements

installations;

- Environmental requests: the installation functions no matter what season,

including the case of ice on the canal.

The Water Management – Environmental Protection bureau permanently monitors the

water level from the navigable canals, according to which it coordinates the activity of water

pumping from the Danube and of water consumption from the canals for the maintenance of

the optimum exploitation level in the canals:

64

WATER LEVEL IN NAVIGABLE CHANNELS – NOVEMBER 2009

da

te

CERNAVODA LOCK

AGIGEA LOCK

OVIDIU LOCK NAVODARI

LOCK Average levels Bief II DBSC, Bief I PAMNC COTE COTE COTE COTE

AMONT ATLAS AMONT ATLAS AMONT ATLAS AMONT ATLAS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 4.46 7.41 7.41 -0.10 7.37 1.57 1.64 -0.19 7.40

2 4.63 7.47 7.46 -0.11 7.43 1.57 1.63 -0.18 7.45

3 4.77 7.46 7.39 -0.06 7.39 1.56 1.63 -0.13 7.41

4 4.87 7.38 7.32 0.06 7.31 1.57 1.63 0.01 7.34

5 4.91 7.46 7.43 -0.09 7.43 1.56 1.63 -0.14 7.44

6 4.93 7.56 7.52 -0.06 7.53 1.58 1.63 -0.14 7.54

7 4.95 7.59 7.53 -0.02 7.53 1.56 1.63 -0.10 7.55

8 4.94 7.60 7.60 -0.02 7.56 1.56 1.63 -0.08 7.59

9 4.83 7.56 7.50 -0.02 7.53 1.58 1.64 -0.09 7.53

10 4.77 7.48 7.44 -0.05 7.44 1.58 1.65 -0.10 7.45

11 4.72 7.52 7.51 -0.03 7.50 1.59 1.66 -0.14 7.51

12 4.78 7.57 7.53 -0.03 7.58 1.58 1.66 -0.23 7.56

13 5.08 7.50 7.53 -0.23 7.52 1.58 1.65 -0.23 7.52

14 5.73 7.35 7.34 -0.23 7.33 1.60 1.67 -0.23 7.34

15 6.23 7.49 7.49 -0.16 7.45 1.61 1.68 -0.16 7.48

16 6.52 7.60 7.60 -0.17 7.57 1.64 1.69 -0.17 7.59

17 6.60 7.66 7.63 -0.16 7.62 1.62 1.69 -0.22 7.64

18 6.63 7.73 7.68 -0.16 7.71 1.61 1.69 -0.23 7.71

19 6.61 7.51 7.45 -0.10 7.48 1.61 1.69 -0.21 7.48

20 6.54 7.47 7.48 -0.15 7.46 1.63 1.69 -0.26 7.47

21 6.48 7.55 7.56 -0.16 7.54 1.63 1.70 -0.26 7.55

22 6.30 7.59 7.61 -0.17 7.54 1.63 1.71 -0.22 7.58

23 6.13 7.30 7.27 -0.09 7.28 1.63 1.71 -0.18 7.28

24 5.97 7.39 7.35 -0.10 7.34 1.62 1.71 -0.17 7.36

25 5.83 7.49 7.48 -0.13 7.47 1.62 1.71 -0.23 7.48

26 5.66 7.54 7.51 -0.06 7.51 1.64 1.72 -0.20 7.52

27 5.52 7.58 7.55 -0.05 7.56 1.64 1.71 -0.14 7.56

28 5.37 7.64 7.62 -0.07 7.61 1.63 1.71 -0.14 7.62

29 5.22 7.69 7.68 -0.11 7.67 1.63 1.71 -0.16 7.68

30 5.10 7.74 7.68 -0.08 7.70 1.63 1.72 -0.16 7.71

5.50 7.53 7.51 -0.10 7.50 1.60 1.67 -0.17 7.51

2.7.2. Measuring the water volumes and flows in area of Danube-Black See canal

The water volume taken from the Danube in view of maintaining the exploitation level

in the navigable canals on the basis of the functioning hours of the aggregates at the Complex

65

Pumping Station Cernavoda, and of its flow, set on the basis of the diagram of the pumps and

according to the water level of the Danube.

The water volume taken from the navigable canals by the beneficiaries of use is set on

the basis of the measurement machines (water meters, flow meters, electric power indicator)

installed in the pumping water installations, and which belong to the hydro-technical scheme.

The calculus of the water volume consumed in navigation is made on the basis of the

level upstream and downstream at each lock, of the dimensions of the chamber locks and of

the number of emptying after each lockage. The water volume consumed is determined

automatically by the automatic installations by the measure levels, where it created a data

basis regarding the water volume history of waters transited on the waterway.

The water volumes and flows taken from the Danube transited on the Danube - Black

Sea Canal and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal and evacuated in the Black Sea are

calculated, registered and centralized daily within the Water Management Bureau, where

there is a data basis in this purpose, based on the reports transmitted from the locks and the

Complex Pumping Station Cernavoda.

In the data basis of the National Company Administration of Navigable Canals S.H.

there can be found relevant information about the “Water balance” (the Water necessary)

through which are monitored all the water volumes that enter and go out in/from the

navigable canals.

The water volume situations that and go out in/from the navigable canals are monthly

transmitted at the Romanian Waters, which represents the invested authority with a unique

application of the national strategy in the field of water resources management, on the

territory of the hydrographical basin Dobrogea – Seashore, having the following main tasks:

- Hydrological, hydro geologic and quality monitoring of the water resources, as

well as the processing of the diagnosis and forecasts;

- The administration and exploitation of the National System of Water

Management infrastructure;

66

- The warning and realization of prevention, fighting and disposal measures of the

effects of the floods and the hydro-meteorological dangerous phenomenon , of

drought and accidental pollution;

- Applying the national program of implementation of the current laws harmonized

with the Directives of the European Union in the field of durative water

management.

2.7.3. Quality and quantity measurements in area of Danube-Black See canal

From a quality measurements point of view we mention that the measurement

machinery of the water volumes (water meters, flow meters and electric power indicators)

installed in the installations of water pumping which belong to the beneficiaries of the hydro-

technical scheme are submitted to periodical meteorological checks, according to the current

laws and to the contractual stipulations.

The quantity management of the waters

1. The quantity and quality management of the waters in the Danube - Black Sea Canal

is insured by the Administration through the correct exploitation of the complex hydro-

technical scheme of the canal, after a calculus program which answers to some hypotheses

characteristic to low, normal and high waters, coordinated to the need of take and download

of waters of the beneficiaries of use.

2. When establishing the quantity management system, in low water conditions of the

Danube, the following will be taken into consideration:

2.1. the Danube levels of +2,95 mrMB corresponding to an insurance of low waters of

97%, 94%, which there are usually produced in autumn, outside the irrigation season, and up

to the levels of +4,30 mrMB, the beneficiaries of use can function in the limit of the

parameters characteristically approved with some restrictions.

To ensure the water needs of the uses there are necessary special works on Bala

branch.

67

2.2. At level of the Danube of over +4,30 mrMB corresponding to low waters of 70-80%

in summer months, all the beneficiaries of use can function in the limit of the parameters

characteristically approved.

3. When establishing the quantity management system, in normal water conditions of

the Danube, the following will be taken into consideration:

3.1. Through normal waters at the Danube we understand water whose levels are

bigger than +5mrMB and lower than +12mrMB.

3.2. Between these levels the complex hydro-technical scheme of the canal insures the

take and download of water of the beneficiaries of use in the limits of the approved

parameters in any water download situation of cooling that come from CNE – in the Danube

or the canal.

3.3. For all the situations in which the levels from the Danube are found under the

levels in the canal, the crossing of waters from canal pool I to canal pool II will be made with

the functioning of the complex pumping station Cernavoda, in the measure in which the

addition of water in this canal pool cannot benefit from water download and cooling from

CNE.

4. The quantity water management system, in normal level conditions in canal pool II

will take into consideration the following:

4.1. Through the normal exploiting levels in canal pool II we understand levels bigger

than the +7,00 mrMB cote and lower than the +8,50mrMB cote.

4.2. Between these levels, all the beneficiaries of use have insured the conditions of

water take from the canal, no matter what the flows and levels of the Danube are, the

beneficiaries of use which download water in canal pool II of the canal have insured the water

download in the limit of the approved parameters

5. The Quantity management system of the water from the Danube - Black Sea Canal

in the periods of flood evacuation, flood created by rainfalls in the hydrographical basin, will

take into consideration the following special measures which are taken in an interval of

maximum 2 hours from the forecast of the general calculus and check rainfall:

68

5.1. When occurring the generalized or partially generalized rainfall in the

hydrographical basin of the Canal with an insurance of calculus of 1%, which needs the

insurance of evacuation towards the sea of a flow of 300m3/sec, the complex hydro-technical

scheme of the canal enters in alert state and the satisfaction of the needs of water download

of the beneficiaries of use stops.

5.2. The access in completely stopped in canal pool II of the water taken from the

Danube, in this canal pool, the following step being the download through the links of the

affluent valleys, only of the waters that come from rainfalls.

5.3. The flood is transited through the canal towards the sea where is downloaded

through the beginning of functioning of the siphoning batteries, of the high water evacuation

galleries and if the case of the hydro-electric stations and clamshell downloads.

2.7.4. Elaboration of data in area of Danube-Black See canal

Daily the following hydrological parameters are monitored:

The water level from the Danube and the waterways through the automatic

installation of level measurements;

Water flows of the waters consumed from the canals, on the basis of the

telephonic communications from the clients and on the basis of the lockage

number;

The water flow taken from the Danube with SPC Cernavoda.

Monthly the following documents are elaborated regarding the water management:

1. The water volume situation taken from the Danube with the Complex Pumping Station

Cernavoda on the basis of the functioning of SPC situation, with working hours of the

pumps and flow pumps.

69

Pumping stations Complex Situation Cernavoda officers - PUMPING IN OCTOBER 2009

Nivele PUMP OP-6 PUMP OP-6 TOTAL PUMP

Date

Am Cv

Av Cv

Δh NR. 5 NR. 7

Hours Q Volume water Hours Q Volume water Hours Q Volume water

(mrMB) (m) mc/s thousand cm mc/s thousand cm mc/s thousand cm

1 4.21 7.48 3.27 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.95 286.560 8.00 9.95 286.560

2 4.16 7.41 3.25 1.5 9.95 53.730 8.0 9.95 286.560 9.50 9.95 340.290

3 4.12 7.42 3.30 24.0 9.90 855.360 24.0 9.90 855.360 48.00 9.90 1710.720

4 4.06 7.48 3.42 24.0 9.85 851.040 24.0 9.85 851.040 48.00 9.85 1702.080

5 4.00 7.66 3.66 6.5 9.70 226.980 8.0 9.70 279.360 14.50 9.70 506.340

6 3.82 7.64 3.82 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.55 275.040 8.00 9.55 275.040

7 3.77 7.60 3.83 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.55 275.040 8.00 9.55 275.040

8 3.59 7.58 3.99 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.45 272.160 8.00 9.45 272.160

9 3.47 7.52 4.05 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.40 270.720 8.00 9.40 270.720

10 3.39 7.48 4.09 16.5 9.35 555.390 24.0 9.35 807.840 40.50 9.35 1363.230

11 3.32 7.55 4.23 24.0 9.25 799.200 24.0 9.25 799.200 48.00 9.25 1598.400

12 3.26 7.65 4.39 6.5 9.15 214.110 8.0 9.15 263.520 14.50 9.15 477.630

13 3.26 7.67 4.41 0.0 0.00 0.000 6.5 9.15 214.110 6.50 9.15 214.110

14 3.26 7.64 4.38 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

15 3.26 7.56 4.30 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

16 3.23 7.50 4.27 1.5 9.25 49.950 1.5 9.25 49.950 3.00 9.25 99.900

17 3.28 7.45 4.17 24.0 9.30 803.520 24.0 9.30 803.520 48.00 9.30 1607.040

18 3.38 7.55 4.17 24.0 9.30 803.520 24.0 9.30 803.520 48.00 9.30 1607.040

19 3.47 7.65 4.18 0.0 0.00 0.000 5.5 9.30 184.140 5.50 9.30 184.140

20 3.54 7.64 4.10 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

21 3.57 7.53 3.96 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

22 3.67 7.42 3.75 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

23 3.82 7.49 3.67 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

24 4.03 7.70 3.67 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

25 4.17 7.40 3.23 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

26 4.25 7.24 2.99 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

27 4.32 7.46 3.14 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

28 4.37 7.70 3.33 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

29 4.37 7.66 3.29 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

30 4.35 7.50 3.15 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

31 4.40 7.30 2.90 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000

Total 3.78 7.53 3.75 152.5 9.50 5212.800 221.5 9.50 7577.640 374.00 9.500 12790.440

2. The situation of the water consumption for navigational use, on the basis of the levels

from the 4 locks, the dimensions of the locks and of the number of water emptying

from the locks.

70

STATUS OF THE VOLUME OF WATER CONSUMPTION FOR NAVIGATION - November 2009

da

te CERNAVODA LOCK AGIGEA LOCK OVIDIU LOCK NAVODARI LOCK

Average levels

SUM

COTE nr sluice volume COTE nr sluice volume COTE nr sluice volume COTE nr sluice volume NR NR SUM

AM AT ecl evac mii mc AM AT ecl evac mii mc AM AT ecl evac mii mc AM AT ecl evac mii mc ECL Evac

navig water

1 4.46 7.41 7 5 114.313 7.41 0.10 7 7 407.418 7.37 1.57 0 0 0.000 1.64 0.19 0 0 0.000 7.40 14 12 521.730

2 4.63 7.47 10 7 154.070 7.46 0.11 8 7 410.673 7.43 1.57 1 2 21.330 1.63 0.18 1 1 3.294 7.45 20 17 589.367

3 4.77 7.46 15 11 229.323 7.39 0.06 11 8 461.900 7.39 1.56 2 2 21.221 1.63 0.13 0 0 0.000 7.41 28 21 712.444

4 4.87 7.38 7 5 97.263 7.32 0.06 9 4 225.060 7.31 1.57 1 1 10.447 1.63 0.01 0 0 0.000 7.34 17 10 332.769

5 4.91 7.46 12 7 138.338 7.43 0.09 8 7 407.960 7.43 1.56 1 1 10.683 1.63 0.14 1 1 3.221 7.44 22 16 560.202

6 4.93 7.56 9 9 183.443 7.52 0.06 5 5 293.725 7.53 1.58 5 5 54.145 1.63 0.14 0 0 0.000 7.54 19 19 531.313

7 4.95 7.59 10 10 204.600 7.53 0.02 7 7 409.588 7.53 1.56 1 1 10.865 1.63 0.10 1 1 3.149 7.55 19 19 628.202

8 4.94 7.60 6 6 123.690 7.60 0.02 5 3 177.165 7.56 1.56 0 0 0.000 1.63 0.08 0 0 0.000 7.59 11 9 300.855

9 4.83 7.56 10 8 169.260 7.50 0.02 7 5 291.400 7.53 1.58 2 2 21.658 1.64 0.09 0 0 0.000 7.53 19 15 482.318

10 4.77 7.48 11 8 168.020 7.44 0.05 9 6 348.285 7.44 1.58 7 5 53.326 1.65 0.10 3 3 9.555 7.45 30 22 579.186

11 4.72 7.52 17 11 238.700 7.51 0.03 11 5 292.175 7.50 1.59 4 4 43.025 1.66 0.14 1 1 3.276 7.51 33 21 577.176

12 4.78 7.57 14 9 194.603 7.53 0.03 11 7 410.130 7.58 1.58 0 0 0.000 1.66 0.23 1 1 3.440 7.56 26 17 608.172

13 5.08 7.50 15 9 168.795 7.53 0.23 14 9 541.260 7.52 1.58 1 1 10.811 1.65 0.23 1 1 3.422 7.52 31 20 724.287

14 5.73 7.35 17 14 175.770 7.34 0.23 13 8 469.340 7.33 1.60 8 5 52.143 1.67 0.23 1 1 3.458 7.34 39 28 700.711

15 6.23 7.49 14 10 97.650 7.49 0.16 12 7 415.013 7.45 1.61 0 0 0.000 1.68 0.16 0 0 0.000 7.48 26 17 512.663

16 6.52 7.60 12 8 66.960 7.60 0.17 11 6 361.305 7.57 1.64 4 4 43.170 1.69 0.17 3 3 10.156 7.59 30 21 481.591

17 6.60 7.66 13 10 82.150 7.63 0.16 12 7 422.608 7.62 1.62 0 1 10.920 1.69 0.22 0 0 0.000 7.64 25 18 515.678

18 6.63 7.73 18 13 110.825 7.68 0.16 12 7 425.320 7.71 1.61 3 2 22.204 1.69 0.23 2 2 6.989 7.71 35 24 565.338

19 6.61 7.51 15 9 62.775 7.45 0.10 10 6 351.075 7.48 1.61 2 2 21.367 1.69 0.21 0 0 0.000 7.48 27 17 435.217

20 6.54 7.47 13 8 57.660 7.48 0.15 12 7 413.928 7.46 1.63 3 3 31.832 1.69 0.26 2 2 7.098 7.47 30 20 510.517

21 6.48 7.55 6 5 41.463 7.56 0.16 5 5 299.150 7.54 1.63 1 1 10.756 1.70 0.26 1 1 3.567 7.55 13 12 354.936

22 6.30 7.59 6 4 39.990 7.61 0.17 4 1 60.295 7.54 1.63 1 1 10.756 1.71 0.22 1 1 3.513 7.58 12 7 114.554

23 6.13 7.30 11 7 63.473 7.27 0.09 7 7 399.280 7.28 1.63 4 4 41.132 1.71 0.18 2 2 6.880 7.28 24 20 510.764

24 5.97 7.39 13 11 121.055 7.35 0.10 11 9 519.638 7.34 1.62 5 4 41.642 1.71 0.17 1 1 3.422 7.36 30 25 685.756

25 5.83 7.49 14 9 115.785 7.48 0.13 11 8 471.820 7.47 1.62 6 5 53.235 1.71 0.23 0 0 0.000 7.48 31 22 640.840

26 5.66 7.54 15 9 131.130 7.51 0.06 12 8 469.340 7.51 1.64 3 4 42.734 1.72 0.20 0 0 0.000 7.52 30 21 643.204

27 5.52 7.58 14 11 175.615 7.55 0.05 11 7 412.300 7.56 1.64 3 3 32.323 1.71 0.14 2 0 0.000 7.56 30 21 620.238

28 5.37 7.64 9 6 105.555 7.62 0.07 8 7 417.183 7.61 1.63 0 2 21.767 1.71 0.14 0 0 0.000 7.62 17 15 544.505

29 5.22 7.69 12 8 153.140 7.68 0.11 7 6 362.235 7.67 1.63 1 1 10.993 1.71 0.16 1 1 3.403 7.68 21 16 529.771

30 5.10 7.74 9 7 143.220 7.68 0.08 10 6 360.840 7.70 1.63 8 7 77.332 1.72 0.16 3 3 10.265 7.71 30 23 591.657

T 5.50 7.53 354 254 3928.630 7.51 0.10 280 192 11307.405 7.50 1.60 77 73 781.817 1.67 0.17 28 26 88.106 7.51 739 545 16105.959

3. The situation of water volumes taken from the canals by the beneficiaries, on the basis

of the Minutes of consumption monthly signed with the beneficiaries of the hydro-

technical scheme.

4. The water volume situation of the water downloaded in the canals by the beneficiaries,

on the basis of the Minutes monthly signed.

5. The water volumes situation downloaded in the Black Sea through the valves of the

galleries of big waters from Navodari and Agigea Locks.

6. The volumes of fresh water consumed at the work points of the national company.

7. The water balance of all the water volumes that have entered or gone out in/from the

waterways with the purpose of creating s data basis, of knowing the necessity of water

beneficiaries and to avoid water loss from the canals.

8. The situation of allowance accomplishment regarding the water volumes taken and/or

evacuated in the month, which is transmitted to the Romanian Waters.

Annually the “Water balance” and “The water necessary” are elaborated on basis of the

written requests of the beneficiaries of use of the water from the canal regarding the take or

download of water volumes in the waterways in the following 2 years and is transmitted to the

Romanian Waters – Dobrogea Seashore Waters Constanta Directorate.

It is elaborated the Annual Program regarding quantity water management of the

Danube - Black Sea Canal and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal waters on the basis of the

water volumes that will be pumped the next year from the Danube in the DBSC through the

Complex Pumping Station at Cernavoda, water volumes consumed from the canals and fresh

water volumes for the working points of the company.

72

3 HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS – GENERAL INFORMATION


3.1.1. Regime and operative data in Austria

The Austrian Danube has a length of 350.5 km and reaches from stream-km 2223.3 to

1872.7. The river flows from Germany through Austria to Slovakia while it passes 10

(respectively 11 with the small hydro power plant “Nussdorf”) hydroelectric power stations (see

Table 5: hydroelectric power stations). The artificial power station chain affects definitively the

runoff characteristics of the stream. There are still two stream sections unaffected by the

backwater, one in the “Wachau” and one in the east of Vienna (see Figure 10: Power stations

Danube, Austria (Reference: AHP)).

Table 5: hydroelectric power stations

Hydroelectric power station km

Jochenstein (Germany & Austria) 2203,33

Aschach 2162,67

Ottensheim-Wilhering 2146,91

Abwinden-Asten 2119,63

Wallsee-Mitterkirchen 2095,62

Ybbs-Persenbeug 2060,42

Melk 2037,96

Altenwörth 1980.4

Greifenstein 1949,23

Freudenau 1921,05

Nußdorf (small hydro power plant) 1932,80

73

Figure 10: Power stations Danube, Austria (Reference: AHP)

The hydrologic regime is defined by the big alpine tributaries Inn, Traun, Enns und Ybbs

to a great extend (SCHIMPF & HARREITER 2001, SCHMAUTZ et al. 2000).

Generally the maximum discharge takes place in spring/summer, caused by the

snowmelt. The former hydrologic regime (1829-1848) was “complex nival” with balanced

characteristics during the year. Due to anthropogenic and climatic impacts the hydrologic

conditions have changed. Nowadays the Danube has a complex “winter-nival regime” with

distinct characteristics during the year (MADER et al. 1996, HOHENSINNER).

Figure 11: Q-average monthly of Kienstock and Vienna shows the characteristic mean discharge

per month of the last years at the gauge Kienstock and Vienna.

74

kienstock and vienna by comparison

1997-2008

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

january february march april may june july august september october november december

avara

ge Q

[m

³/s]

Kienstock Wien

Figure 11: Q-average monthly of Kienstock and Vienna

Table 6: Q at RNW and HSW shows the characteristic discharges [m3/s] RNQ and HSQ

(explanation on the next side), collected by via donau and published by the Danube

Commission in 2007based on data from the year 1971 until 2000 exclusive the days which are

effected by ice.

Table 6: Q at RNW and HSW

LINZ (2135) KIENSTOCK (2015) WIEN (1941) HAINBURG (1883)

RNQ 730 *m³/s+ 918 *m³/s+ 976 [m³/s+ 975 *m³/s+

HSQ 3342 *m³/s+ 4621 *m³/s+ 4707 *m³/s+ 4652 *m³/s+

The most important tributaries and their discharges are:

Inn (731m³/s), kleine Mühl (3,31m³/s), große Mühl (8,62m³/s), Aist (6,20m³/s), Traun by the last

gauge (132m³/s) and 155m3/s by the river mouth, Enns (203m³/s), Ybbs, (30,6m³/s), Traisen

75

(13,7m³/s), Kamp (8,73m³/s), Wien (1,14m³/s), Schwechat (1,53m³/s), March (106m³/), Leitha

(10,1m³/s). (Reference: “Hydrographisches Jahrbuch 2005”)

The hydrologic longitudinal section of the Austrian Danube is shown in Figure 12: hydrologic

longitudinal section. There are 4 different levels of discharge shown in the following figure:

RNW / RNQ ELWL/equivalent low water level (94% exceeded discharge)

MW / MQ MWL/mean water level (mean discharge)

HSW. / HSQ HNWL/highest navigable water level (1% exceeded discharge)

The data is based on a period of 30 years exclusive the days that are effected by ice.

hydrological longitudinal section

RNQ

MQ

HSQ

HQ100

Traun Enns Ybbs March

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

185019001950200020502100215022002250

[Km]

[m³/

s]

RNQ MQ HSQ HQ100 Traun Enns Ybbs March power plants

Figure 12: hydrologic longitudinal section

77

3.1.2. Discharge series and designed data in Austria

The following analysis of low water [Figure 13: Low water analysis Danube Vienna

(Reference: via donau / Simoner M.)] is an evaluation of the discharge between 1951 and 2007

and shows the amount of exceeding discharges relevant for navigation.

Beside the absolute low water area (Q<900m3/s) the areas 900-1400m3/s and

1400m3/s-1800m3/s are shown. These are the areas where the full capacity utilization of cargo

vessels is limited due to draught restrictions.

Figure 13: Low water analysis Danube Vienna (Reference: via donau / Simoner M.)

Figure 14: Q duration curve (1951-2007; Reference: via donau / Simoner M.) shows the

long time exceeding duration of the discharges (1951-2007) relevant for navigation.

78

Figure 14: Q duration curve (1951-2007; Reference: via donau / Simoner M.)

As shown above the highest average discharge values are between April and July.

Actually, in this period are no low water level conditions, whereas between November and

January the duration of exceeding can drop down to 87%.

Figure 15: duration curve vienna 02-07 (reference: via donau Simoner M.) shows the

duration curves of Vienna between 2002 and 2007. The discharge for the equivalent low water

level is assumed with about 900m³/s.

79

Figure 15: duration curve vienna 02-07 (reference: via donau Simoner M.)

An overview of the discharge in Kienstock, Vienna and Wildungsmauer for the year 2008

is shown in Figure 16: Q hydrograph of the year 2008.

80

Figure 16: Q hydrograph of the year 2008


The Slovak Republic is located in the middle Europe and borders on five states: Czech

Republic, Austria, Hungary, Ukraine and Poland. The area country is 49 036 km2 and the

number of inhabitants is approximately 5.38 mil.

Within the Slovak territory, the Danube river basin is covered by watershed contour line divided

into two parts:

River from the western part flow directly into the Danube (Morava, Váh, Nitra,

81

Hron, Ipeľ) – all together 63, 86% from all territory of Slovakia

Rivers from the eastern part are tributaries of the Tisa river system (Slaná,

Bodva, Hornád, Bodrog) – 32.16% territory of Slovakia

In the northeast part of Slovakia territory, the Poprad River, which is tributary of the Dunajec,

belongs to the Baltic Sea’s drainage area – 3, 98%.

Fig. 1 River basins in the Slovak Republic

In presented contribution the attention will be devoted primarily to the part of country

(63, 86%) which drainages water directly to the Danube River. For better understanding and

description hydrographical and hydrological activities that region was divided into three main

hydrological units:

- The Pannonian Danube (Žitný ostrov – inland delta – the Danube’s left bank)

- Rivers – Váh, Hron, Ipeľ

- Morava river

The Cech Republic

The Ukraine

Hungary

Austria

82

Fig. 2 The river basin of interest – The Pannonian Danube, Rivers – Váh, Hron, Ipeľ, Morava

River

Network of meteorological stations

The network consists of 24 synoptic and 10 additional synoptic stations, where the

automatic meteorological stations are equipped. Ten-minute data are available from these

stations. Measurements of air pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed,

precipitation, the duration of sunshine and global radiation are included. The observation of

clouds, visibility and other phenomena are additional information provided by SYNOP

messages. The professional SHMI staff at the synoptic stations maintains a climatological

measurement program.

Network of climatological stations

Synoptic and voluntary climatological stations are involved in this network of 109

stations. Nineteen parameters are measured in 3 climatological terms, including temperature

and air humidity, cloudiness, wind direction and speed, and other phenomena. Precipitation,

evaporation, the duration of sunshine and the depth of snow cover are measured once a day. A

daily report from 59 stations is sent to the centre. Data from the rest of the stations are

available in the monthly report. All data is stored in the KMIS database, where a quality control

system is used.

Network of rain gauge stations

This rain gauge network consists of three independent parts. The largest one is a

voluntary precipitation network with 568 stations. The daily measurement of the amount of

83

precipitation and snow cover is available as well as the observation of hazardous

meteorological phenomena like fog, thunderstorms, strong wind and ice. Pluviographs are

installed at 168 of these stations.

In additional to precipitation observation at its meteorological stations, SHMU operates two

automated, but different, networks with rain gauges. The first group is equipped with ‘heated’,

weighted types of instruments. The second group consists of a network of weighing ‘tipping

bucket´ raingauges’, which emit a signal after collecting approx. 0.1 mm rainwater. These types

of gauges are not suitable for measuring solid precipitation during the winter season. The

automatic precipitation network, with year-round measurements where weighting-recording

gauges are installed, consists of 76 stations. On-line data are available, and an alarm system for

warning if excessive amounts or intensive precipitation is detected, is in operation. Another

group of 160 precipitation stations is installed as a part of the automatic hydrological stations.

Tipping bucket instruments are used, and on-line data are available in the non-frost season.

Network of meteorological radar

At present two radars (Malý Javorník and Kojšovská hoľa) are screening the clouds and

rain fields over Slovakia. This is insufficient for having a complete picture of the weather

situation in the country. A theoretical analysis of the Slovak orographical situation has been

performed with respect to the range of horizon based radar. The aim of the analysis was to find

a suitable combination of weather radar locations with minimal beam-blocking effects. On the

basis of the results of this study, permission for building third radar at Kubínska Hoľa was issued

to SHMU on 7 December 2004.

Calibrated weather radar reflectivity values measured closed to the surface are

transformed into rainfall intensities (mm/hour) according to known statistical relations.

Accumulated rainfall fields can be integrated from time sequences of weather radar

measurements. Accumulated rainfall can be calculated also according to the subcatchment

maps (masks) and integrated into total basin rainfall values suitable as an input into rainfall-

runoff modelling and forecasting purposes.

84

Distribution of precipitation stations by altitude

altitude interval [m a. s. l.]

percentage

100 - 200 29.8

201- 300 19.1

301- 400 14.1

401- 600 19.3

601- 800 11.3

801- 1000 4.3

1001- 1500 1.2

1501 - 2000 0.6

More than 2000 0.3

Hydrological monitoring the network

Hydrological monitoring the network for the main river basins (Danube, Morava, Váh, Nitra,

Hron, Ipeľ) is illustrated in Annex 2.

85

The network consists of 45 hydrological forecasting stations from 282 regime stations. The

forecasting stations were created and arranged for the best representation of the hydrological

situation and its progress in all the Danube River’s sub-basins in Slovakia.

Distribution of water gauge stations in 6 main river basins (Danube watershed) in Slovakia

Basin Number of stations among them – number of telemetric

stations)

Morava 29 20

Danube 20 18

Váh 120 67

Nitra 29 21

Hron 55 28

Ipeľ 29 20

Total 282 174

Information from the state monitoring network’s surface water gauge stations represents:

Measurements of water stages of 282 stations

Discharge measurements of 258 stations

Measurements of water temperatures of 250 stations

Turbidity measurements of 9 stations

Daily hydrological information from 80 hydro forecasting stations (MARSi automatic stations,

Annex 5) contains the following parameters: water stages, discharges and water temperature.

The appearances of ice-related effects are observed by voluntary observers. Moreover the

hydrological information deals with the relation of current water stages/discharges to their

long-term observed means.

Water stage – is measured at hourly intervals (MARS5 automatic instruments), continuously

(water level recorder). Controlling measurements are provided by voluntary observers from

water stage gauges.

Discharge - is derived from a discharge rating curve, which is constructed and analysed from

the measurement of discharges at different water stages

Water temperature is measured by a thermometer once a day or automatically at one-hour

intervals

86

Appearance of ice – is observed visually by voluntary observers once a day during the winter

season

Turbidity (concentration of a suspended load) – water banks are sampled daily, 2 times

a year from the entire profile. Valuations of the samples are made in a laboratory using the

filtration method.

In addition to the state monitoring network, measurements and observations are conducted at

14 extra line purpose-built water gauge stations and 7 stations in countries neighbouring

Slovakia.


3.3.1. Regime and operative data

The physico-geographic characteristics determine the water budget of the area of

Hungary. This latter can be characterized by the quantities of water entering and leaving the

country, plus the quantity generated on her territory, as shown in Fig. HU-3 of the SQR

“Hydrography”. From the viewpoint of climate and hydrology the country can be divided into

two large regions: the area to the west of the River Danube, which receives more abundant

precipitation and the one to the east thereof, the overwhelming part of which forms part of the

River Tisza catchrnent, which is much drier with frequent droughts. About three-fourth of the

total runoff is carried by the rivers Danube and Drava, while the rivers of the Tisza Basin, with

their catchment covering about half of the country's territory, carry hardly one-fourth of the

total flow. Thus the areal distribution of surface waters is rather uneven.

The distribution of surface waters in time is also uneven. The autumn to spring period is

normally abundant in precipitation, spring arriving frequently with heavy rains and high

snowmelt flows. August, in contrast, offers only 5% of the total annual flow, while water

demand is the highest in this period. Consequently water short age is frequently encountered

mostly in the Alföld plains to the East of the Danube.

Flood plains covering close to one-quarter of the country's territory are endangered by

river floods, while other flat, low-land areas by un drained rain and snowmelt runoff, which

cause shorter or longer lasting inundations (Fig. HU-5) nearly two-third of the arable land.

87

In Hungary precipitation deficit is not encountered in every year. The normal rainfall

depth in the summer half-year is illustrated in Fig. HU-6 (cfr. with Fig. HU-6 of the SQR

Hydrography characterising the whole year). In some years inundation by undrained runoff and

water shortage occur simultaneously. The severity of the ten-year drought is illustrated in Fig.

HU-6 of the SQR Hydrography . A drought-index higher than 7, is liable to result in severe crop

losses.

Fig. HU-5. Flood prone areas of Hungary before flood control in the XIXth century

88

Fig. HU-6. Average precipitation in Hungary in the summer half-year

Fig. HU-7. The average 10-year drought in Hungary, characterized by Pálfai’s drought index

PAI 10%

89

3.3.2. Discharge series in Hungary

For the 207 gauging stations, yielding also daily discharge data, the series of the latter are

available in the archives of the Research Institute for Environment and Water VITUKI, Budapest

and of the 12 Regional Directorates for Environment and Water of the country.

The length of the available series of daily flow discharges are displayed in Table HU-3.

3.3.3. Designed data in Hungary

According to Hungarian regulations, flood protection facilities have to protect metropolitan

areas and settlements generally against the flood level of 100 years returning time and arable

land against that of 30 years. Thus the latter design flood levels have been established for all

gauging sections of the country (cfr. Table HU-2). These design values are periodically updated

every 5 years, by using also the most recent observation values.

The low-flow design discharge value of 1100 m3 /s along the Hungarian Danube has been

prescribed by the Danube Commission, in order to ensure a minimum water depth of 27 dm for

inland and international navigation. In an average year, discharges of the Danube do not reach

this design value during approx. 40 days of the year (including ice-free days)


3.4.1. Regime and Operative Data in Bulgaria

The Bulgarian stretch of the Danube, which is part of the Lower Danube, is along the

right bank of the river starting from the outfall of the Timok river and reaching the city of

Silistra downstream the Danube with total length of 471 km. This is the northern border of the

Republic of Bulgaria with the Republic of Romania. The river in this section is typical lowland

river, it becomes shallower and broader and has a big seasonal difference of water levels –

more than 9 m. Steep sediment walls, in some places up to 150 m, characterise the Bulgarian

river bank. The catchment area of the river increases with 105 000 km² 43 000 km² from which

90

are in the Bulgarian sector (the Predbalkan Mountains, the north slopes of the Balkan

Mountines and a part of the Rila Mountain).

Figure 6 - Catchment area of the Danube in Bulgaria

River km²

Erma and Nishava 1137

Ogosta and west fro Ogosta 8193

Iskar 8634

Vit 3228

Osam 2838

Yantra 7862

Rusenski Lom 2950

Dobrudza rivers 2357

Danube 5638

Total 42837

Table 4 Catchment area of the Danube in km²

The influence of the local meteorological conditions, the existing soil types through

which river passes, the riverbed configuration, the increase and decrease of the water and hard

91

flow, the different river flow velocity influenced by the water formations, the hydrotechnical

facilities and other natural forces and human factors define the active hydromorphological

processes of the river in this section. As a result of their activity the riverbed constantly changes

its geometrical and hydrological parameters (situation of the midstream, direction and velocity

of the flow, structure of the flow, terrain shapes in the riverbed, etc.).

The average multi-annual quantity of the sedimentation for the Danube River within the

section from Novo selo (km 833.6) to Silistra (km 375.5) is presented in the following table:

Distance km 833.6 786.9 743.3 678.7 624.2 596.3 554.3 553.2 493.1 379.6 375.5

River width

m

840.0 800.0 1100 680 900 810 1100 1100 810 880 850

1956 1970 1189.7 1441.5 1247.3 1576.0 985.2 1191.2 1587.7 1270.8 1407.9 1704.7 1686.8

1971 1984 581.6 769.6 791.6 901.6 621.0 845.3 1052.8 771.2 859.4 728.2 1147.5

1985 2005 276.1 109.0 444.2 429.8 288.6 327.8 599.4 431.3 441.7 437.7 713.0

Table 5 Average multi-annual quantity of the sedimentation for the Danube River within the section

from Novo selo (km 833.6) to Silistra (km 375.5)

The changes in the water quantities and water temperature of the Danube within the same

section are as follows:

Period

Water

quantity

at Novo

selo

Water

temperat

ure at

Novo

selo

Water

quantity

at Silistra

Water

temperat

ure at

Silistra

Increase of the

water quantity

in the section

Increase of the

water

temperature

in the section

Year m³/s ºC m³/s ºC m³/s ºC

1940-1981 5815.38 12.10 6384.12 12.53 568.74 0.42

1982-2005 5348.00 12.73 5812.08 13.36 464.08 0.63

1940-2005 5645.42 12.33 6176.11 12.83 530.68 0.50

Increase in

the section

464.67 0.60 610.12 0.80 -145.45 0.21

Table 6 Water quantities and water temperature of the Danube River within the section from Novo selo

(km 833.6) to Silistra (km 375.5)

92

Figure 7 Changing of the water temperature of the Danube

Some conclusions from these figures:

• Discharge series – there is a decrease of the discharge series due to the less

precipitations in the Bulgarian and Romanian Danube catchment areas;

• Water temperature – water temperature increased due to the global warming. At the

beginning of the section this is with 0.63º C and within the section – with 0.21º C;

• The quantity of the sedimentation at Novo selo decrease during the period 1974 – 2005

in comparison with the period before 1974 г with 913 kg/s. Within the section it was

observed significantly less decrease – only 62 kg/s. This lead to the intensification of the

erosion processes.

3.4.2. Discharge series in Bulgaria

The quantities, coming from the main Bulgarian Danube tributaries - the rivers Erma,

Nishava, Ogosta, Iskar, Vit, Osam, Yantra, and Rusenski Lom, are very small and don’t have

significant influence on the water levels. Together with the Romanian tributaries, they form

about 7% of the discharge of the Danube. The major amount of water quantities, coming from

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

10.50

11.00

11.50

12.00

12.50

13.00

13.50

14.00

14.50

93

the tributary rivers, is formed in the Upper and Middle Danube and the big feeders Sava, Drava,

Tisa and Velika Morava.

During low and average water periods, the water quantities in the upper Bulgarian –

Romanian section are directly dependant on the mode of operation of the Hydrotechnical

complex Iron Gates and are characterised with large daily fluctuation. In some cases the

differences between the water levels registered at 8 a.m. and the midnight water levels are

more than 1 m.

The maximum water quantity at Ruse is registered in 2006 and is 15685 m³/s while the

average maximum water quantity was 10878 m³/s.

Figure 8 Water quantities at Ruse, 2006

3.4.3. Designed data in Bulgaria

The data collected from the relevant measurements and observations is processed from

the responsible experts within EAEMDR. Based on the received results curves for the speed, the

duration and other parameters of the water levels are elaborated. Annual key curves for the

water quantities are made as well. The curves are drowned using the method of least squares.

94

Figure 9 Water quantities curve at Ruse, 2000

Trend assessment and alteration of the key curves during the time is also done.

Figure 10 Alteration of the key curves at Ruse

It is obvious from the picture above that the trend for the period after construction of

the Hydrotechnical complex Iron Gates is shifting the curve to right, especially during the

periods of law waters.

The data that has been checked for mistakes and processed is stored on a digital bearer

in ASCII and xls formats in EAEMDR which is the data owner. It is submitted to interested users

95

upon request following the procedure, determined by the Ministry of Transport, Information

Technology and Communications.


3.5.1. Regime and operative data in Romania

On Romanian sector, Danube has a length of 1075 km and the leakage scheme is divided

into two Romanian sector: upstream lake regime Iron Gates Hydropower System (situated at

863 river km and 943km) and the free flow downstream.

Figure 10. hydroelectric power station – km 943 /Iron Gate 1

Because settlement catchment , the contact between the temperate oceanic climate of

western and eastern temperate continental Baltic influences in the north, the Danube

hydrological regime is characterized by the existence of large variations in the level and flow in

the year and over the time. Spring high waters occur as a result of melting snow and heavy

rains, taking place in the months from April to May.

Danube temperature water is under the direct influence of air temperature. Water

heating begins in March and take up in august followed by cooling process. Ice may occur in the

first decade of December to early March. Spring thaw phenomenon occurs most frequently in a

period of several days. Throughout its tributaries river has a number of important issues

affecting the drainage system: Olt, Jiu, Arges, Siret, Prut that an intake of about 400 cubic

meters and also having a large input of silt contributing to changes in hydrological regime.

96

3.5.2. Discharge series and designed data in Romania

Data is processed and transmitted by those concerned and also are used to create

models, maps, forecasts and other information. They are published as instructions of Danube

Commision Budapest. It is submitted to interested users upon request in the order determined

by the Ministry of Transport.

The data collected are processed by the experts in charge of the AFDJ. Data can be

analyzed and interpreted, can be used for statistics, forecasts and providing conditions for

navigation. The hydrographer of levels shows the evolution of values – higher, lower, duration

and together with other data sets can be used to make forecasts.

Figure 11. water level hydrograph

An overview of discharge in a few stations along the Danube (figure 12), which is useful

for discharges relevant for navigation, for calculation of RNW and HSW, etc.

Figure 12. Q hydrograph of the year 2007

97

0.000

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep 1-Oct 1-Nov 1-Dec

days)

Q (

mc/s

)

Q stations

Chiciu Calarasi, Vadu Oii, Braila, Grindu, Isaccea

All these data are stored in a well managed database.


3.6.1. Regime and operative data in area of Danube-Black See canal

Quantity and quality management of the waters in the Danube - Black Sea Canal is

insured by the Administration through the correct exploitation of the complex hydro-technical

scheme of the canal after a program of calculus which answers to some characteristic

hypotheses of low, normal and high waters, coordinated with the needs of take and download

of waters of the beneficiaries of use.

In the flow system of current exploitation, when it is transited constant debits on the

waterways the informational flow regarding the quantity and quality water management is

realized according to annexes 1 with the following data:

Daily, from 4 to 4 hours the following operative data are monitored:

The water level from the Danube and the waterways through the automatic

installation of level measurements;



number;

The water flow taken from the Danube with SPC Cernavoda.

98

In the high flow system, when it is transited additional debits on the waterways the

informational flow regarding the quantity and quality water management is realized according

to annexes 1 with the following data:

Permanently, every 2 hours the following operative data are monitored:

The water level from the Danube and the Navigable Canals from all the locks,

through the “Automatic level measurement installation” from the Central

Dispatch Agigea;

Water flows evacuated in the Black Sea, through the high waters evacuation

from the Agigea and Navodari locks;

The water flow used by the Micro-hydro-stations from Agigea lock;

The water flow taken from the Danube with SPC Cernavoda, in the situation of

high levels in the Danube;



number.

On the navigable canals there are transited additional flows in the following situations:

a) generalized rainfalls in the hydrographic basins of the 2 waterways and quantity

signified.

b) high levels growth in the Danube over the normal level of exploitation of canal pool II

DBSC (+7,50 m landmark The Baltic Sea).

c) the evacuation of the warn water from the Nuclear-Electric Station Cernavoda in

canal pool II of the DBSC.

In these circumstances the hydro-technical scheme of the navigable canals enters in

alert stage and are put to function the high waters evacuation from Agigea and Navodari locks,

as well as the Micro-hydro-stations from Agigea lock (if the case).

The achievement of Danube-Black Sea Canal and Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal with

a complex hydro-technical scheme imposed the need to take some measures for the transit of

the flow through the canals, so that the beneficial uses could function in the insurance limits

admitted without being affected.

The affluent valleys of the waterways have a non-permanent drainage system and a

torrential character, fact which made necessary the defense against floods of the canal pool II

99

of the Danube-Black Sea Canal and canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal, to

achieve a number of 24 non-permanent accumulations, of attenuation and 10 accumulations

for the retention of the wash.

The floods in the affluent valleys and the direct slopes affect the canal pool II of the

Danube-Black Sea Canal and the canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal located

between the twin locks of Cernavoda, Agigea and Ovidiu. For the draining of the floods the

Navigable Canals accomplish the function of receiver and evacuator of big waters. Under these

circumstances level growths are produced, with partial and temporary water accumulations in

the canals section. Canal pool III through which it will be transited the same flows of water that

originates from floods in the canal pool II doesn’t undergo special influences, because this being

connected to the sea, allows the transit of floods without significant level modifications.

Affluent valleys are linked to the waterways through works that foresees the

regularization of the valleys on the finishing sector and special constructions at the river mouth

which reduces the transversal speeds in the downloading area until the admitted limit for

navigation (0,3-0,4 m3/s)

At the Agigea locks the constructions which ensure the download to the sea of the flows

that originate from the floods are Evacuating Galleries Big Waters, which regulate the

maximum flows in the hydrographic sub-basin of the Danube – Black Sea Canal and the transit

of the floods through the canal towards the Black Sea.

The evacuating galleries composed of evacuating outlet (siphoning batteries placed

upstream), the constructions of enlargement (placed downstream), the discharger with

clamshell (placed in the bodies of the hydro-electric stations), are dimensioned at the following

flows:

- For the siphoning batteries = 2 pieces (one battery from 4 siphons each) – 150 mc/s

x 2 pieces = 300 mc/s;

- Evacuating galleries;

In free leakage system = 150 x 2 = 300 mc/s;

In forced leakage system = 190 x 2 = 380 mc/s;

- Dischargers with clamshell = 2 pieces (40 mc/s x 2 pieces) = 80 mc/s ;

- Hydro-electric stations (CHE) from Agigea - 75 mc/s x 2 pieces, a total of 150 mc/s

installed capacity of 2 x 5 Mw, H = 8 - 7 m).

100

In the periods of big waters (13 mrMB in canal pool I of the Danube – Black Sea Canal) or

in draught (2,75 mrMB in canal pool I - Danube – Black Sea Canal), the “Scheme of Operating

the Navigable Canals Danube – Black Sea and Poarta Alba – Midia Navodari” goes alert and is

coordinated by an interdepartmental quarter.

3.6.2. Discharge series and designed data

All the data regarding the water flows, levels and volumes are registered at the Water

Management and Environmental Protection compartment and are monthly transmitted to the

Romanian Waters and to the Transport and Infrastructure Ministry.

A data basis is created regarding the management of the waters even from the starting

to function of the waterways and can be transmitted to the interested factors.

Water category Source

Water taken (thousand cm) January 2009

1 Drinking water R.A.J.A. 1.516

Agigea 0.652

Basarabi 0.238

Ovidiu 0.611

Navodari 0.015

Cernavoda 0.250

Medgidia 0.017

2 Water for navigation sum 15884.17

Agigea 11742.18

Cernavoda 3275.15

Ovidiu 766.89

Navodari 99.95

3 Water for beneficiaries DUNARE 151011.107

S.C. RAJA C-ta 1839.822

Rompetrol Rafinare 982.707

COMPREST UTIL 2.440

REPEC Ovidiu 5.669

CNE C-voda - U 1 99353.196

- U 2 48825.324

101

102

FISA TRACKING WATER QUALITY

SECTION IN CONTROL - Upstream lock Navodari

Nr. crt.

UM

NT

PA

-01

3/2

002

physico - chemical

physico - chemical year 2009

IAN FEBR MART APR MAI IUNIE IULIE AUG SEPT OCT NOI DEC

average/ year

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 TEMPERATURe *C max. 25 2.25 1.18 4.05 8.77 21.30 25.40 26.30 25.90 21.40 16.10 10.30 7.00 14.163

2 pH unit. pH 5,5-9,0 8.66 8.95 8.82 8.85 8.93 8.87 8.53 8.74 8.91 8.86 8.77 8.84 8.811

3 ALKALINE mval max. 7 6.03 6.44 6.28 6.16 5.66 5.42 5.34 5.21 5.27 5.19 5.17 5.70 5.656

4 DURITE grd.durit. max. 20 16.88 18.04 17.57 17.25 15.84 15.88 14.95 14.60 14.74 14.53 14.47 15.96 15.893

5 CONDUCTIVITY S/cm 1000 1649.5 1737.8 1693.3 1734.3 1618.0 1640.0 1715.0 1683.0 1785.0 1690.0 1697.0 1722.0 1697.8

6 TDS mg/l 400 659.5 695.8 677.3 693.7 647.0 657.0 686.0 674.0 714.0 676.0 679.0 688.0 679.2

7 CLORURI (Cl-) mg/l

max. 200 224.45 209.80 206.60 160.00 182.00 166.30 158.00 192.00 220.50 234.50 232.50 253.20 203.32

8 AZOT AMONIAC (NH3) mg/l max. 0,1 0.034 0.026 0.036 0.040 0.053 0.094 0.059 0.036 0.067 0.122 0.068 0.030 0.055

9 AMONIU (NH4) mg/l max. 1 0.036 0.028 0.038 0.042 0.056 0.100 0.063 0.044 0.071 0.129 0.071 0.032 0.059

10

Oxygen regime

oxygen diz. titrare mg/l min. 6 12.15 13.46 12.94 10.81 10.49 8.66 7.71 9.42 9.88 9.20 11.24 13.67 10.80

11 oxygen diz.

aparat mg/l min. 6 9.69 10.54 10.17 11.76 8.35 7.58 5.38 7.66 7.38 7.29 9.70 12.15 8.97

12 saturatie in

oxygen % min. 50 99.35 105.83 105.55 130.60 91.80 87.88 61.40 88.60 80.20 76.80 99.50 119.20 95.56

13 CCO-Mn mg/l max. 20 4.377 4.507 5.587 4.703 4.117 5.417 4.197 5.250 6.476 5.826 5.956 5.889 5.192

14 CALCIU mg/l max. 150 30.06 22.44 28.14 24.05 20.88 25.93 29.77 31.10 34.27 36.84 33.23 22.55 28.27

MAXIMUM

MINIMUM

3.6.3. Concrete data

Beneficiaries of use of the navigable canals Danube-Black Sea and Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari

Along the work there uses are located, which benefit from the services of the hydro-technical

scheme of the navigable canals.

The hydro-technical scheme adapted for the navigable canals has a complex character, being

provided to satisfy the need of sampling and it returns the water to a series of other uses, according to

the level of insurance standardized for each of them.

1. The water source for ENERGY PRODUCING UNITS

1.1. Nuclear-Electric Station – beneficiary of S.N. NUCLEARELECTRICA S.A., located in Cernavoda

at km 60 of the Danube-Black Sea Canal (on the derivational canal), will have in its final phase 5 groups

functioning, with a total maximum power of 5x660=3300 Mw.

Presently, it has only two groups of 660 Mw functioning.

For cooling the aggregates in open circuit, it will be taken, in the final step, from the canal pool I

of the Danube-Black Sea Canal, a maximum flow of 271,5 mc/s = 5x54,3 mc/s, of which when the first

group started activity, a flow of 54,3 x 2 = 108,6 mc/s.

The maximum annual volume is of 3.424.810 thousand m3.

Permanent functioning, 365 days/year, 24h/day.

1.2. S.C. HIDROELECTRICA S.A. – Hydroelectric Power Station Buzau – through the CHE at

Agigea, which machines the water from the Danube-Black Sea Canal – canal pool II for producing the

electric energy only in the situation of high levels of the Danube or when generalized rainfalls occur in

the hydrographical basins of the navigable canals.

2. Source of water for irrigation

Through the arranging scheme, the navigable canals insure from the canal pool II – DBSC and

canal pool I+II – PAMNC the water source for irrigating the agricultural surfaces, according to Annex No.

2, among which the most important use is that of A.N.I.F. the Constanta Territorial Branch.

3. Source of raw water, for water supply

104

According to the general hydro-technical scheme, the navigable canals insure the source of

water for the following uses from Annex No. 3.

The maximum annual volume which can be taken is of 158.310 thousand m3.

The insurance degree of the use is up to 97%, corresponding the 2,75 mrMB level at the

Danube.

4. Receiver for evacuating the waters that comes from draining.

Along the Danube – Black Sea Canal there are situated agricultural fields provided with set up

works in the purpose of controlling the excess of humidity from the ground, with the evacuation of the

excess waters, in the canal.

The waters that come from draining are directed in the receiver through 9 pumping stations,

placed between the Saligny and Poarta Alba villages (km 50 – km 33), having a total maximum flow of

8,051 mc/s.

5. Receiver for RESTITUTIONS OF WASTEWATER

In the two navigable canals the wastewater is evacuated, water which doesn’t need purification

and used waters already purified.

5.1. The restitutions of used waters that don’t need purification are represented by:

- Cooling waters that come from the Nuclear Electric Station Cernavoda, with a maximum flow of

108 mc/s, which are reversed in canal pool II;

- The waters that come from the river drainage of the Cernavoda and Medgidia towns; the first

system is dimensioned for a maximum flow 8mc/sec and is downloaded in canal pool I – DBSC,

and the second one is dimensioned for a maximum flow of 16 mc/sec and is downloaded in

canal pool II – DBSC.

5.2. The purified water restitutions:

The purified water restitutions are present from the point of view of the positioning and of the

flows evacuated, in the table below:

105

No crt

Use name The nature of the used waters

Daily medium reversed water volume

mc

1. CNE Cernavoda Wash and technologic samplings

9 331 200

2. S.C. SURSAL S.A. Saligny industrial 239

3. SC LAFARGE - ROMCIM SA Medgidia industrial 780

4. Public Services Directorate Medgidia city 21 470

5. S.C. RAJA SA Constanta domestic 4 471

The quality conditions imposed on these waters at the evacuation in the receivers are according

to the own rules from the water management point of view.

6. Navigation on the navigable canals Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari is

made according to the Transport Ministry Order no. 426/2006 regarding the approval of the

Navigational rules on the Danube - Black Sea Canal and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal. In the

forming period of the ice bridge the traffic on the canal is closed.

6.1. The Navigation on the Danube - Black Sea Canal is made for the transport of merchandise

and passengers, with fluvial and maritime ships which navigate independently or in pushed convoy

formation, tugged or in couple and which subscribes the following gauges:

a) ship convoy:

- maximum length 296 m

- maximum width 23,5 m

- maximum draft 5,5 m

b) fluvial and maritime ships which navigate independently:

- maximum length 5,5 m


- maximum draft 12 m

- maximum height at the floating line

And up to the highest point 16,5 m

Navigation of the ships with sails and of the rafts is forbidden on the DBSC.

106

The navigation is made both ways, in the limits of the low waters, with the insurance of 94% and

in the high waters with the insurance of 1%, to which correspond the following levels in the 3 canal

pools (table 3.2.1. below):

Table 3.2.1

Insurance degree

Canal pool (cotes in mrMB)

I II III

1% +12,00 +8,50 +0,50

94% + 3,00 +7,00 -1,10

6.2. Navigation on the Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal is made for transport of merchandise

and passengers, with fluvial and maritime ships which navigate in pushed convoy formation, or fluvial-

maritime ships which subscribe the following gauges:

a) ship convoy:




b) fluvial and maritime ships which navigate independently:




- maximum height at the floating line

And up to the highest point 12,5 m

Navigation of the ships with sails and of the rafts is forbidden on the PAMNC.

The navigation is made both ways, having the following water exploitation levels (mrMB):

Canal pool

I II III

- minimum exploitation level +7,00 +1,00 - 1,10

- normal retention level +7,50 +1,25 - 0,50

- maximum insurance level 1% +8,50 +2,00 + 0,50

Under the minimum exploitation level and over the maximum insurance level 1% the navigation

is stopped.

Maximum navigational speed is 8-9 km/h.

107

The calculus convoy is formed of a barge with the capacity of up to 3000 tones with pusher,

having the following maximum dimensions:

- length 119,4 m

- width 11,4 m

- current draft 3,8 m

108

4 Extreme flows and flood disasters – general information


4.1.1. Floods regime in Austria

Figure 17: danube floods in Vienna shows the relevant flood incidents since 1821.

Pegel Q-Wien-gesamt-1828/Donau

Variable HQ(j,1,12), Zeitraum 01.01.1828-30.12.2007

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000

7500

8000

8500

9000

9500

10000

10500

11000

11500

1828 1838 1848 1858 1868 1878 1888 1898 1908 1918 1928 1938 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998

Zeit (a)

HQ

[m

3/s

]

HQ 100 = 10400 m³/s

HQ 100 = 9350 m³/s

HQ 10 = 7300 m³/s

Figure 17: danube floods in Vienna

Further significant flood incidents were observed in the years 1862 (HQ 50), 1897 (HQ

30), 1899 (HQ 100), 1954 (HQ 40), 1975 (HQ 18) and latest flood in June 2009 with an

appearance probability of 17 years.

Obviously, the biggest flood of the last years was in august 2002 (see Figure 18: Flood

2002 Vienna). The characteristic of the flood was determined by two successive waves. The first

peak was about 7300m3/s with an appearance probability of 9 years. The second wave with

about 10400m3/s reached a discharge of a HQ 100.

109

Figure 18: Flood 2002 Vienna

4.1.2. Drought regime in Austria

In long time comparison [Figure 19: low water days per year / Vienna (Reference: via

donau / Simoner M.)] you can see a wide variety of days with low water level (assumed with

<900m3/s).

110

Figure 19: low water days per year / Vienna (Reference: via donau / Simoner M.)

Figure 19: low water days per year / Vienna (Reference: via donau / Simoner M.) shows

that there is a great variety regarding the distribution of low water periods between the years:

In some years low water conditions do not occur on one single day (discharge < 900m3/s),

whereas in other years the number of days under low water conditions can be very high and

raise up to 90 days per year.


4.2.1. Sensitivity of basins to creation the flood extreme in Slovakia

From the viewpoint of evaluation based at K index it can be stated, that region of

Pannonian Central Danube basin at the Slovak territory is less sensitive to creation of flood

extremes, comparing with other sub-basin. Small spots with higher sensitivity can be founding

the Little Carpathian Mountains. On the other hand, such evaluation is not representative for

the Danube River itself. The main sources of large Danube floods are snowmelt in combination

111

with regional rainfalls, which can be affect large territories in the sub-basins of Upper Danube

and Austrian Danube and their tributaries, or intensive rainfalls in the summer or autumn

(rarely), again affecting large territories. Floods caused with ice jams were also very dangerous,

spatially in the past.

4.2.2. Extreme flows and flood disasters in Slovakia

The long-term mean annual runoff of the Danube in Bratislava is 63,845 mil. m3, with a

mean annual discharge of 2025 m3·s-1 and a mean annual specific yield of 15.42 l·s-1·km-2. The

annual runoff distribution of the central Danube reflects the high mountain conditions at the

headwaters. The seasonal percentage of the runoff is as follows: 24.2 % in the spring, 33.8 % in

the summer, 18.8 % in the autumn and 23.2 % in the winter. The driest month is November

with a 5.9 % percentage of the annual runoff. The wettest months are June, May and July with

11.3 %, 11.2 % and 11.2 % percentages, respectively. The maximum mean monthly discharge of

7324 m3·s-1 was monitored in June 1965, and the absolute minimum monthly discharge of 633

m3·s-1 was observed in October 1947.

It is possible to illustrate the flooding periods by the date of occurrence of the maximum annual

discharges. From 1876 – 2003, they were:

Month Number of

occurrences % Month

Number of

occurrences %

January 8 6.3 July 24 18.8

February 6 4.7 August 21 16.4

March 10 7.8 September 11 8.6

April 5 3.9 October 4 3.1

May 13 10.2 November 2 1.6

June 21 16.4 December 3 2.3

112

The greatest floods of the Danube in Bratislava during that period were:

№

: Date

Qmax

m3·s-1

1 19. 09. 1899 10870

2 15. 07. 1954 10401

3 16. 08. 2002 10390

4 04. 08. 1897 10040

5 06. 08. 1991 9430

6 16. 06. 1965 9225

7 06. 01. 1883 8790

8 05. 07. 1975 8715

9 07. 02. 1923 8695

10 12. 09. 1920 8616

One of the most important parameters of the flood is the duration of a flood wave. The

duration (in days) of flows over the selected threshold value during some of the most important

floods can be seen in the following table:

Flood 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10 000

m3·s-1

1899 13 10 8 7 6 4 1

1924 47 14 2 - - - -

1926 64 41 25 3 - - -

1954 22 14 10 9 7 4 2

1965 81 62 40 20 9 4 -

1975 15 8 6 5 2 - -

1991 13 6 5 3 2 1 -

2002 1 1 4 - 2 1 2

113

The first water level gauging stations on the Slovak part of the Danube were established

in the first half of the 19th century: the Bratislava station in 1823 and the Komárno station in

1830. Records from these stations have been available since 1876. The greatest flood during

the observation period was in 1899. The flood of August 1501 can be regarded as the highest

flood in the upper Danube reach and also in Bratislava. According to the reliable records of the

Austrian hydrological service, the peak discharge was estimated as up to 14,000 m3·s-1.

The first flood records in the Slovak part of the Danube have existed in Bratislava’s

municipal documents since 1526. That 1526 flood occurred without warning during the night

and resulted in 53 human fatalities. Other high floods damaged Bratislava in 1721 and 1809.

During the flood of 1809, ice destroyed several houses.

The following flood events had greater effects on the Žitný ostrov area:

Flood Devastation (flooding)

Ice flood 1876, February 50,000 ha

Summer flood 1897, July 9,775 ha

Summer flood 1899, September 36,000 ha

Summer flood 1965, June 55,000 ha

4.2.3. Drought and minimal flow – Pannonien Danube River in Slovakia

There were processed and elaboration data series from period 1. 11. 1901 – 31. 10. 2005.

Marginal condition of elaboration:

- Minimum rate of discharge below reference value 1056 m3/s – which means 90% security

from series average daily Q elaborated period

- the shortest duration low flow 5 days

114

On the table are significant season’s minimal flow and real time of duration with Q behind 1056

m3/sec:

Time of duration Number of day

4. 10. 1953 – 17. 1. 1954 106

1.10. 1908 – 16. 1. 1909 98

13. 10. 1948 – 18. 1. 1949 98

16. 8. 1947 – 12. 11. 1947 89

5. 10. 1959 – 26. 12. 1959 83


4.3.1. Floods regime in Hungary

The flood-prone part of the area of Hungary (Fig. HU-5) i.e. 23% of the territory of the

country – is a protected fluvial floodplain, which is unique in Europe. Therefore the flood

control is a key consideration. Crucially, this area includes 1.8 million ha arable land, 32% of the

rail network, 15% of roads and more than 2000 industrial plants, 646 endangered communities.

Affected population is 2,3 millions and the total value at risk is about € 20 billions. The highest

flood discharge in Danube is 20 times low flow; flooding on the major rivers can last several

months. In smaller rivers e.g. the Körös system, the ratio is several hundred to one and floods

can develop in a few hours. Devastating, fast-rising ice-jam floods are especially dangerous.

Flood control over past centuries has resulted in the construction of 4183 km of defences

(mainly earthen embankments (Fig. HU-9). Ten emergency lowland flood reservoirs (with a

total volume of 360 million m3) provide protection for 97% of the floodplain area.

From the total main river flood control length of 4183 km, 1350 km occur in the Danube

basin. They are maintained together with the important secondary line of 260 km and 18 km in

115

the capital Budapest directly by the Environment and Water Directorates. (They operate in 12

headquarters in all around the country.)

Typical downstream condition is, that 96% of surface water resources, as well as floods,

are generated outside the country. The significant flood duration in Danube valley (in

Hungarian stretch of the river) is 5-20 days. In the “Tisza” valley - in the Hungarian stretch of

the river - 25-100 days. (Tisza River is the main tributary of Danube in Hungarian territory.)

Frequency of damages caused by water in Hungary:

Floods: smaller scale - every 2-3 years

significant - every 5-6 years

devastating - every 10-12 years

Standing/excess water/too high groundwater inundations: every 2-3 years

Drought: - every 3-5 years

The biggest flood discharges caused the highest water level in the last about two and

half centuries in Danube River at Budapest can be seen at the next Fig.HU-8. We have

represented on separate scales the icy flood and flood events without ice as well.

116

Fig. HU-8. The most significant floods registered at Budapest

The process of river regulation involves artificial control of the natural flow of a stream

to reduce the flood peaks causing damage, and to achieve the discharge at specific points

serving specific purposes. Control measures include: fortification and building of embankments

along the course of the river to confine flood waters; dredging to deepen the channel and

increase its cross-section, to concentrate the scouring effects of the current; increasing the

gradient of the river by cutting across loops, thus shortening its course; removal of shoals and

storing or diverting the flood water. From the description presented above it is evident in which

sections of its long course the natural conditions are so unfavourable that it is necessary to

perform flood control measures and engineering works so as to achieve the given objectives

exploitation and settlement of the river basin, navigations.

Icy floods Floods without ice

117

4.3.2. Drought regime in Hungary

In Hungary the precipitation deficit is not encountered in every year. The normal rainfall

depth in the summer half-year is illustrated in Fig. HU-6. In some years inundation by undrained

runoff and water shortage occur simultaneously. The severity of the ten-year drought is

illustrated in Fig. HU-7. A drought-index higher than 7, is liable to result in significant crop

losses.

The autumn months (Sep – Nov) are the main period of low water, but it can arise – sometimes

even long lasting - whenever during a year in various Hungarian rivers.


The observation and measurements at the gauging stations enable the estimation of the

characteristic water levels and discharges for extreme hydrological events i.e. for floods and

droughts. These data present the basis for all activities in the domain of integrated water

resources management.

Implementation of different flood control measures requires the reliable data on the

maximum water levels and/or discharges.

For determination of the extreme high water levels and discharges the original data

series of maximal annual discharges are being used. The statistical analysis is possible only for

the gauging stations which have long period of observations. For these stations the maximal

discharges of different probabilities were defined.

The low water levels and discharges during drought regime are of the special interest for

potential users. For majority of gauging stations the characteristic lowest water levels and

discharges were defined. The standardized statistical analyses are performed for time series of

the annual extreme low waters, for the average values of low waters during the dry periods

with different duration, as well as for series of the minimal average monthly values.

118

RHMZ, on its Internet site (www.hidmet.gov.rs), has a HYDRO-ALARM service, Internet

warning for extreme hydrological situations (floods, droughts, ice cumulation) as a support to

the more efficient flood defense (Figure 20).

The minimal average monthly discharges of 95% probability and maximal annual

discharges of 1% probability for the selected gauging stations are presented in the Table 7,

(Water Master Plan, 2001).

http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/

119

First flood alert is announced when water stages in the river reach established threshold which is determined for every river section

Second flood alert is announced when water stages reach established threshold which is one meter below the embankment crown.

Figure 20: Hydro-alarm Service at RHMZ web site

WWiitthhoouutt aalleerrtt

OOvveerr ffiirrsstt fflloooodd aalleerrtt

OOvveerr sseeccoonndd fflloooodd aalleerrtt

EEmmeerrggeennccyy

SSeeccoonndd fflloooodd aalleerrtt

FFiirrsstt fflloooodd aalleerrtt

WWaatteerr lleevveell

120

Table 7: Minimal average monthly discharges of 95% probability and maximal annual discharges

of 1% probability for selected gauging stations

River Gauging Station min,95%Q (m3/s) max,1%Q (m3/s)

Danube Bezdan 837 7,324

Danube Veliko Gradište 1,800 16,114

Tisza Novi Bečej 123 3,867

Sava S. Mitrovica 285 6,408

Drina Radalj 55 5,831

Velika Morava Ljubičevski most 35 2,465


4.5.1. Floods regime in Bulgaria

During a flood danger the number of gauge stations is increased. The water level

observations are performed on an hourly base and at the automatic stations this is a

permanent process. Updated information regarding the river water levels is distributed through

the EAEMDR website, e-mails, fax transmissions and telephone calls. A permanent connection

is supported with the Civil Defense authorities, the aquaculture organizations that are

responsible for the dykes’ maintenance and the Regional governments of the Danube regions.

During March 2006 there were extremely high water levels in the Bulgarian section of

the Danube river. The reached maximum levels lead to flooding of many cities, villages and

industrial areas. These extreme levels were caused from the combination of the snow melting

and precipitations in the catching area of the Middle and Upper Danube.

121

Figure 11 Water levels at Novo selo

Figure 12 The flood in Ruse, 2006

If there is a danger of ice phenomenon EAEMDR performs the following activities:

Observation of the ice conditions, the water temperature and water levels in the

Bulgarian section of the river and receiving and analyzing the information coming from

the other Danube riparian countries on a daily basis.

122

Based on that prepares forecasting for the next 3 days for the ice occurrence

Keep communication and coordination of all the relevant activities with AFDJ – Galati,

Romania

When there is a danger of flooding for cities, villages and industrial areas the Agency

provide a team for 24 hours observation in its HMSs.

24 hours informational center is organized as well

4.5.2. Drought regime in Bulgaria

During low water level periods, the depth and draft speed measurements are performed

closer to each other and more frequently in the areas that are critical for navigation. The

Agency website contains daily updated data about the fairway parameters and its current

status. Information for the critical for the navigation points is published as well.


4.6.1. Floods regime in Romania

Depending on the evolution of water, thicken fiid observations taken every two hours

starting with the level of attention, following the flood danger and when to ensure permanent.

A permanent connection is supported with authorized institutions: Civil Defense, National

Water Administration, Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, etc.

On the Romanian sector of the Danube the historic high level was recorded in 2006 in

April, when a number of riparian countries have been affected when water flow rates were

recorded by 16000mc/s.

123

Figure 13. Flood 2006 Danube

In case of flood phenomenon, AFDJ organize commands, ensure permanent observation

stations, collaborates with all institutions involved and keep a permanent connection with

EAEMDR Bulgaria.

Figure 14: flood 2006 Giurgiu

124

4.6.2. Drought regime in Romania

During the period of drought, to ensure navigation conditions and needs, because water

flows are low, multiply the o observations and measurements. In Romania, in 2003, there has

been historically low level.

Towards an annual average flow of 4500-5500mc / s during that time was about 2000

cubic meters / s. In terms of navigation gauges, these periods are registered in most areas with

low depth - critical. In these conditions are imposed operational restrictions, it measures how

often and to signal the appropriate sailing line.

If appropriate notices are issued to skippers and continuously updated information on

the Website- minimal depth of the Danube, signalisation, trajectory fairway.


4.7.1. Floods regime in area of Danube-Black See canal

1. The achievement of Danube-Black Sea Canal and Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal

with a complex hydro-technical scheme imposed the need to take some measures for the

transit of the flow through the canals, so that the beneficial uses could function in the

insurance limits admitted without being affected.

2. The hydrographic basins of the two navigable canals Danube-Black Sea and Poarta

Alba-Midia Navodari, have a total surface of 939,8 km2 (including BH and Siutghiol = 12 km2).

The navigable canals have the function of receivers and evacuators of the waters,

caused by the rainfalls in the afferent hydrographical basins.

This are taken over and assigned as follows:

- Out of 36,6 km2 it is downloaded through canal pool I of DBSC, in the Danube;

- Out of 663 km2 it is downloaded in the canal pool II of the DBSC;

- Out of 32,2 km2 it is downloaded through canal pool III of DBSC, in the Black Sea;

- Out of 154 km2 it is downloaded in the canal pool I of PAMNC;

125

- Out of 42 km2 it is downloaded in the canal pool II of PAMNC;

- Out of 12 km2 it is downloaded in BH Siutghiol.

The affluent valleys of the waterways have a non-permanent drainage system and a

torrential character, fact which made necessary the defense against floods of the canal pool II

of the Danube-Black Sea Canal and canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal, to

achieve a number of 24 non-permanent accumulations, of attenuation and 10 accumulations

for the retention of the wash.

The equipment beneficiary – A.N. “Romanian Waters” Bucharest - Dobrogea Seashore

Water Directorate Constanta ensures the operating.

3. The floods in the affluent valleys and the direct slopes affect the canal pool II of the

Danube-Black Sea Canal and the canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal located

between the twin locks of Cernavoda, Agigea and Ovidiu. For the draining of the floods the

Navigable Canals accomplish the function of receiver and evacuator of big waters. Under these

circumstances level growths are produced, with partial and temporary water accumulations in

the canals section. Canal pool III through which it will be transited the same flows of water that

originates from floods in the canal pool II doesn’t undergo special influences, because this being

connected to the sea, allows the transit of floods without significant level modifications.

4. Affluent valleys are linked to the waterways through works that foresees the

regularization of the valleys on the finishing sector and special constructions at the river mouth

which reduces the transversal speeds in the downloading area until the admitted limit for

navigation (0,3-0,4 m3/s)

5. The medium generalized rain with an insurance of 50% can be accumulated in the

navigable canals with a surface of the normal level of operating it of about 0,20 m.

The canals disposes of static capacities of accumulation in guard of 2,50 m over the

normal level of exploitation of +7,50 mrMB, of 7,74 mil. m3 until the cote of +8,50 mrMB, of

15,77 mil. m3 until the cote of +9,50 mrMB and of 19,90 mil. m3 until the crest cote of the dam

of +10mrMB.

126

6. At the Agigea locks the constructions which ensure the download to the sea of the

flows that originate from the floods are Evacuating Galleries Big Waters, which regulate the

maximum flows in the hydrographic sub-basin of the Danube – Black Sea Canal and the transit

of the floods through the canal towards the Black Sea.

The evacuating galleries composed of evacuating outlet (siphoning batteries placed

upstream), the constructions of enlargement (placed downstream), the discharger with

clamshell (placed in the bodies of the hydro-electric stations), are dimensioned at the following

flows:

- For the siphoning batteries = 2 pieces (one battery from 4 siphons each) – 150 mc/s

x 2 pieces = 300 mc/s;

- Evacuating galleries;

o In free leakage system = 150 x 2 = 300 mc/s;

o In forced leakage system = 190 x 2 = 380 mc/s;

- Dischargers with clamshell = 2 pieces (40 mc/s x 2 pieces) = 80 mc/s ;

- Hydro-electric stations (CHE) from Agigea - 75 mc/s x 2 pieces, a total of 150 mc/s

installed capacity of 2 x 5 Mw, H = 8 - 7 m).

7. The floods produced by rainfalls, partially generalized (local) in the basins of the

affluent valleys, don’t create any particular problems even if these are subscribed in the level of

insurance of calculus of 1% or of check of 0,3% or 0,1%.

8. The success of evacuating calculus floods from its check is conditioned by the

existence of an information flow regarding the hydro-meteorological forecast in the

hydrographic basin, as well as forecasting on the basis of a mathematical pattern of the start of

activity of the whole complex of works which form the evacuating capacity of the flood towards

the sea.

In the periods of big waters (13 mrMB in canal pool I of the Danube – Black Sea Canal) or

in draught (2,75 mrMB in canal pool I - Danube – Black Sea Canal), the “Scheme of Operating

the Navigable Canals Danube – Black Sea and Poarta Alba – Midia Navodari” goes alert and is

coordinated by an interdepartmental quarter.

127

Defending the adjacent land of the waterways against floods

As a consequence of the Danube – Black Sea Canal’s construction the normal level of

exploitation of the water in the area located between km 4-18 with about 4 m (from the 3,5 at

7.5 mrMB) so that it was necessary to foresee defense works of some villages against floods,

which are: Saligny – Stefan cel Mare, Faclia and Mircea Voda (railway station).

The hydro-technical scheme of the defense system of the villages against floods foresees

a draining system and pumping stations for downloading ground waters in the canal pool II of

the Danube – Black Sea Canal.

For the defense against floods of Saligny – Stefan cel Mare, Faclia and Mircea Voda and

Castelu villages there are 3 pumping stations foreseen which have the role of maintaining the

low level of the ground water.

Because the complex hydro-technical scheme of the Danube – Black Sea and Poarta Alba

– Midia Navodari waterways is dimensioned to fulfill the purpose of regularization of the

leakages in the own hydrographical basin and of defense against floods during flood or drought

periods there are not registered any particular problems with the beneficiaries of use besides

those created by the level of the Danube.

4.7.2. Drought regime in area of Danube-Black See canal

The quantity management system, in low waters at the Danube takes into consideration

the following:

1. At the Danube levels of +2,95 mrMB, corresponding to an insurance of low waters of

97%, more precisely 94%, which are produced usually in the autumn, outside the irrigation

season and up to the levels of +4,30 mrMB, the beneficiaries of use can function in the limits of

the characteristic parameters approved with some restrictions.

To insure the water needs of the uses special works are necessary on the Danube and

on the Bala branch.

128

2. The diminish of the level in canal pool II of the Danube - Black Sea Canal and in canal

pool I of Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal under the cote of +7,00 mrMB, up to the minimum

exceptional cote +6,00 mrMB is made with the purpose of using a sweet water reserve

accumulated in the canal, between these cotes of about 13 millions m3.

Usually the beneficiaries of use whose needs of water take/download is insured through

the activity of quantity and quality management of the waters in the canal, functions without

restrictions.

3. If because of the draught or of other natural calamities, the water flows contracted

cannot be insured to all the authorized users, it is applied without temporal restrictions of the

water use in the DBSC and PAMNC. These restrictions are mentioned in the contracts for

insuring the services of water management, closed between the Administration and the

beneficiaries of use.

4. The restriction measures are assimilated with the situation of force majeure in the

realization of the contracts of water delivery.

5. When the conditions of introduction of these restrictions appear, the beneficiaries of

use will be informed by the Administration.

6. The main restrictions which appear in insuring the conditions of navigation on the

navigable canals, according to the level of the Danube, are as follows:

Step 1: The summary of the auxiliary activities or less important production on shorter periods

of time.

Step 2: It is realized through coupled lockage

Step 3: It is realized through coupled lockage and the programming of the transit at coupled

lockage.

129

5 Hydrological forecasting and warning – general information


5.1.1. Forecasting services in Austria

Currently via donau operates a website in a testing mode (not released yet). This

website contains forecasts (6h, 12h, 24h) especially of the lower water level and the unaffected

backwater stream sections for the gauge Kienstock and Wildungsmauer.

The requested data comes from the AHP-Austrian Hydro Power (power station

operator). AHP provides a prospective forecast on the base of perception and discharge models

and the inflow of big tributaries and their own regulation of the power plants. For the low

water area (<1600m3/s), data from a program, that levels out waves with the whole chain of

Austrian power stations, is in use. In this way more precise forecasts can be given, particularly

for the relevant areas for navigation.

Another website which releases forecasts is operated by the Federal Land of Lower

Austria (every 12, 24 and 48 hours) for the section Lower Austria and Vienna.

(see link: http://www.noel.gv.at/Externeseiten/wasserstand/htm/wndcms.htm).

The forecast is especially adapted to flood incidences.

5.1.2. Meteorological forecasting in Austria

Meteorological forecasts and information is given to the responsible authorities by the

central office for meteorology and geodynamic (“Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und

Geodynamik – ZAMG”). The information is used for further estimation of the situation and used

as an input for perception and discharge models.

(© 2009 Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik. A-1190 Wien, Hohe Warte 38.

Telefon: +43 1 36 0 26 , Fax: +43 1 369 12 33; http://www.zamg.ac.at/)

http://www.noel.gv.at/Externeseiten/wasserstand/htm/wndcms.htm

http://www.zamg.ac.at/

130

5.1.3. Hydrological forecasting & forecasting methods in Austria

Hydrologic assessments are made by the via donau team Hydrology. Besides a daily

control of the weather situation (perception, temperature, satellite pictures,...) the gauges of

the most important tributaries and the main gauges of the Austrian and German Danube are

controlled. Additional the official flood news service (“Hochwassernachrichtendienst”) of

Bavaria and Lower Austria are used to estimate the situation.

The forecasting system of Lower Austria uses different parameters. A precipitation-

runoff model is used to cover the catchment area and a 1D hydrological modelling system

describes the main basin. Secondary there are about 50 different variants of precipitation

forecasting systems which are statistically analyzed and give a potential statistical spread for

the prognoses. In a few cases there are used already existing forecasting systems from

tributaries in addition to the gauge data and precipitation-runoff models.

In low water level periods the discharge is influenced and controlled by the power

station chain and their control system to a certain extend. For that reason the AHP - Austrian

Hydro Power developed a forecasting system for low water. Currently this forecasting system is

in test mode. AHP provides a prospective forecast on the base of perception and discharge

models and the inflow of big tributaries and their own regulation of the power plants. For the

low water area (<1600m3/s), data from the control system is in use. The program of this system

is able to level out waves with the whole chain of the Austrian power stations. In this way more

precise forecasts can be given, particularly for the navigation relevant areas.

5.1.4. Forecasting action plan in Austria

There are no requirements for the forecasting system in Lower Austria, but the model

calculates a new intern prognosis hourly. The meteorological long-ranging forecast is available

twice a day. For this reason there are normally two proceedings on the website, the first

publication takes place after a plausibility check in the morning (about 07:00) and the second is

131

automatically released in the evening (about 20:00). In case of flood there are proceedings

every few hours. Usually every 4 hours, dependent on the meteorological and hydrological

situation. Due to the meteorological forecasting interval, this procedure makes sense for short

term prognoses (6h) with current precipitation data. Long-range (12-48h) prognoses can be

updated with the latest output of the meteorological forecasts.

The forecasting system of AHP makes a new automatic calculation every hour,

independent of the actual situation.

5.1.5. Dissemination of information in Austria

In addition to the websites there are different ways for dissemination of information.

Especially in the case of flood the notices are passed on via telephone and email (mailing list).

Via donau operates an alarm system with different limit values of water level, which sends

automatically generated emails to selected persons. The message contains the exceeded alarm

level, the location of gauge, the time of the reached alarm level and the value of water level.

Furthermore, one to two reports (depends on the urgency) of hydrologic situation,

construction sites, possible weak spots and the risk potential are sent to a mailing list.

In addition there is the possibility to check and observe the progress of the water level

with the mentioned options in chapter 2.1.4 “Elaboration of data”.

In the case of extreme discharge conditions the information for navigation is given by

the “OSB - Oberste Schiffahrtsbehörde” (authority of navigation). The authority of navigation

prepares reports of the most important information and warnings for navigation. The reports

are sent as “NtS-notices to the skippers” to public authorities, companies, skippers, etc. As an

additional service these reports are given by via donau to the DoRIS (“Donau River Information

Service”) users and subscribers and the news are released on the DoRIS website.

Furthermore there is the possibility to get information and the latest NtS via UHF radio

at the locks.

132

In the case of low water the ford areas are especially critical for navigation. For that

reason they are published at the website of via donau (see Figure 21: depth of the fairway in

Austrian fords and http://www.doris.bmvit.gv.at/pegel/furten/).

Figure 21: depth of the fairway in Austrian fords


5.2.1. Inventory of Methods and Practices of Hydrological Forecasting and Warnings.

Hydrological products, modelling tools, forecasting organisations in Slovakia

Centre of Forecasting and Warning and both Department Hydrological and

Meteorological Forecasting and Warning perform the following services (as well as other

services):

http://www.doris.bmvit.gv.at/pegel/furten/

133

operation, maintenance and development of the meteorological forecasting system,

numerical weather models

preparation of weather forecasts and warnings about dangerous meteorological

phenomena for the public and special users

operation and development of a monitoring network

forecasts and warnings for surface water courses – a hydrological forecasting service

5.2.2. Hydrological Forecasting and Products in Slovakia

The Department of Hydrological Forecasting and Warning provides sets of various types

of forecasts as follows:

Numerical forecasts are provided for:

5 hydrological forecasting stations on the Danube river (water stages, discharges)

1 hydrological forecasting station on the Morava river (water stages, discharges)

daily forecasts for 13 reservoirs

Forecasting trends in water stages – increases, decreases, stability:

are provided for other rivers. The time of arrivals and value of culminations are issued

during flood situations.

During the winter season processed and issued once a week:

information about snow conditions for the whole territory (depth of snow) and

water equivalent of the snow – developments from 140 climatic stations

accumulation of water in the snow cover for 10 water reservoirs and 8 measurement gauge

profiles

The Department also produces bulletins and statements concerning flood situations and

droughts as well, as expert opinions and references.

134

5.2.3. Forecasting Methods in Slovakia

For the Danube – the basis of the forecasting methods is a simple method of

corresponding water stages/discharges, which can be seen as more traditional but also very

reliable. Also, the rainfall - runoff relation to the API (antecedent precipitation index) with

numerical and graphic expressions is used. The following methods are also used: At the present

time several approaches for rainfall – runoff models (“HRON” model, adaptations of the HBV

model etc.), are being developed within the framework of the project “Flood Warning and

Forecasting System in the Slovak Republic” (POVAPSYS).

5.2.4. Dissemination of hydrological information in Slovakia

Water gauge stations are divided on prime (operative on- line) stations and secondary

one (on-line). The prime stations are determining for enouncement of alert activity on

significant sections of water courses in daily hydrological elaboration they are to disposal to

institutions responsible for flood protection. From the total number 174 water gauge

telemetric stations, in daily mode of hydro-forecasting service they are working 79 stations.

Transportation of all information from system is performed by data and voice transmission.

Frequency of data transmission is determined by demands of clients and by technical

equipment of relevant water gauge station. The data are transmitted via mobile network and

via telephone. An advantage of mobile network is possibility of data transmission every 15

minutes.

135

Number of stations and their connection

Connection of

station Interval of data transmission

Number

of

stations

GSM -GPRS 15 minutes 128

GSM According to demands 136

JTS- fixed

network

o 6, 12, 17-primary stations

according to demands –

secondary stations

38

The innovated stations network is equipped with alarm system which has been activated after

exceeding limit (critical) values defined for - water stage, intensity of rain and gradient

increasing. After exceeding define limit the station sends message – alert – to the centre of

hydro- forecasting service and to operator in emergency service via SMS.

All parameters – water stages, discharges, water and air temperature – measured in

hydrological stations are possible to be controlled in visual way and analyzed both in table

mode and graphic one. Equipment of stations allows display of data in 15 minutes time

interval, too.

Fig. 4 Sample of output elaborated data in table mode

136

Graphical form of elaboration provides courses of - water gauge scan, discharge scan,

temperature of air and water scan, precipitation scan (as a total in certain number of hours or

cumulative for identify time interval). From the technical parameters of station – voltage of

battery - simultaneously in 15 minutes time interval as late as 10 stations. At the same time it is

possible to change temporal scan – year, day and so on.

Fig. 5 Samples of output elaborated data in graphical mode

In framework of provision of the obligations in respect of navigation and flood

protection as well as in result of bilateral and multilateral agreements on co-operation on

traunsboundary waters, hydro-forecast service has been regularly receiving also hydrological

information from abroad (Austria, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Ukraine, Poland). The

exchange of operational information takes place according to agreed form and time periods.

The hydrological information is distributed by NTC (National telecommunicating Centre), by

phone and by internet.

After the checking and analysing the state of the hydrological and meteorological data

137

have been processed in tabular form and according to distribution prescription send to

institutions as is given by Law No. 7/2010 Coll. Among the main users there are civil service,

municipalities, regional and district environmental offices – authorities responsible for flood

protection and water management institutions. Operational information are provided on

demand to general public and firms.

The output of elaborated data regularly presents daily information on:

A – Water stages, discharges, temperature of water and air, ice phenomena,

precipitation and relation of current water stages/discharges to their long-term

means – in table format

B – Water stages in 1 hour time interval elaborated in table form graphical form and as

maps

C – Numerical forecasts for 5 hydrological on the Danube River, 1 forecasting station on The

Morava River

D – Daily forecast for 13 reservoirs

And as addition - seasonal information:

E – water temperature in reservoirs

F – snow bulletins – depth and water equivalent of snow cover, accumulation of water in the

snow cover

G – information for water tourism and fishing – water stages and discharges

138

Fig. 6 Hourly data in graphical form (1.st PA – state of alert, 2.st PA state of danger,

3.st. PA - state of emergency ).

Tabular elaboration of data

139

Fig. 7 Graphical illustration of basin according to region

Fig.8 Presentation of data on hydrological situation on the Morava River - output in

German for Austrian Hydrological Service

140

All presented information are distributing by NTC, Internet -www.shmu.sk, Teletext,

Telephone.

5.2.5. The flood service in Slovakia

The Slovak Water Management Enterprise’s internal organizational structure is divided

into divisions, which correspond to the following river basins (see Figure 1):

The Slovak Water Management Enterprise manages all the stream networks in Slovakia, except

for little brooks and streams, which are not important from a water management point of view.

These are managed by the forest and agricultural authorities and in some areas by municipal

authorities.

Flood protection is one of the major tasks of the Slovak Water Management Enterprise. Each of

its branches has the following responsibilities for the river basins within its jurisdiction:

Maintenance of the river channels and adequate channel flow capacity;

Maintenance, improvement of the existing flood protection systems and realisation of new

systems where existing ones are insufficient;

Continuous operation of hydro structures all year;

Management and supervision of flood protection works such as flood planning in entire

catchments, flood inspections, flood prevention measures, execution of patrol services,

salvage operations, etc.;

Case studies, development and design of new flood protection systems, and realisation of

all necessary preventive measures.

These activities require a monitoring and information system, which is closely linked to the

meteorological and hydrological forecasting and warning system of the Slovak

Hydrometeorological Institute. Operation of hydraulic structures requires the flow of this basic

information in real time:

1. Inflow and outflow from a reservoir;

2. Water level in a reservoir (filled volume and room for retention of flood waves);

http://www.shmu.sk/

141

3. Outflow situation in the upper part of a river basin;

4. Water levels and discharges downstream from a water structure.

5. Meteorological and hydrological forecasting.

The Hydrological Service of the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute provides data on current

situations in river basins and forecasts for the following:

o Information on stages and hydrological forecasts is provided during prevailing outflow

situations for a 24-hour period everyday in the morning; this data is confirmed or specified

twice a day in the afternoon and evening.

o The time step of a hydrological forecast is shorter during the run of a flood; at that time the

time step is three or six hours (depending on the type of flood wave). The information on

the hydrological situation in a river basin is provided at the same time as the forecast.

The operating staff at a water structure, almost continuously monitors the situation at least

every hour and during flood events. This set of data is added to the flood database every hour

as well as at the moment of the culmination of a water stage or peak discharge (but only when

they can be explicitly recognized):

The water levels in a reservoir and also water downstream;

The set of inflow into a reservoir;

The set of outflow data from a reservoir, which is divided into specific structures (a

hydropower plant, spillways, outlets, navigation locks, number of turbines in operation,

position of gates, etc.);

Specific meteorological data, for example, a rainfall and the water and air temperatures.

Each staff transmits a set of collected data from the hydro structure every hour to the

competent water management dispatcher, which is in the Branch’s domicile (in Bratislava,

Piešťany, Banská Bystrica). The Slovak Water Management Enterprise uses e-mail, fax,

telephone, and transmitter-receivers for information transmission, because the communication

must be fail safe under every condition. The set of data is stored at the water management

dispatcher’s. In this way the flood database is also created.

142

Every water management system and every hydro structure have developed rules for operating

in any situation, including stages of emergency.

The operational rules result from hydrological analyses, hydro technical research and

operational practice. The state water authority body approves each operational rule. The water

management dispatcher analyses the current situation and hydrological forecast in a river basin

and issues instructions for future operations, which follow from the operational rules. Each

operation executed by a hydro structure solicits feedback; the results of any operation are

checked in real time at least every hour.

The actual course of a flood and operations by a water structure are analysed after

every flood event according to the operational rules to determine their adequacy.


5.3.1. Flood defense in Hungary

As mentioned above, of the 93.000 km2 large territory of the country 21.248 km2

(22.8%) are floodplains, the levees protecting 97 % thereof against inundation.

Another notable feature of the river network that flows in channels formed by river

training activity and a system of flood protection structures protects more than 98 % of

floodplains against flooding. First order flood embankments cover the length of 4 184 km (see

Fig. HU-9).

143

Fig.HU-9. Main flood defence lines and the protected floodplain in Hungary

Facts and figures characterizing the reclaimed flood plains are: 2.5 million people in

close to 700 communities are exposed to flood hazard; one-third of the arable lands in Hungary,

18 000 km2 valuable farmland; the flood plains contain 32% of the railway lines and 15% of the

roads; over 2000 industries have settled here, and about 25% of the gross domestic product is

produced here.

The level of flood exposure in terms of the ratio of flood plains is the highest in Hungary

of all European countries and is comparable with the situation in the Netherlands.

The Tisza and its tributaries responded to the cutting of meanders and reducing the

width of the flood plains by considerably higher flood levels, the fast sizing process continuing

to these days on the Hungarian rivers.

The existing flood defenses built since the middle of the 19th century comprise the main-

line levees of 4003 km total length (3973 km earth embankment, 30 km flood wall) along the

rivers. The total volume of the embankments is approximately 120 million m3.

144

The standard against which the defenses are assessed is the design flood (Table HU-2),

which these are required to withstand.

5.3.2. Flood monitoring system in Hungary

Abbreviations:

OMSZ - Országos Meteorológiai Szolgálat/ Hungarian Meteorological Service network

Vizügy – District Environmental and Water Directorates network

Meteorological observation:

Radar networ :

3 radar stations (OMSZ) (Fig. HU-10)

Rain gauge stations:

610 OMSZ +590 Vizugy

Rain gauge telemetric stations:

103 OMSZ + 70 Vizugy

Climatological stations:

118 OMSZ + 30 Vizugy

Precipitation forecast:

ALADIN-Hu 48 h ahead; ECMWF 10-day and 14-day ahead (on a regular bases only 6-day QPF

is used) DWD 7-day, ocassionnaly COSMOLEPS

Hydrological information:

Number of baseline informational water gauge stations:

337 water level out of those 205 discharges

Telemetric data transmission:

180 stations

145

The system of meteorological observations in Hungary

The network of meteorological radars

Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ) surveys the atmosphere in the geographic

area of Hungary and its immediate neighbourhood, using one of the state-of-art meteorological

radar networks in Europe (Fig. HU-11). The radar network was modernized few years ago. Each

radar equipment provides a proper, complex set of standard and operational radar products

which can be displayed individually at the headquarters of all Regional Meteorological Centres.

At the same time, the radar informations from all the equipment are integrated into a several

product – like the national radar composit (available in every 15 minutes). This product is

disseminated to the users.

The radar equipments can provide not the only intentsity of the rainfall, but originated

data too (like cumulated precipitation of 24 hours, Fig. HU-12).

Lightning detection network

Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ) operates the lightning detection network

(LDN) of Hungary. Name of the LDN is SAFIR which contains 5+2 stations. The location of the

lightning or discharge can be defined from the 7 stations together.

146

Fig. HU-10. National radar coverage of Hungary

147

Fig.HU-11. Example of 24 hours cumulated precipitation product.

Observations from the meteorological satellites

The european organisation EUMETSAT operates the METEOSAT geostationary satellite

family. The new generation satellites of the satellite family can provide pictures in every 15

minutes and in 12 bands from Europe and Africa. Like the old ones these also can measure in

the visible and infrared range, but in more band. The resolution of the pictures above the

territory of Hungary is approximetaly 4x4.5km in 11 bands and 2x3km in the high resolution

visible band 12 (Fig. HU-12).

148

Fig.HU-12. Example of satellite map

5.3.3. The Flood Management Information System in Hungary

Institutional background, the emergency organisation

Control in flood emergency situations is assigned by law to the state. Within the central

government it is the Minister of Environment and Water Management, who is responsible for

the water management functions, thus also flood management, and who is vested – in grave

emergencies – with the powers of a government commissioner. He is assisted in performing

these functions by the staff of the water department supervised within the ministry by an

undersecretary of state. The national professional agency subordinated to the minister to

149

perform the operative functions of water management is the Central Directorate for Water and

Environment. In handling emergency situations the 12 Disctrict Environmental and Water

Directorates (DEWD) organized by catchments play a role of decisive importance. The Central

Water Emergency Organization is presently responsible for performing the special tasks of

emergence control all over the country, like operating the emergency squad, the icebreaker

fleet, blasting ice jams, etc. Collection and dissemination of hydrologic data, the compilation of

flood forecasts are performed by the National Hydrological Forecasting Service, a unit of

VITUKI.

The 12 DEWDs organized by catchments are state agencies financed from the central

budget to perform the water management functions of the state. They function in a practically

unchanged form since 1953 and are substantially the legal successors of the land drainage and

river engineering districts established in the last third of the 19th century. With a total staff of

approximately 5000, they operate also the hydrologic observation network (some 5600 gagging

stations).

Flood fighting is listed among the priority functions of the DEWDs. The procedure is

controlled by acts of legislation, in which the persons responsible for specific activities are also

identified. Implementation of emergency control includes engineering and administration

measures.

The engineering measures include operations on the levees, hydrologic forecasting,

confinement of inundating water.

The administration measures are: mobilization of the public workforce for flood fighting

on the levees, taking care of the population in the event of a levee failure (rescue,

evacuation, accommodation), saving property, health care, restoration.

The water agency is required to provide guidance for the engineering measures of

emergency control, for which the manpower and technical equipment are secured by the

municipalities, the civil defense and the army.

According to the provisions of Act LVII of 1995 on Water Management, national control

of flood emergency operations belongs to the sphere of authority of the minister up to the

150

announcement of highest alert level. The minister discharges his duties via the Central

Directorate of Water and Environment (VKKI). For the highest alert period the minister is vested

with the powers of a government commissioner in guiding emergency operations. In especially

grave hazard (disaster) situations a state of emergency is declared at set forth in the

Constitution and national guidance of operations is transferred to a government committee.

In major flood fighting operations (for instance the recent 1998 November and 1999

spring floods) 5000 employees of the water service and 10-15 thousand other emergency

workforce were mobilized.

Fig.HU-13. Functions and hierarchic relations in flood emergency control in Hungary

151

Major flood emergencies are impossible to control, unless a number of agencies

cooperate in a concerted manner. Their functions and hierarchical relations are set forth in laws

and other acts of legislation. The main agencies involved in implementing emergency measures

on the state-owned inundation control structures and their functions are as follows (Fig. HU-

13):

the twelve DEWDs and the Capital Budapest – local organization, guidance and actual

implementation of flood emergency measures;

the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Water Management, the National Water

Authority – national level organization and control;

the Central Flood Fighting Organization and the Water Resources Research Centre

(VITUKI), National Hydrological Forecasting Service – national level special functions.

A wealth of information covering a broad range of subjects is exchanged between the

co-operating agencies (17 at the present). This has been reviewed, screened for potential

overlaps, and rationalized where necessary when the various modules of the flood

management information system were planned. Establishment of the communication links

capable of handling this flow of information is one of the important goals of the envisaged

system, parts of which are being built, parts operating already.

152

Fig.HU-14. Links of one of the regional water authorities during flood emergency in Hungary

All co-operating agencies have extensive horizontal communication relations,

forwarding information to, and receiving information from, the co-operating partners (Fig. HU-

14). Data transfer between these partners involved in the horizontal relations of the emergency

control organizations is effected over conventional channels. Data reporting and information

forwarding to them is handled in the system as outputs, the technical solution of which

depends on the means and technology available at the receiving partner.

According to the level of control, the co-operating agencies are grouped into local

(regional) and national categories. This classification means at the same time that whereas

actual emergency operations are also performed at the local level, the incoming information is

summarized and evaluated at the national level. The local level can be subdivided further into

levee sections and local emergency center. The latter comprises the emergency officer, the

emergency staff and the special groups (hydrologic forecasting, soil mechanics, supplies, etc.) at

their service (Fig. HU-15).

153

The resources, methods and types of information needed for carrying out the

emergency operations can be listed under the following headings:

manpower and materials;

communication equipment;

calculation equipment and aids;

local data base, files;

imported information;

engineering computation methods, models algorithms;

instructions, regulations (decision tables).

Fig.HU-15. Flood emergency control levels in Hungary

154

The FMIS organisational structure

The FMIS sub-systems comprise:

Information on the hydrological situation

Surveillance reports on the defenses

Emergency diaries, emergency administration

Reports, information

Management of emergency resources

Flood fighting aids

Depending on the levels of emergency control at which information is processed and

between which information is exchanged, five FMIS application levels are distinguished:

Information processing at the defense section centers

Information exchange between the defense section centers and the local (regional)

control center

Information processing at the regional center

Information exchange between the regional and the national control levels

Information processing at the national control center

The flood management information system functions continuously, in that the basic

modules operate without interruption, switching on additional modules depending on the

hydrological situation liable to call for emergency operations.

The central FMIS module is a program, which keeps record on the completed parts of

the system, on the contents and interrelations thereof, operates continuously the module

keeping track and assessing the hydrometeorologic and hydrologic situation, and issues alerts

as required.

Based on the Lotus Notes software a complete closed-system communication network

has been set up to cover all water agencies of the state. This is of paramount and decisive

importance for further information developments. FMIS is not confined to supporting

emergency control activities alone, in that the possibility of processing further the electronic

155

documents creates a the data base of flood emergency measures accumulating a wealth of

practical experience.

Functionality of the system

Our implementation of FMIS is a complex and integrated automated application suite

based on Lotus Domino/Notes technology. It has been developed by UniOffice System House in

close co-operation with the national flood management authorities. Version 1.0 was

implemented in 1994. 1999 saw the transition to version 3.0 of most system components.

Functional components

The system consists of four main functional components:

Subsystem of logging and preventive measures (defense levels module, organizational

setup module and people module)

Subsystem of reports (briefing modules, maintenance module, daily defense reports

module)

Subsystem for providing hydrological information (module for hydrological

communication, integrational module for the hydrological information system integrative

module)

Subsystem of additional components (professional Help databases – e.g. professional and

legal manuals, IT application manuals – e.g. Lotus Notes, flood management information

dictionaries, summative overview module, special Hungarian mailing module).

Communication functionality

The primary functionality of the system is communications. This means ”traditional”

transfer of messages as well as automated and scheduled forwarding of flood management

data. Such messaging and replication technology (a feature of Lotus Domino servers and Notes

clients) is part of the appropriate FMIS module databases. A latest addition to the

156

communication functionality is the transfer of data records stored in an SQL server table at one

location to another server table stored at another location through Notes mailing technology.

Date sharing functionality

Accessibility to public data is not limited to internal (Lotus Notes) users. Data are also

published on the web on-line, providing appropriate internal and external availability (intranet

and Internet functionality). Data stored in certain back-end Lotus Domino databases is made

accessible to relational database management systems through Lotus Enterprise Integrator on

an automated and scheduled basis. Data produced by reporting modules are accessible to

office applications through the standard ODBC interface.

System architecture

List of components:

51 Lotus Domino application servers (which optionally function web servers and SMTP

MTAs as well)

15 Microsoft SQL servers

more than 400 Lotus Notes workstations in 17 regional centers and at about 100 locations

across the country

telephone communication lines (33600 bps), leased analog lines and ISDN connections

Lotus Domino Fax Gateway at regional centers for outbound faxing

Lotus Enterprise Integrator based data connection between Notes and relational

databases

45 unique FMIS-oriented Lotus Notes application-modules

4 additional Lotus Notes modules (sequential number generator, attach, detach, trashcan)

cc:Mail connectivity

157

5.3.4. Flood Forecasting in Hungary

Flood Forecasting domains in Hungary

Fig.HU-16. The territory covered by the Danube, Drau/Dráva and Tisza domains of the VITUKI

hydrological modelling system in Hungary

158

Fig. HU-17. Modules of the VITUKI NHFS model

The HOLV Snomelt Module

The HOLV snowmelt model has a flexible structure; it is able to change its own structure

in function of the data availability. In case of availability precipitation and air temperature data

only temperature index method is used, when further data are accessible too (cloudiness, dew

point, speed of wind), using of energy balance model is to be preferred.

159

Fig.HU-18. The total water input predicted by the HOLV snowmelt module and estimated

liquid precipitation added

The TAPI Rainfall-Runoff Module

The current model's name “TAPI” specifies the technique by which the actual soil

moisture status is accounted for. The “TAPI” part is an acronym for Antecedent Precipitation

Index, while the “T” refers to the current method's similarity to the Tank Model structure

developed by M. Sugawara.

160

Fig. HU-19. Scheme of the precipitation - runoff modules

The Discrete Linear Cascade Model and other modules

The model is based on the assumption that the watershed responds to precipitation as a

series of n reservoirs or storage elements. The Discrete Linear Cascade Model (DLCM)

developed by Szőllösi-Nagy (1982) utilizing an approach similar to the one reported by Szolgay

(1984) serves for the routing of flow components and channel routing. First version of the

complex GAPI model with modular structure was designed by Bartha et al. (1983). The choice

of the model was proved by a number of inter-comparison studies (WMO, 1992). The first

model version was extended by a snowmelt module (Gauzer, 1990) and the complexity of the

system was raised gradually. The backwater module utilizes simplifications similar those

suggested by Todini and Bossi (1986).

The large number of nodes (69) makes the system in fact semi distributed in the basin

scale. Out of the total number of nodes 46 are related to forecast stations. Real time mode runs

are carried out in 12 hourly time steps. Input/output values and state variables of the

precipitation – runoff modules are integrated over sub-basins as weighted or simple arithmetic

average of station or grid values. Simulation runs are possible in 6, 12, 24-hour time steps.

161

Fig.HU-20. Example of deterministic water level forecast for the section Szolnok of the River

Tisza

162

5.3.5. Dissemination of flood related information in Hungary

Accessibility to public data is not limited to internal (Lotus Notes) users. Data are also

published on the web on-line, providing appropriate internal and external availability (intranet

and Internet functionality). Data stored in certain back-end Lotus Domino databases is made

accessible to relational database management systems through Lotus Enterprise Integrator on

an automated and scheduled basis. Data produced by reporting modules are accessible to

office applications through the standard ODBC interface.

Public accessed sites:

VITUKI, National Hydrological Forecasting Service

www.hydroinfo.hu

Central Directorate for Water and Environment

www.vizugy.hu

www.ovisz.hu

www.vkki.hu

12 District Environmental and Water Directorates


Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia is in charge of monitoring, collecting, and

analyzing hydrological and meteorological data. They also provide relevant information and

forecast from domestic and foreign territories for all relevant institutions and stakeholders in

the field of water resources management.

About 25% of the existing hydrologic stations are equipped for the regular monitoring and

reporting (traditional automatic analog monitoring and phones or radios for reporting). In addition,

about 10% of stations are in charge of extreme-event monitoring and reporting, when water

elevation exceeds values specified by the Flood Defense Action Plan.

Within the last few years, RHMZ started with application of automatic digital monitoring

and real-time transfer of water elevation data. This is still in experimental phase, implemented

http://www.hydroinfo.hu/

http://www.vizugy.hu/

http://www.ovisz.hu/

http://www.vkki.hu/

163

for only several selected stations, which are still equipped for traditional monitoring and data

transfer. Among digitalized gauging stations, 4 are located on the Danube River, one on Tisza,

and one on the Sava River.

All collected data are stored in RHMZ’s databases. The data flow from monitoring to the final

users is presented in Figure 22, (RHMZ, 2006).

164

`

Figure 22: Flood Control Information System

RIVER OBSERVATION

DATA TRANSFER

DATA COLLECTING

DAILY

DATA

HYDROLOGICAL BULLETIN

HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTS

AND WORNING

DISTRIBUTION TO THE USERS

DATA

PROCESSING

DATA FROM INTERNATIONAL

EXCHANGE

METEOROLOGICAL DATA AND FORECAST

RADAR OBSERVATION

- MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

- REPUBLIC INFORMATION CENTER - CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRATION - CITY INFORMATION CENTERS

WATER MANAGEMENT "SRBIJAVODE" WATER MANAGEMENT CENTERS:

- "DANUBE" - "SAVA" - "MORAVA"

WATER MANAGEMENT VODE VOJVODINE

- ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY - SHIPPING INDUSTRY - FISHING INDUSTRY - MEDIA - PUBLIC

FORECASTING MODELS

INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF SERBIA

FOR THE PURPOSE OF FLOOD CONTROL

165

5.4.1. Forecasting Services in Serbia

Various methods are used for hydrological forecasting, ranging from the simplest

graphical correlations to the most sophisticated models which describe the physical processes

that take place within the river basin and the river network, (ICPDR, 2006).

For all of these methods and models, it is important to have access to accurate data on

the initial conditions of forecasted parameters, and the fundamental impacts. Such data are

provided by hydrological and meteorological measurements and observations, while

precipitation can be the result of meteorological forecasts. For the time being, only now casts

and short-term meteorological forecasts can be used successfully.

5.4.2. Meteorological Forecasting and Methods in Serbia

For the purpose of meteorological forecasting following data sources (domestic and

international) are being used:

Satellite images - Serbia has reception system for geostationary satellite METEOSAT since

1984. Data from METEOSAT channels are used as images, and in combination with other

meteorological information for the now casting and short-term forecasts,

Data provided by the existing Serbian radar network - of Serbia are used to follow

development of cloud systems, course and velocity of movement. They are used in

combination with other meteorological information for now casting and short-term

forecasts on minor rivers and torrents,

Data from synoptic stations - necessary for daily forecasts, are collected from 28

meteorological stations (MMS) within the territory of Serbia, and

Charts of Standard Pressure Levels for Serbian territory.

Depending on the time range of the forecast several forecast models are being used:

166

1. Nowcasting and very short range forecasting system (0-6 h forecast)

Currently the products of radar observations, in the form of radar imagery, provide

information about the intensity of radar reflectivity by means of horizontal and vertical

sections. The horizontal section shows the area covered by clouds, including the geographic

background with boundaries of major catchment areas, rivers and large towns and cities. The

vertical section, based on maximum reflectivity, identifies the type of clouds according to radar

criteria. Precipitation intensity is estimated by the radar operator, and based on a set of

predefined criteria. Set of scans provides information about the direction and rate of cloud

system migration, the rain beginning time and the effected area.

RAINBOW software is used to process and present radar data. The current software

package needs to be upgraded to include options which will allow for the measurement of

precipitation levels over a specific catchment area. During the next five years, measurements

will be made in three experimental areas (urban, low land and mountainous).

RHMZ has 3 radar types which use various software applications for the digitalization of

radar imagery. The radar centers in Vojvodina, which are equipped with Gematronic radars, will

be using volume scanning of cloudiness to generate radar measurements and estimate

precipitation levels. Raw data which are collected will be used to generate reflectivity and

precipitation intensities at a constant elevation of 700 m.a.s.l, projections of maximum radar

reflectivity to determine the type of cloudiness (Figure 23), and the direction and speed of

cloud migration based on an animated sequence of the five most recent radar images.

167

Figure 23 : Projection of maximum radar reflectivity

Other radar centers are equipped with Mitsubishi RC-34A radars and are currently

unable to perform volume scanning using existing software. Until adequate software for the

same work method has been developed, oblique sections of radar reflectivity at an angle which

corresponds to an elevation of 700 m or 1000 m above sea level, at the distance of the

observed cloudiness (Figure 24), will be used. The type of cloudiness will be identified using a

vertical section of the observed cloudiness (Figure 25). A sequence of repeated scans will

provide the speed and direction of cloud system migration.

168

Figure 24: An oblique section of radar reflectivity generated by Mitsubishi radar

Figure 25: A vertical section of radar reflectivity generated by Mitsubishi radar

2. Short-range forecasting system (6-72h forecasts)

The following forecasting models are used to forecast precipitation quantities:

169

Global model of the German Meteorological Service (DWD – Deutscher Wetterdienst-

Offenbach) forecasts the spatial precipitation distributions for whole Europe over 72 hours,

at 12-hour intervals. The initial projected precipitation level is 1 mm;

Global model of the European Centre (ECMWF-Reading) forecasts the spatial precipitation

distributions for whole Europe over 2 days at 3-hour intervals, over 3 days at 12-hour

intervals, and over 10 days at 24-hour intervals;

Global model of the European Centre (Reading) forecasts the precipitation distribution for

20 MMS in Serbia, over 10 days at 6-hour intervals;

Limited area model ETA (Belgrade) forecasts the spatial distribution of precipitation for a

limited area over 5 days at 6-hour intervals. The initial projected precipitation level is 0.2 mm.

The height of snow cover is projected using subjective methods, based on precipitation level

forecasts.

These models also provide forecasted temperature fields at different atmospheric elevations

with an accuracy of 20C, based on which minimum and maximum ground temperatures are

projected, using subjective methods.

3. Long forecasting system

In addition to forecasts prepared on the basis of dynamic models, possible weather

conditions are identified 30 days in advance. These forecasts are based on statistical method of

analogy, and give potential weather developments. The average daily temperatures are

forecasted, and periods with temperatures above or below average for a given month are

derived, without numerical values for minimum and maximum temperatures. In addition to

temperatures, the forecast includes the number of days with precipitation and the total

monthly amount of precipitation. These tentative forecasts are prepared every first day of the

month, and corrected every fifteenth day (Figure 26).

170

Figure 26: Tentative forecast

5.4.3. Hydrological Forecasting and Methods in Serbia

Hydrological data required for hydrologic forecasts, are collected daily by the RHMZ

from 56 hydrologic stations within the territory of Serbia and 50 external hydrologic stations

(within the Danube River basin). Water level and/or discharge forecasts are prepared daily and

exchanged internationally, along with data from 20 hydrologic stations.

171

Figure 27: Hydrological methods and models used in operational practice

Kratovska stena

Beli Brod

Sm. Palanka

Vranjski Priboj

Pirot

Doljevac

Aleksinac

Niš

Jasika

Varvarin

Ćuprija Bagrdan

Ljubičevski most

Bezdan

Apatin

Bogojevo

Bačka Palanka Novi Sad

Titel

Slankamen

Sremska Mitrovica

Šabac

Senta

Novi Kneževac

Vranjski Priboj

Mojsinje

Propagation method

Method of corespondent discharge

MANS model

TANK model

Multiple linear correlation

Graphical coaxial correlation and Unit hydrograph

172

The Forecast Office of the RHMZ issues warnings and forecast information. The Office activities

encompass the delivery of the following data:

Daily information on the rainfall, air and water temperature, water level, water flow and ice,

originating from the hydrological and meteorological domestic network;

Daily information on the water levels, water flows, ice and water level forecasts, issued by

GTS from the upstream countries;

Daily water level forecasts for 1 or 2 days in advance;

Warning about the development of flood on the upper river parts;

Forecast on the extreme water level (height and time of appearance);

Forecast of the ice phenomena (twice a week) for next 7 days and approximate forecasts for

next 30 days (twice a month).

The following methods are currently operational, (Figure 27):

Method of corresponding discharges for the Danube River;

MANS model (nonlinear model of river flow) for the Sava and Velika Morava Rivers;

Regression model for the Tisza River;

SSARR and TANK models for the Kolubara and Zapadna Morava Rivers;

Simple index model for forecasting discrete hydrologic events, i.e. large flood waves on

rivers with catchment areas up to 1500 km2 (short flood wave travel times and durations).

RHMZ has a plan to improve warning and forecasting procedures and to more extensively

incorporate the products of radar surveillance for those rivers on which flood waves rise within

Tp ≤ 10 hours (corresponding to a catchment area up to 300 km2). At river basins with the

surface area up to 2000 km2, rainfall/runoff models will be developed. Rainfall/runoff-type

models, in combination with computations of flood wave travel and transformation within the

river channel, will be used for larger catchments (larger than 2000 km2).

Since October 2007 Serbia is a partner in European Flood Alert System (EFAS). Using

LISFLOOD hydrological model, EFAS issues early warnings 3-10 days in advance and probability

173

flooding estimations for national and international basins to Hydrological Services which are the

signers of Memorandum of Understanding with European Commission.

5.4.4. Forecasting Action Plan in Serbia

Flood protection in the Republic of Serbia has been regulated under the Water Law from

1996 and bylaws. The most important water management document is the Water Master Plan

which was adopted by the Serbian Parliament in 2002. This Master Plan is valid until 2020, and

contains the data on present state and future developments in the field of water resources and

water management, including flood protection issues. The Water Master Plan is harmonized

with the Spatial Master Plan of Serbia.

Measures and procedures for flood protection in Republic of Serbia are defined in

General and Action Plan for flood control. These plans are prepared only for sub-basins with the

existing flood protection structures. For other areas endangered by floods, which are not

included in the mentioned plans, local community appoints flood protection measures. Also

companies and stakeholders whose properties are endangered prepare special flood protection

plans.

5.4.5. General Plan for Flood Control in Serbia

This Plan is proclaimed by the Government of Republic of Serbia for 5-years period. The

overall strategy of management, as well as the obligations and responsibilities of the main

participants are determined in the General plan. The preparations, monitoring and warning,

tasks of personal in charge, as well as the basic scheme of organization and realization of

defense from high water are also specified.

According to the General plan, Public Water Authorities “Srbijavode” and “Vode Vojvodine” are

responsible for the permanent flood control. General Plan defines: (1) the legal framework and

mandatory principles; (2) preventive measures beyond flood period; (3) duties, responsibilities

and mandates of persons in charge for flood control; (4) duties and responsibilities of legal

174

entities, i.e. companies that organize and implement flood control measures; (5) prerequisites

for proclamation of the state of emergency; (6) control of floods caused by internal waters; and

(7) methods for provision of funds for flood control implementation.

5.4.6. Action Plan for Flood Control in Serbia

Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Water Management prepares the Action Plan for

Flood Control for one-year period. The Action Plan defines the organization of flood control,

managers, and criteria for the proclamation of regular and exceptional flood control.

The Flood Control Action Plan accurately defines the organization of flood and ice control of

extreme waters, by: (1) identifying managers in Republic, Public Water Authorities, and other

companies and institutions responsible for flood control; (2) enumerating the sectors and

sections, including the name and hierarchical position of each sector and section, the control

water gauges, and the criteria for proclaiming regular and emergency flood control; (3)

specifying the reporting hydrologic stations, from which the RHMZ generates predefind reports,

forecasts, and warnings; (4) listing the ice phenomena observation points/localities, the criteria

for initiating ice defense, and the required number of ice breakers; (5) providing an overview of

the hydrological stations on foreign territories; and (6) defining the personnel required for

routine and emergency flood and ice control, and the necessary tools, equipment, and

machinery for implementation of flood control.

Action Programme for Sustainable Flood Protection in the Danube River Basin (ICPDR,

2004) was the document used as a basis for the development of the sub-basin level flood action

plans on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Task of preparation of these documents is going

on during 2009.

175

5.4.7. Dissemination of Information in Serbia

The flood forecast is based on data collected through the network of hydrological and

meteorological stations, as well as data provided by neighboring countries. Forecast

methodology and models are relatively simple, including graphical functions for water stages

and hydrometrical forecasts (regression relationships), depending on the method used for

corresponding water stages.

Based on international cooperation through the Danube Commission and bilateral

agreements with Hungary and Romania, hydrological data are exchanged with other Danube

Basin countries through GTS network, e-mail services, and Internet.

RHMZ transmits hydrological warnings to: Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Water

Management of Serbia – Directorate for Water, Public Water Authorities (which distributes

them to responsible organizations), and to the State center for observation, information, and

warning, which distributes these information to endangered communities.

After each flood defense event, all flood-defense personnel reports should be submitted

to higher authorities. Reports should contain the event description, flood-cause analysis,

description of preventive measures, and analysis of their effectiveness. After each high-flow

event, provoking flood-protection measures, RHMZ is obliged to make analysis of hydrological

and meteorological conditions during the event.


5.5.1. Forecasting services in Bulgaria

On the EAEMDR website (http://www.appd-bg.org ), there is an access to the following

information free of charge:

Hydrometeorological bulletin;

Flood hazard warnings;

Real-time picture of water levels on the river;

http://www.appd-bg.org/

176

Navigational bulletin;

Critical sections;

Recommended fairway;

Natural shelters.

Detailed information for every measured parameter also is provided upon request and in

compliance with the requirements set by the MTITC

5.5.2. Meteorological Forecasting in Bulgaria

NIMH elaborates a two-day meteorological forecast for the Bulgarian section of the

Danube River and submits it to the EAEMDR. The forecast is disseminated in Bulgarian language

through the Agency website and via e-mails to skippers, media and other interested users.

5.5.3. Hydrological Forecasting in Bulgaria

On the basis of the collected data daily, monthly, annual and multi-annual prognosis are

prepared. Daily forecasting of the expected water levels is done for Ruse and Silistra. These are

short term forecasts – concerning the next two days. Every Wednesday a weekly forecast is

done for the expected tendency in water levels change and the expected highest and lowest

water levels for Ruse and Silistra.

5.5.4. Forecasting Methods in Bulgaria

Water levels are forecasted through the flowing speed based on the data received from

the gauge stations (not only the Bulgarian ones). The forecasts made by our Serbian and

Hungarian colleagues are also used.

177

5.5.5. Dissemination of Information in Bulgaria

The information is disseminated through the Internet – it is published on the websites of

the NIMH and EAEMDR and is broadcasted through the Bulgarian National Radiostation as well.


5.6.1. Forecasting services in Romania

Daily forecasting of the expected water levels is done for Giurgiu , Cernavoda and Braila.

These are short term forecasts – concerning the next two days and are published on the AFDJ

web site http://www.afdj.ro/cote/cote.htm.

For the tributary the forecast is made by INHGA – National Institute of Hydrology and Water

management on the web site http://www.hidro.ro.

5.6.2. Meteorological forecasting in Romania

In Romania, information and meteorological forecasts are provided by the responsibility

carried by National Meteorological Administration (ANM) on the web site http:// www.inmh.ro.

The main activities of the National Administration of Meteorology are the work of meteorology

and climatology.

ANM elaborate forecast for three days for Romania.

Data is updated daily at 15.30.

The information is public and can be downloaded by interested users.

5.6.3. Hydrological forecasting and forecasting methods in Romania

Daily forecasting of the expected water levels is done for Giurgiu, Cernavoda and Braila.

These are short term forecasts – concerning the next two days and are published on the web

http://www.afdj.ro/cote/cote.htm

http://www.hidro.ro/

178

site. Daily, these trends are published and updated water level probably taking into account the

highest forecast.

Waters levels are forecasted by taking into account the water level, slope and distance

of the groom based on the information from gauge stations (Romanian and Bulgarian)

introduced a mathematical method.

5.6.4. Forecasting action plan in Romania

By adapting an optimal procedure, specific forecasts on short and long term and

establishing mutual forecast consultants on long-term users of their products and to improve

forms of dissemination for forecasts.

5.6.5. Dissemination of information in Romania

Are made through the Internet, by phone, by e-mail, to the skippers by harbour

authorities, by radiostation. Also, this information is disseminated to all concerned and are

made available for the headquarters emergency situations (in the winter headquarters, floods,

etc.).


5.7.1. Forecasting services in area of Danube-Black See canal

The information regarding the water level and flow on the Danube, the forecast of the

level evolution is collected daily from the site of the National Institute of Hydrology and Water

Management. At Administration of Navigable Canals S.H. there is a data basis serving this

purpose.

179

5.7.2. Meteorological and Hydrological forecasting in area of Danube-Black See canal

According to the initial project of the navigable canals DBS and PAMN there was a

system for speed and wind direction measurement, of temperature and rainfall measurement

but the system did not work because of the low flexibility of the equipments.

Presently on the navigable canals there is no hydro-meteorological station for collecting

the hydrological parameters.

Information and meteorological forecasts are provided by the responsibility carried by

National Meteorological Administration (ANM) – www.inmh.ro.

The main activities of the National Administration of Meteorology is the work of

meteorology and climatology .

The project Data system of hydro-meteorological parameters was created which

consisted of:

- Fixed stations for measuring the hydro-meteorological parameters (speed and

direction of the wind, the nature and quantity of rainfalls, visibility, air temperature

and water in the canal temperature);

- Data transmission equipment at the central dispatch in Agigea and at the other

dispatches in the area;

- Equipment for processing and display of the transmitted data for the local stations.

The hydro-meteorological parameters will be public.

The Administration can temporarily close navigation when the hydro-meteorological conditions

are unfavorable or during hydro-technical repairs or other special works, which imply such

measures.

180

6 Transboundary cooperation – general information


6.1.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Austria

Danube neighbouring countries which adjoin directly to Austria are Germany and

Slovakia. Via donau holds yearly meetings with both countries within the scope of the cross

border commission.

The Austrian-Slovakian Transboundary Waters Commission (“GGK –

Grenzgewässerkommission”) consists of several task forces in which experts cover different

issues.

Task force 0: coordination and border issues

Task force 1: technical and financial issues

Task force 2: water quality

Task force 3: hydrology

Task force 4: juridical issues

Task force 5: international issues, ecology and flood protection

Above all, these meetings are about exchanging information, adjusting projects at the borders

and joint inquiries of hydrological and hydrographical data. Measured values and measuring

dates are controlled, discussed and determined. There is no direct online data transfer.

181

6.1.2. Navigation in Austria

Transnational cooperation and data transfer within the scope of navigation is currently

in development and treated within the EU-project “IRIS Europe I & II”. This project intends an

international exchange of data relevant for navigation like water level, electronic navigation

notices (e.g.: NtS-notices for skippers, messages of dangerous goods, construction sites,

accidents, etc.), exchange of positions and traffic approval data (Hull data) of ships. The

international data exchange is currently in a test phase and will be advanced in IRIS Europe II.

Due to different competences and authorisations in the countries and their public authorities,

multilateral agreements concerning the administration still have to be made. In a first step the

agreement between Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria will be terminated.

Presently the international arrangement for information and data which are relevant for

navigation is treated by the Danube commission (“DOKOM – Donaukommission”).

6.1.3. Inventory of data transmission and communication system in Austria

Via donau operates different methods and systems for data transmission.

The communication system for hydrological data “Callisto / Pulsaro” is an integrated part of the

Hydrological Database Management System (HyDaMS) and is able to make diverse automated

data transfers in different format files.

Possible ways of data transfer:

via FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

via TSTP (Time Series Transfer Protocol)

via MAIL as attachment

The system is very flexible and nearly every format file can be adapted.

Already existing versions:

182

ASCII

UVF

ZRXP

…and numerous specific types

In addition to the hydrological communication system via donau operates RIS - River

Information Services in Austria. The DoRIS (Donau River Information Services) system was the

first RIS installation in Europe fully conforming to the RIS Directive 2005/44/EC of the European

Union. DoRIS offers the following basic services:

(1) Fairway Information Services

Electronic navigational charts (based on Inland ECDIS Standard)

Electronic Notices to Skippers (based on Notices to Skippers Standard)

Water level information

(2) Traffic Information and Management Services

Tracking and Tracing (Tactical image of the traffic situation, based on Inland

AIS Standard)

Lock management

National hull database (pilot)

(3) Safety related services

Electronic Reporting of dangerous cargo (pilot)

Calamity abatement (pilot)

183

In addition to the above services the international exchange of RIS related information was

implemented as a pilot in the IRIS Europe project, where basic data from the DoRIS system (e.g.

position data, hull data, cargo- and voyage related data) was exchanged with Slovakia, Hungary,

Croatia and the Netherlands. The legal basis for the international data exchange is the TAA -

Technical Administrative agreement for international RIS data exchange, which is expected to

be concluded at the end of 2009. After concluding the TAA, the international interconnection of

DoRIS with RIS systems of other countries will be made fully operational.


6.2.1. Inventory of data transmission networks and communication systems of flood

information services among Slovakia’s neighbouring countries in Slovakia

All the rivers in Slovakia, which belong to the Danube river basin, flow into Hungary. The

exchange of all sorts of information related to flood protection and actual flood routing is

realised by the treaty between the Government of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the

Government of the Hungarian People’s Republic on the regulation of water management issues

related to border waters, which has been valid since 1976. The technical team of the joint

Slovak-Hungarian Commission for Border Waters has negotiated forms concerning the

frequency and transmission of the necessary datasets, which are suitable for both sides.

The exchange of separate modes of information has been arranged for the Danube

River, including the Gabčíkovo hydro structure. Slovakia passes this set of information to the

Hungarian water authority .

The Slovak Water Management Enterprise has a special agreement with the Morava

River Basin Authority in the Czech Republic. The water management dispatcher of the

Bratislava Branch has access to the information system of the Morava River Basin Authority on

the internet and obtains basic hydrological information from this source, including information

on water stages and discharges at the following state discharge gauging stations:

The Morava River: Kroměříř, Spitihněv, Strážovice and Lanžhot;

184

The Dyje River: Nové Mlýny and Ladná the hydro structure.

If necessary, it is possible to obtain additional information by e–mail or phone at any time. This

information exchange concept is suitable for the organising needs of the flood protection work

in Slovakia.

Exchange of data among the countries is under way of bilateral and multilateral

agreements among the neighbouring countries. The Slovak Republic has signed bilateral

agreements about co-operation on transboundary waters.

The bilateral agreements: CO-OPERATION ON TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS

River basin;

rivers

Riparian

countries Treaties

Year of

establishment

The Danube

river basin;

Danube and

Morava

Slovakia –

Austria

Treaty between the Czechoslovak Socialist

Republic and the Austrian Republic on

regulation of water management issues related

to border waters

1967

The Danube

river basin;

Danube, Ipeľ,

Tisa

Slovakia –

Hungary

Treaty between the Government of the

Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the

Government of the Hungarian People’s

Republic on regulation of water management

issues related to border waters

1976

The Danube

river basin;

Morava

Slovakia –

Czech

Republic

Treaty between the Government of the Slovak

Republic and the Government of the Czech

Republic about co-operation on transboundary

watercourses

1999

Under the authority of the above mentioned agreements, joint measurements are

provided 5 to 9 times a year and from those and the following stipulated numerical profiles –

185

a total of 56 stations. In the Table 4 lists the amount of water gauge stations in which join

international measurements are planned for 2005.

The numbers of water gauge stations in which join international measurements are planned

yearly.

Country Hungary The Czech

Republic

Austri

a

Number of measurement

profiles 19 2 3

Number of measurement 150 13 27

Station providing data 32 3 10

6.2.2. Cooperation with the Institute for the Environment and Sustainability (JRC)

Ispra in Slovakia

The Memorandum of Understanding between the Institute for the Environment and

Sustainability (JRC) Ispra and the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute on The Development of

a European Flood Forecasting System (EFAS) was signed by the General Directors of both

Institutes on May 24, 2005. The new system provide the national authorities of countries in the

Danube River Basin with up to 10 days to prepare for large floods

6.2.3. Cooperation in framework Danube Commission – Navigation issues in Slovakia

The Danube countries cooperate on navigation under several agreements dating back

1856. The Danube, particularly the middle and lower reaches, has been an important natural

waterway for centuries. There are close cooperation between selected countries and Danube

Commission (in Budapest).

186

The list of main water gauge stations from which data are transmission regularly for navigation

needs

WATER GAUGE

STATION

DISTANCE FROM THE

SOLUNA

/KM/

GAUGE “O” POINT

ABOVE SEE LEVEL

/M/

Devín 1879,80 132,87 B

Bratislava 1868,75 128.43 B

Sap 1809,97 108,10 B

Medveďov 1806,40 107,42 B

Zlatná na Oostrove 1779,10 103,92 B

Komárno 1766,20 103,69 B


On the state boundary stretches of water and other waters and channels, or on the

stretches where the state frontier crosses them, the water management activity is effected on

the basis of agreements on transboundary waters. Hungary has co-operation agreements

(Water Management Agreement) with all 7 neighbouring countries including four Danubean

ones (Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia – cfr. Fig. HU-14. of the SQR “Hydrography”.

The Agreements are in line with the valid international regulations, among others with

the Belgrade, Helsinki and Sofia conventions.

Beyond the bilateral agreements Hungary has numerous of multilateral connections with

international organizations such as

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE),

International Commission for the Protection of Danube River (ICPDR),

Danube Commission (DC),

“Tisza Forum” (co-operation among Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia) etc.

187

In these bodies (within its commissions, subcommittees, expert groups, permanent and ad hoc

working groups) the Hungarian representatives are active participants.

The hydrographical data collection, systematization, forwarding, exchange; as well as

the national monitoring network and warning system are operated taking into consideration

the decisions, understandings and recommendations of these international organizations.

6.3.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Hungary

The official exchange of various data between Hungary and its neighbouring countries

happens via the joint cross border water management bodies (Committees), their

subcommittees, and expert groups. Water Management Committees have a meeting once a

year. Its subcommittees meet 3 – 4 times a year and the joint expert groups - being organize for

accomplish of very different problems – meet at least 5 – 6 times a year or in addition when it is

necessary. They organize sometimes joint surveys and direct data exchange in the field of the

hydrological (and hydrographical as well) data collection. The measured data are controlled,

compared, discussed and determined by experts from both sides.

The subcommittees in different cross border water management bodies are organized

according to catchment area of a river and its tributaries (e.g. Danube Sub-commission,

Ipoly/Ipel Sub-commission, Drava Sub-commission) or one of a main issue of the water

management (e.g. water management in general, flood protection, water quality etc.) as well.

There is no direct online data transmission between the two sides.

6.3.2. Navigation in Hungary

International co-operation of the Danube countries concerning navigation is based on

several agreements which have been concluded since 1856. During the Danube Conference,

held in 1948 in Beograd the "Danube Commission” was founded, with its headquarters in

Budapest. Within the terms of reference of this commission all common problems concerning

188

navigation water management, water resources development and water engineering works are

dealt with. Thus, for example, recommendations for measurements performed on the

waterway (navigable depth, width, curvature, slope, measurement of lock gates, discharge

capacity, etc.) for the whole navigation route from Regensburg to the Black Sea have been

worked out. The considerable increase of transport by river craft on the Danube since the

foundation of the Danube Commission testifies to the successful cooperation among Danube

countries within this organization.

In addition to the Danube, two tributaries located partly in Hungary are also navigable,

or were adapted for navigation:

- the Dráva up to Cadanca (105 km) The lower courses of the Mur and Drava form a large

part of the border between Croatia and Hungary.

- the Tisza up to Dombrád, its tributary the Bodrog up to the Hungarian - Slovak border.

The River Tisza (966 km, 157220 km2) is, with respect to its length and catchment area,

the largest Danube tributary. From its total length of 966 km about 160 km lies in the Ukraine

and Romania, and about 800 km in the Great Hungarian Plain (650 km in Hungary, 150 km in

Serbia), where its lowland character is determined.

The international arrangement for information and data which are relevant for

navigation is treated by the Danube Commission. A monthly report about the fords is made and

sent to Danube Commission by VKKI.

6.3.3. Inventory of data transmission in Hungary

In Hungary there is an existing central water management database (“Vízügyi Adattár –

VA” - Water Management Database Storage) which is integrated to SQL database management

system (DBMS). All the collected, checked and (in case if it is necessary) improved, modified

hydrological (and of course hydrographical, topographical, geodesy etc.) data are placed in this

ware-house. All the surveyed data are put, stored and forwarded to the users of different

services in different formats of file.

189

The water management related organizations (VKKI, Environmental and Water

Directorates, VITUKI etc.) utilize some different methods and systems for data transmission.

The realization of hydrological data transmission happens by means of the following

three possible ways:

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

TSTP (Time Series Transfer Protocol)

MAIL as attachment

Some of the most applied formats of file are

jpg format,

pdf format,

ASCII format

CSV data format.

6.3.4. Communication system in Hungary

There is an organization named National Association of Radio Distress-signalling and

Info-communications (its Hungarian abbreviation is RSOE). This Association in cooperation

particularly with governmental administrations, or rather with organizations which the latter

have control over those communication activities, with that according to the relating

regulations and agreements it constantly supports the work of the governmental sphere. It

performs its activity on the basis of a contract concluded with the Ministry of Transport,

Communication and Energy (KHEM).

In that frame RSOE – as a prominently public benefit organization, is operating the

“NAVINFO” Central Dispatcher Service and Information Centre in which the common

hydrological, hydrographical as well as navigational data available for all stakeholders.

NAVINFO operates a communication system and offers the basic services as follows:

Fairway Information Services

190

- Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC -based on Inland ECDIS Standard)

- Electronic Notices to Skippers (based on Notices to Skippers Standard)

- water level information

Traffic Information Services

- Tracking and Tracing (based on Inland AIS Standard)

Safety related services

In addition to the hydrological communication system RIS (River Information Services)

conforming to the RIS Directive 2005/44/EC of the European Union is under preparation in

Hungary.


The international cooperation is based on the Republic of Serbia’s membership in the

Danube River Commission, and on bilateral agreements with neighboring countries within the

Danube River Basin. Agreements with Hungary and Romania, signed by former Yugoslavia in

1955 in regard with water management issues, and concerning water engineering issues related

to boundary and transboundary systems and watercourses are still in force. The agreement

with Republic of Croatia concerning the navigation on navigable waterways, their marking and

maintenance is in the process of the ratification. Also, there is an ongoing activity on preparing

documentation for bilateral agreements with Bosnia & Herzegovina.

Based on the international cooperation through the Danube Commission, and bilateral

agreements with Hungary and Romania, the hydrological data are exchanged with other

Danube River Basin countries through GTS network, e-mail services, and Internet.

191


6.5.1. Exchange data among the countries in Bulgaria

The exchange of information among the countries is performed daily following the

recommendations of the Danube Commission. The data about the water levels and water

temperature is disseminated ciphered according to the Recommendations for providing

hydrological information for the navigation along the Danube River, DC 1997. Prognosis for the

water levels and the parameters of the fairway is disseminated as well.

hhxx 00068 0407

42070 22 20233 55 10015 50101

42073 22 20295 55 10024 50094

42075 22 20170 55 10024 50118

42078 22 20173 55 10065 50103

42080 22 10168 55 10072 50108

42083 22 00189 55 10078 50105

hyfor 00068

42080 22 80175 00507 80189 00607

42083 22 80185 00507 80188 00607

hhxx 00068 0407

77 05860 05840 29913

77 05700 05680 29999

77 05680 05640 29910

77 05640 05600 29910

77 05460 05440 29912

77 05250 05220 29915

77 04760 04740 19914

77 04580 04550 19910

77 04260 04240 29910

77 04070 04020 19915

77 03950 03900 19915

Figure 13 Way of ciphering the data

6.5.2. Navigation in Bulgaria

There is a daily connection with the Romanian authorities and an exchange of

navigational conditions data in the common river section according to the Agreement between

the Bulgarian and the Romanian governments regarding the fairway maintenance and

improvement in the Bulgarian – Romanian section of the Danube River. According to that

Agreement Bulgaria is maintaining the section between river kilometers 375 and 610 and

192

Romania is maintaining the section between river kilometers 610 and 845. Each country

submits information about the navigational conditions in the section that it is maintaining and

is obliged to maintain and improve them. According to this Agreement a Bulgarian - Romanian

Commission for fairway maintenance and improvement was established. The Commission has

regular sessions twice a year as they are held on a successive base on the territory of each

country.

The mutual exchange of information and documents is done according to the

Regulations for Organization and Work of the Joint Bulgarian – Romanian Commission.

6.5.3. Inventory of Data Transmission in Bulgaria

The information is transmitted via e-mail and telephone connection and is also

published on the Agency website – www.appd-bg.org

Every month the NIMH issues monthly hydrometeorological bulletin where an overview

of the main processes and phenomena from a meteorological, agrometeorological, hydrological

and ecological point of view for the whole country is made. The information in it facilitates the

assessment of the influence of these phenomena and processes in the different fields of the

economics and public life, for decision making and increasing of the economical benefit. This

bulletin is available at the website of the NIMH: http://www.meteo.bg .

Information about the daily status of the Bulgarian rivers and weather forecast for

hydrological purposes is available also on the website of the NIMH

http://hydro.meteo.bg/indexen.html

http://www.appd-bg.org/

http://www.meteo.bg/

http://hydro.meteo.bg/indexen.html

193

Figure14 NIMH website

The NIMH provides also detailed information upon request.

6.5.4. Communication System in Bulgaria

Radiotelephone 3rd VHF Channel, telephone number +359 82 823 799 and the Internet.

The e-mail address of the HHM directorate is: [email protected] .

mailto:[email protected]

194


6.6.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Romania

There is a cross border cooperation and exchange data, information and joint work.

Between the Danube riparian countries, there are several working committees to which

Romania participates annual and collaborates with other European countries (border/Ukraina-

Moldavia, etc).

Romania is member of the Budapest Danube Commission. For keeping permanent

connection and exchange of information with partners in neighbouring countries (Bulgaria,

Serbia), AFDJ has made available a server. Daily according to the Danube Commission

Recommendations.

6.6.2. Navigation in Romania

Transboundary cooperation is based on the fact that Romania is a member of the

Danube Commission, with a rich experience and on agreements with countries bordering the

Danube, on the fairway maintenance:

Romania-Serbia /Belgrad 1955;

Romania-Bulgaria /Sofia 1955;

Thus, it was agreed that the Danube sector located between 0 km and 1075 km to be

maintained, as follows:

- Romania 375 km 0-km, 610 km-845 km;

-Bulgaria 610 km 375 km;

-Serbia/Romania Km 845-km 1075;

From this point of view there is a permanent connection with them, making the daily exchange

of information, or whenever any-any change of gauges of navigation, hydrological data and any

other information of interest.

195

Also, the Danube Commission annual communicate all the information on maintenance sectors

of the Danube.

Romania participates and is member of the EU-project “IRIS Europe II”, which is based

on the work of experts representing the 9 Member States for cooperation partners to support

providers RIS, traffic and navigation authorities in order to implement RIS logistics.

6.6.3. Inventory of data transmission and communication system in Romania

Every day is transmitted by AFDJ hydrometeorological bulletin for Danube ports and on

the AFDJ web site is published RIS information: water levels, forecasts for water level,

electronic chart, notice to skippers, fairway, vessels traffic, etc. The information about weather

for all country is published daily by the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology on the

web site http://www.meteoromania.ro .

The information about daily status of the Romanian rivers: hydrological forecast, alerts

and warnings, is available on the Romanian waters National Company web site

http://www.rowater.ro.

For communicating information AFDJ use the Internet and telephone connection.

Administration website is – http://www.afdj.ro.

Telephone number +40 0236 460016/+40 0236 460150 and the Internet. E-mail address –

[email protected]/[email protected].


The Danube - Black Sea Canal and the Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal, called

navigable canals are Romania’s national waters, which are under the statehood and exclusive

jurisdiction of the Romanian state.

The works for the opening of the canal for navigation were accomplished from 1975 to

1984, on the basis of the execution project elaborated by the Project Institute of Auto, Naval

http://www.meteoromania.ro/

http://www.afdj.ro/

196

and Air Transport, as general designer, the tasks of beneficiary being insured by the

Administration.

When crossing the navigational canal the Romanian or foreign ships were obliged to

respect the navigational, sanitary, border regulations of using the basins and harbor

installations, of prevention and fight against pollution and the other maintenance and

exploiting rules of the canal.

Through the contractual relationships the Administration, as Provider insures the transit

of fluvial-maritime ships and convoys of barges according to the current navigational

regulation.

The circulation on the canal of tugged convoys, of unusual categories ships, of floating

constructions and installations of sportive vessels and cruises are admitted on the basis of a

transit Note emitted by the Administration.

The navigation on the navigable canal is open to all ships, no matter what arbor it is

which holds the papers, certificates, documents and which subscribe the maximum admitted

gauges.

During transit, the surveillance and navigational leading is effectuated by the

Administration through the Central Navigational Dispatch and of other stipulations which are

obligatory for all the captains of ships/convoys during transit.

The Administration, according to the Navigational Regulation and of Order no. 426/2006

insures transit services of the canal with fluvial-maritime ships and convoys of barges, insures

the assistance in transit of certified personnel, tug services, maneuvering, barge surveillance in

the navigational canal and in the ports of the canal, other services annexed to transport,

through the Service Contract.

For the crossing of the ships/convoys through the canal and for the provided services,

the Administration has taxes and tariffs established according to the current law.

The Navigational Regulations refer to ships and convoys which can transit the canal,

rules regarding the go out/in of the ships/ convoys on the navigable canal, the transport of

dangerous merchandise, the navigation in the harbors and locks area, signaling for navigation.

197

In order to lead the circulation in safety conditions there is a signaling system

functioning, composed of radio and telephonic links, such as the VTMIS system.

198

- End of document -

Documents

Compilation of results for hydrology - RSOE · FINAL REPORT ON HYDROLOGICAL ACTIVITIES – COMPILATION OF NATIONAL SQR Document ID: Activity: Activity 3.1: Improve methods, processes