Comps Answers for Holt

8/13/2019 Comps Answers for Holt

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Sean NaltyComprehensive Exam Answers for Professor HoltMarch 6, 200

Part !, "#estion 2

St#$ents are to rea$ %oo&s in their entirety #nless otherwise note$'

(ea$in) *ist for Comin) of the Civil +ar Collo#i#m-

+ee& .- !ntro$#ction to the Pro%lem of Civil +ar Ca#sation

(ecommen$e$ (ea$in)- Michael Perman /e$', The Coming of the American Civil War/! wo#l$ enco#ra)e st#$ents to rea$ only selections that cover historio)raphy #p to .10

+ee& 2- An Era of 3oo$ or !ll 4eelin)5

3eor)e an)erfiel$, The Era of Good Feelings/! wo#l$ have st#$ents rea$ selections, especially the chapters that show nationalism3lover Moore, The Missouri Controversy

+ee& 7- 8he Mar&et (evol#tion an$ !ts (ole in 4or)in) a New National Party System

Harry +atson,Liberty and Power*ee 9enson, The Concet of !ac"sonian #emocracy

+ee& :- Antislavery (eform an$ the Proslavery 9ac&lash

;ames Stewart,$oly Warriors+illiam 4reehlin),Prelude to Civil War

+ee& - 8he (ise of the Secon$ American Party System

;ames (' Sharp, The !ac"sonians %ersus the &an"s+illiam Cooper, The 'outh and the Politics of 'lavery/! wo#l$ have st#$ents rea$ only the chapters in Cooper that cover events #p to .s? /Expansion as a Har%in)er of oom5

4re$eric& Mer&,Manifest #estiny and Mission in American $istory;onathan Earle,!ac"sonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free 'oil/! wo#l$ as& st#$ents to concentrate especially on Earle@s later chapters

+ee& - 8he evelopment of So#thern an$ Northern Nationalism

;ohn McCar$le, The (dea of a 'outhern )ation


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S#sanMary 3rant,)orth over 'outh

+ee& nfort#nately, there $oes not exist many recent wor&s

that partic#larly foc#s on the perio$ from .


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)eneral political, $iplomatic, economic, an$ social $evelopments after .'S' history, especially )iven the way in which the post+ar of .


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within the American p#%lic at lar)e' Here, ! wo#l$ choose a classic of the =new political

history,? *ee 9enson@s The Concet of !ac"sonian #emocracyto offer an important

corrective to the ol$ Pro)ressive an$ neoPro)ressive foc#s on the economic $isp#tes

%etween the parties' 9enson@s intensive st#$y of New or& an$ partic#larly the rise of

AntiMasonry aro#n$ the time that Charles 4inney starts to lea$ the revivals in the

=9#rne$ Dver istrict? wo#l$ help st#$ents )rasp an important social %ase for the later

+hi) an$ (ep#%lican parties' ! co#l$ then as& st#$ents to $isc#ss why AntiMasonry

too& hol$ thro#)ho#t the North an$ how it, alon) with the revision of state constit#tions

to a%olish property #alifications for votin) an$ offices, serve$ to %rin) or$inary citiFens

into the $emocratic process'

!n my fo#rth wee&, ! wo#l$ trace the rise of another form of reformmin$e$

protest an$ its so#thern response- political antislavery an$ the proslavery ar)#ment'

+ith the incl#sion of ;ames Stewart@s$oly Warriors, ! can provi$e st#$ents a short

s#mmary of the rise of antislavery sentiment an$ the fatef#l $ecision to en)a)e in

political activism' 8hro#)h Stewart@s %oo&, ! mi)ht as& the st#$ents as to why the

antislavery movement fract#re$ rather than completely #nite %ehin$ either men li&e

+illiam *loy$ 3arrison or ;osh#a (oot 3i$$in)s, lea$ers of two respective strate)ies of

imme$iatism, apolitical confrontation thro#)h newspapers an$ leaflets an$ political

pra)matism in Con)ress in opposin) the fe$eral )a) r#le' St#$ents mi)ht also )ain a

%etter sense for the ways in which coloniFation an$ a%olitionism were relate$ aims in the

min$s of reformers' !n or$er to )a#)e so#thern slavehol$er response to the a%olitionists,

! wo#l$ not hesitate to assi)n +illiam 4reehlin)@s masterf#lPrelude to Civil War'

8hro#)h his #alifie$ reection of the ol$ tariff%ase$ ar)#ment for the ori)ins of the


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N#llification Controversy, 4reehlin) serves to hi)hli)ht the threat that a%olitionists an$

political antislavery lea$ers pose$ to So#th Carolinians an$ other so#therners' 8racin)

how the conflict over tariffs #ltimately revolve$ aro#n$ the So#th Carolinian in$irect

$efense of slavery, this st#$y of N#llification an$ the s#%se#ent efforts of so#thern

politicians to o%tain a )a) r#le over a%olition petitions wo#l$ provi$e a parallel to the

iss#es that Stewart@s %oo& serves to raise'

Even with the rise of sectional attit#$es thro#)h the N#llification Controversy, !

thin& it is imperative that st#$ents #n$erstan$ that the chief attention for many northern

an$ so#thern whites was how +hi)s an$ emocrats $ivi$e$ over monetary an$ fiscal

matters' 8he Panic of .


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provi$es m#ch fo$$er for st#$ents to consi$er a%o#t the ori)ins an$ $evelopment of the

;ac&sonian Era party system'

Now in the sixth wee&, ! hope to intro$#ce st#$ents to the pivotal %attles over

westwar$ expansion in the .


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#ite comprehensive The (dea of a 'outhern )ationoffers a #sef#l overview of the ways

in which so#thern nationalists trie$ to infl#ence so#thern reli)ion, literat#re, economic

$evelopment, as well as politics in the years after .nion'

Still, st#$ents mi)ht come away from McCar$le@s %oo& with the lon)stan$in) scholarly

impression that sectionalism was somehow a profo#n$ly so#thern phenomenon, as

evi$ence$ in the writin)s of s#ch )reat historians as Genneth Stampp' !n or$er to co#nter

this %elief an$ provi$e a stim#latin) $isc#ssion of =nationalism? an$ =sectionalism,? !

wo#l$ then co#nter%alance McCar$le with S#sanMary 3rant@s)orth 3ver 'outh, a fine

treatment in the ways in which northerners viewe$ the So#th thro#)h a sectional not

necessarily national lens' Her attention to the pro%lem of a northern =sectionalism? can

also point to how the polariFe$ climate of .


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i$eolo)y was the )l#e that hel$ northern antislavery politicians an$ voters to)ether

$espite the hetero$ox political ori)ins /i'e' AntiMason, +hi), emocratic, *i%erty, 4ree

Soil, GnowNothin) of many in the coalition' His contention that the rise of the

(ep#%licans somehow represente$ a new =i$eolo)ical? perio$ of politics %ase$ #pon

f#n$amental $ifferences over slavery an$ its expansion presents a compellin) iss#e that

Holt@s wor& $irectly spea&s to an$ see&s to re%#t' Another area of $isa)reement that

co#l$ prove very enli)htenin) to st#$ents is what %oth a#thors have to say a%o#t the

relationship %etween nativism an$ antislavery in the .pper So#th mi)ht

$ispel the myth of complete so#thern #nity prior an$ even $#rin) the Civil +ar' 8he

possi%ility of alternative $ecisions %y political lea$ers, especially the tantaliFin) prospect

of A%raham *incoln appointin) an anti(ep#%lican so#therner to his Ca%inet, sho#l$


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provi$e m#ch room for spec#lation an$ critical thin&in) on the part of st#$ents' Df

co#rse, to %alance thin)s o#t, ! wo#l$ also assi)n 9ertram +yatt9rown@s 1an"ee 'aints

and 'outhern 'inners, which famo#sly post#lates that existence of a so#thern =honor

c#lt#re? impelle$ white so#therners to treat northern $enials of e#al access to the fe$eral

territories as a personal re%#&e that #stifie$ secession' 8he white so#thern fear of %ein)

%ran$e$ a =s#%missionist? in lea)#e with 9lac& (ep#%licanism can also $raw st#$ents

towar$ the relationship %etween racial fears an$ so#thern violence'

(ea$in) *ist for (econstr#ction after the Civil +ar-

+ee& .- !ntro$#ction- +hose (econstr#ction5

/Here ! wo#l$ as& st#$ents to $efine what they thin& the term =reconstr#ction? means

+ee& 2- 8he Pro%lem of So#thern Self(econstr#ction in .


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+illiam #nnin),0econstruction

+ee& - So#thern Politics an$ the Pro%lem of the Color*ine

+'E'9' #9ois,&lac" 0econstruction in America

/! wo#l$ have st#$ents rea$ selecte$ chapters, especially =8he 9lac& Proletariat in So#thCarolina? an$ =8he Propa)an$a of History?Michael Perman, The 0oad to 0edemtion

+ee&


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an$ so#thern politicians $#rin) the Secession Crisis' Examinin) yo#n) so#therners also

from the >pper So#th an$ specifically from Bir)inia, Carmichael explores how a

)eneration comin) of a)e conscio#sly reecte$ the mo$eration of their ol$ >nionist

parents an$ politicians an$ ea)erly em%race$ secession in .nion' Mar& 3rimsley@s The $ard $and of War,

while a$mitte$ly a%o#t military strate)y towar$ civilians $oes offer some important

insi)hts into the way that the process of fi)htin) helpe$ en)en$er %itter hatre$s on %oth

si$es that wo#l$ impair attempts at reconciliation' Partic#larly, his passa)es that cover

the passa)e of the Confiscation Acts an$ the prom#l)ation of the *ie%er Co$e /.


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emancipation' 4rom personal experience, ! can say that Michael Boren%er)@sFinal

Freedom$oes a fine o% of presentin) the revol#tionary implications of emancipation

#pon American political an$ constit#tional $evelopment' 8ho#)h a slim vol#me,

Boren%er)@s %oo& caref#lly traces the wheelin) an$ $ealin) of the *incoln

A$ministration, (ep#%licans an$ +ar emocrats in Con)ress, an$ a%olitionists in

effectin) the 8hirteenth Amen$ment' His cr#cial insi)ht that the amen$ment presa)e$ a

chan)e in the way or$inary Americans loo&e$ at their Constit#tion is partic#larly #sef#l

in stim#latin) f#rther $isc#ssion' 8#rnin) from the halls of Con)ress to con$itions on the

)ro#n$ for the free$men themselves, (o)er (ansom an$ (ichar$ S#tch@s 3ne 4ind of

Freedom$isplays the nee$ of so#thern planters an$ free$men to form a s#ita%le wor&

arran)ement after the $emise of slavery' +hile many aspects of so#thern life will

event#ally )et reconstr#cte$, the ol$ instit#tion of slavery was not one of them, an$ th#s

poorer whites an$ %lac&s fo#n$ themselves as sharecroppers force$ to pro$#ce cotton in

or$er to satisfy the $esires of )eneral store merchants who hel$ a monopoly on postwar

cre$it' 8he experiences of whites an$ %lac&s in the So#th after the Civil +ar lar)ely

reflecte$ the wi$esprea$ poverty an$ fixation of the re)ion@s elite #pon the res#mption of

cotton pro$#ction'

Aro#n$ the halfway point, then, my co#rse wo#l$ only %e)in to $isc#ss the

impact of post.


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%oth an 8' Carter@s )oo$ %oo& When the War Was 3veras well as Eric 4oner@s

ma)isterial0econstruction' Carter $oes an excellent o% with reco)niFin) the stren)ths

an$ limitations inherent in the concept of so#thern selfreconstr#ction after .


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towar$ reco)niFin) how the policies of Con)ress were frame$ %y Mo$erates who may

have prevente$ a more thoro#)h)oin) process of reconstr#ction towar$ the $efeate$

white So#th' 8o this en$, st#$ent $isc#ssions mi)ht foc#s #pon the intentions an$ act#al

o#tcomes of $e%ates to pass the Civil (i)hts 9ill of .


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+hile some co#rses spen$ consi$era%le time on events in the So#th, ! happen to

thin& that events in the North an$ +est also carrie$ a maor /if not $ominant infl#ence

#pon the form#lation of policy in +ashin)ton' 8he postwar North experience$ a rise in

immi)ration levels after the war an$ this in t#rn le$ to the )rowin) clo#t of or)aniFe$

la%or in the A)e of (econstr#ction' avi$ Mont)omery@s fine&eyond E5ualitys#))ests

one reason for the northern wanin) interest in the pro%lem of reconstr#ction thro#)h his

emphasis on the specter of class conflict over the meanin) of free la%or' +hen most

(ep#%licans ref#se to ac&nowle$)e the ri)ht to collective %ar)ain an$ stri&e, the ei)ht

ho#r $ay, or p#rs#e so#thern lan$ confiscation to its f#llest extent, the interests of the

la%orers of the National *a%or >nion %e)an to $iver)e from the (a$ical (ep#%licans'

Part of explainin) this apparent fiscal conservatism of (ep#%licans m#st rest with some

#n$erstan$in) of the ori)ins of the *i%eral (ep#%lican movement after the war' 8hro#)h

An$rew Slap@s#oom of 0econstruction, st#$ents )ain a %etter appreciation for the way in

which i$eas of laisseFfaire political economy )aine$ wi$e cre$ence amon) elite

northerners after .


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it, 8release@s len)thy st#$y properly points o#t how $iffic#lt any consistent policy towar$

white so#thern violence was %o#n$ to %e after .


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of a maor thir$party challen)e seems excee$in)ly rare, voters in the nineteenthcent#ry

m#st have )reete$ these #pstart or)aniFations as a fairly ro#tine matter for Americans to

express their $issatisfaction with the c#rrent political lea$ership'

Dne example of s#ch a protest movement is the AntiMasonry movement of the

late .


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8he creation of the *i%erty party after the AntiMasons %e)an to oin with the

+hi)s, hi)hli)hts the small, %#t )rowin) importance of antislavery sentiment within the

political system' 8he mem%ers of the *i%erty party compose$ those a%olitionists,

incl#$in) Salmon P' Chase an$ 4re$eric& o#)lass, who co#l$ simply not a%i$e %y the

$ict#m of the followers of +illiam *loy$ 3arrison that en)a)ement in partisan politics

wo#l$ prove to %e a compromise of principle' 8his split ha$ first occ#rre$ in the .


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;ames Pol&' Dnce in office, however, Pol& mana)e$ to an)er westerners thro#)h his veto

of rivers an$ har%ors improvements, protariff emocrats in Pennsylvania with the

+al&er 8ariff, an$ the few remainin) conservative emocrats thro#)h his rea#thoriFation

of the !n$epen$ent 8reas#ry system' 8he Ban 9#ren men increasin)ly felt incense$ %y

the patrona)e the Pol& A$ministration )ave to their New or& rivals, the H#n&ers, which

incl#$e$ Secretary of +ar +illiam *' Marcy' +hen the H#n&ers attempte$ to $eny the

Ban 9#ren =9arn%#rners? a chance to press for the +ilmot Proviso at Her&imer /Dcto%er

.


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D#t of the former 4ree Soilers an$ those remainin) northern emocrats an$

+hi)s who resente$ the ha#)htiness of the =Slave Power,? the (ep#%lican party emer)e$

o#t of a series of antiNe%ras&a splinter parties that rose #p a)ainst the passa)e of

Stephen o#)las@s GansasNe%ras&a Act in May .


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an$ $an)ers to the rep#%lic, the hyperpatriotic GnowNothin)s starte$ o#t as a series of

fraternal lo$)es that #ic&ly )rew into a mass political movement' 8he GnowNothin)s

#r)e$ a len)thenin) of the perio$ of nat#raliFation for forei)ners as well as an en$ to the

papal infl#ence of Catholic lea$ers li&e New or&@s Arch%ishop ;ohn H#)hes thro#)h

the nativist $eman$ for an en$ to p#%lic ai$ of parochial schools an$ incl#sion of only the

Gin) ;ames 9i%le in p#%lic schools' 8he party /later %ran$e$ =American? #n$erwent a

meteoric rise, capt#rin) control of states li&e Massach#setts in .


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Constit#tional >nionists as a competitive force with the 9rec&inri$)e emocrats' !n the

en$, tho#)h, the secession of the eep an$ later >pper So#th ha$ ero$e$ whatever force

the party ha$ to effect f#t#re elections' 8he tas& for creatin) a %isectional =>nion? party

th#s fell #pon the (ep#%lican a$ministration of A%raham *incoln'

After the Civil +ar, however, the (ep#%licans ha$ proven themselves an

en$#rin) maority in northern politics' 8he fee%le competitiveness of the northern

emocracy, with its so#thern win) still limite$ %y the threat of fe$eral intervention ha$

provi$e$ the context for a potential $ivision within the ran&s of the $ominant

(ep#%licans' 8he *i%eral (ep#%lican %olt occ#rre$ first in Misso#ri as formerly ra$ical

politicians li&e Carl Sch#rF an$ 9enamin 3ratF 9rown so#)ht to win over $isfranchise$

exConfe$erates there thro#)h a lenient policy of amnesty an$ reconciliation' 8he #se of

fe$eral power in the Military (econstr#ction Act of .


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allowe$ protectionist an$ Horace 3reeley to )ain the nomination in May .


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c#rrency from I:0 million to I700 million over a perio$ of : years %efore a ret#rn to

)ol$ converti%ility, Sherman also remove$ any caps on the n#m%er of national %an&notes

in circ#lation' 8h#s free %an&in) came at the cost of )reen%ac& re$#ction, which prove$

no compromise to the )reen%ac& a$vocates' +ith the res#mption of specie, the mem%ers

of the 3reen%ac& party ran their own presi$ential can$i$ate in .nfort#nately,

the 9laineAllison Silver P#rchase Act of .


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panacea of free silver an$ achieve$ f#sion with the emocrats #n$er +illiam ;ennin)s

9ryan in .

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Comps Answers for Holt