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Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture. CSCE1062 Outline Computer hardware {section 1.2} Memory Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input devices Output devices Network

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Page 1: Computer Architecture. CSCE1062 Outline Computer hardware {section 1.2}  Memory  Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Input devices  Output devices  Network

Computer Architecture

Page 2: Computer Architecture. CSCE1062 Outline Computer hardware {section 1.2}  Memory  Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Input devices  Output devices  Network

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Outline Computer hardware {section 1.2}

Memory Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input devices Output devices Network connections

Computer software {section 1.3} System Application

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Memory

Memory is an essential component in any computer.

There are two types of memory:main/primary memory, and secondary memory (mass storage).

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Main Memory Stores information being processed by the

CPU. There are two types of main memory, RAM &

ROM.RAM – Random Access Memory: the part of main

memory that temporarily stores programs, data and results. It is volatile.

ROM – Read Only Memory: the part of main memory that permanently stores programs or data necessary for booting the computer.

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Secondary Memory Semi permanent data-storage capability

Magnetic• Tape• Floppy disk• Hard disk

Non-magnetic• CD-ROM or DVD• Memory stick/flash memory (USB drives)

Secondary memory usually has much more storage capacity than main memory.

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-27.2

354

H

75.62

Address Contents

0

1024

1

Anatomy of Memory The computer memory could be

visualized as a sequence of storage locations called memory cells.

Each memory cell has a unique address, so as to be able to store and retrieve information in the memory.

Storing a value in memory destroys the previous contents.

Retrieving a value from memory copies the content to another storage area for processing.

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2

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ADD 73

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Anatomy of Memory (cont’d) The smallest memory

unit to represent a 1 or 0 is called bit (binary digit).

8 bits make a byte, which is the place required to store a single character.

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CPU

“Brain” of the computer, where decisions are made, computations are

performed, and input/output requests are delegated.

CPU contains: Arithmetic/Logic Unit - carries out all arithmetic

and logical operations. Control unit - decodes and executes instructions. Registers - hold information and instructions for

CPU to process.

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CPU (cont’d)

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Input & Output Devices Input devices are accessories that allow people to supply

information to computers. Common input devices:

Keyboard Joystick Scanner

Output devices are accessories that allow people to receive information from computers.

Common output devices: Printer Monitor Speaker

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Basic Functional Components (1)

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Basic Functional Components (2)

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The Bus

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Computer Networks Allow multiple computers to connect together to

share resources and/or data. LAN - Local area network

Organizational WAN - Wide area network

Internet Requires additional hardware

Modems Ethernet interface

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World Wide Web

Most popular feature on the Internet; introduced in 1989

A collection of interconnected documents that may be accessed from any computer

Navigation needs a Web browser A program with a graphical user interface

(GUI) that displays the text and graphics in a Web document and activates the hyperlinks to other documents.

Examples: Netscape and IE

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Computer Hardware Components

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Computer Hardware Components

Source: Gaddis T. Starting Out With Games and Graphics in C++. Addison Wesley, 2010.

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System softwarePrograms that support the execution and

development of other programs.Major types:

• Operating systems• Utilities• Translation systems

Application softwarePrograms designed to perform specific tasks

to the user.

Computer Software

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Controls and manages the computing resources. It controls: the interaction of system with the user, and the hardware interactions.

Important services that an operating system (OS) provides are: File system. Commands that allow for manipulation of the file system. Ability to perform input and output on a variety of devices. Management of the running systems.

Part of the OS (required to boot the system) is usually stored on ROM, and the rest on hard drive.

Examples: MSDOS ®, Windows ®, Unix ®

Operating System

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Application Software Application software is the software that has

made using computers indispensable and popular.

Common application software:Word processorsDesktop publishing programsSpreadsheetsPresentation managersDrawing programs