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1 QUESTION - 1 OUTPUT DEVICES An output device is any peripheral device that converts machine-readable information into people- readable form such as a monitor, printer, plotter and voice output device. An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) to the outside world. Any device that outputs information from a computer is called, an output device. Since most information from a computer is output in either a visual or auditory format, the most common output devices are the monitor and speakers. These two devices provide instant feedback to the user's input, such as displaying characters as they are typed or playing a song selected from a play-list. While monitors and speakers are the most common output devices, there are many others. Some examples include headphones, printers, projectors, lighting control systems, audio recording devices, and robotic machines. A computer without an output

Computer Assignment 2

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QUESTION - 1OUTPUT DEVICES An output device is any peripheral device that converts machine-

readable information into people-readable form such as a monitor,

printer, plotter and voice output device.

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used

to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an

information processing system (such as a computer) to the outside

world.

Any device that outputs information from a computer is called, an

output device. Since most information from a computer is output in

either a visual or auditory format, the most common output devices

are the monitor and speakers. These two devices provide instant

feedback to the user's input, such as displaying characters as they

are typed or playing a song selected from a play-list.

While monitors and speakers are the most common output devices,

there are many others. Some examples include headphones,

printers, projectors, lighting control systems, audio recording devices,

and robotic machines. A computer without an output device

connected to it is pretty useless, since the output is what we interact

with.

INPUT DEVICES Input device is any device that provides input to a computer. There

are dozens of possible input devices, but the two most common ones

are keyboard and mouse. Every key you press on the keyboard and

every movement or click you make with the mouse sends a specific

input signal to the computer. These commands allow you to open

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programs, type messages, drag objects, and perform many other

functions on your computer.

Since the job of a computer is primarily to process input, computers

are pretty useless without input devices. Just imagine how much fun

you would have using your computer without a keyboard or mouse.

Not very much. Therefore, input devices are a vital part of every

computer system.

While most computers come with a keyboard and mouse, other input

devices may also be used to send information to the computer. Some

examples include joysticks, scanners, web-camera and card readers.

All these devices send information to the computer and therefore are

categorized as input devices.

EXAMPLES - OUTPUT DEVICES

Monitor - A monitor is the screen on which words, numbers, and graphics can be seem.  The monitor is the most common output device.Printer - A printer prints whatever is on the monitor onto paper.  Printers can print words, numbers, or pictures.

Speaker - A speaker gives you sound output from your computer.  Some speakers are built into the computer and some are separate.

Headphones - Headphones give sound output from the computer.  They are similar to speakers, except they are worn on the ears so only one person can hear the output at a time.

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EXAMPLES - INPUT DEVICES

Scanner is a input device that allows a user to take an image or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing the computer to read or display the scanned object. A scanner is usually connected to a computer USB port.Keyboard - The keyboard is a way to input letters or numbers into different applications or programs.  A keyboard also has special keys that help operate the computer.Joystick - A joystick is used to move the cursor from place to place, and to click on various items in programs.  A joystick is used mostly for computer games.

Microphone - A microphone is used to record sound.  The sound is then saved as a sound file on the computer.

Mouse - The mouse is used to open and close files, navigate web sites, and click on a lot of commands (to tell the computer what to do) when using different applications.

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QUESTION - 2OPERATING SYSTEMAn operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that,

after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages

all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are

called applications or application programs. The application programs

make use of the operating system by making requests for services through

a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can

interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as

a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).

An operating system performs these services for applications:

In a multitasking operating system where multiple programs can be

running at the same time, the operating system determines which

applications should run in what order and how much time should be

allowed for each application before giving another application a turn.

It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple

applications.

It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices,

such as hard disks, printers, and dial-up ports.

It sends messages to each application or interactive user (or to a

system operator) about the status of operation and any errors that

may have occurred.

It can offload the management of what are called batch jobs (for

example, printing) so that the initiating application is freed from this

work.

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On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating

system can manage how to divide the program so that it runs on

more than one processor at a time.

All major computer platforms (hardware and software) require and

sometimes include an operating system. Linux, Windows 2000,

VMS, OS/400, AIX, and z/OS are all examples of operating systems.

More DetailsOperating systems are the most important system software. Operating

system is a set of programs that control and supervises the hardware of a

computer and provides services to application software, programmers and

users of computer. Without operating system a computer cannot do

anything useful. A user cannot communicate directly with the computer

hardware, so the operating system acts as an intermediary between user of

a computer and the computer hardware. The primary goal of an operating

system is to make the computer convenient to use. The secondary goal is

to use the computer efficiently.

Some important tasks of an operating system are managing the resources

of the computer such as Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, disk

drives and printer and running user programs. Every type of computer has

its own operating system. Operating system for mainframe and other large

computers are very complex since they must keep track of several

programs from several users all running in the same time frame.

Following are some of the popular operating systems used in personal

computers: DOS, Windows, Unix, Linux, Solaris, etc.

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A computer’s operating system is a set of programs that essentially tells the

computer how to operate as a computer. It also acts as an interface

between the computer and the user. It is the most important piece of

software that a computer needs. Without an operating system, there is no

way for the computer’s user to communicate with the computer. Microsoft

Windows is probably the most popular operating system used for personal

computers today.

Most operating systems have a large set of menus and icons for the user to

choose what he or she wants the computer to do. The user may choose to

use either a keyboard or a mouse to communicate with the operating

system, which then communicates with the computer. The mouse is a

“work-alike” device that moves the pointing arrow on the computer screen

the way the mouse itself is moved; the keyboard can select different things

by using the correct combination of keystrokes. For some operations it is

also possible to enter a text command.

The operating system communicates both with the different hardware

components of the computer as well as additional software applications the

user may add on to the computer. In some ways, the operating system is

like a language translator; it “speaks” both human language and computer

language, allowing the human user to do whatever it is he or she wants to

do with the computer and all of its extra hardware and software.

The operating system is also somewhat like an office coordinator; after the

BIOS loads, the operating system is then in charge of making sure all of the

different computer processes happen the way they need to for programs to

load and music to play and documents to print. If you are opening a

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document file from the Internet, then Internet Explorer has to tell the

operating system to open Microsoft Word so the document can open.

QUESTION - 3

COMPUTER NETWORKA Computer network is a collection of two or more computers, which are

connected together to share information and resources like printer and

hardware etc.

In other words, a computer network is an interconnection between two or

more computers so that they can communicate with each other. A network

is made up of collection of computers and the connections between them

that allows information exchange to take place. While most networks

connect computers using some form of cable, the connection can also be

wireless, or example radio waves.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

The term topology refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically

or logically. In simple terms, a topology can be considered as the network’s

shape. It is geometrical representation of the relationship of all the links.

BUS TOPOLOGYBus topology uses a common bus or backbone (a single cable) to connect

all devices with terminators at both ends. The backbone acts as a shared

communication medium and each node (file server, workstations, and

peripherals) is attached to it with an interface connector. Whenever a

message is to be transmitted on the network, it is passed back and forth

along the cable, past the stations (computers) and between the two

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terminators, from one end of the network to the other. As the message

passes each station, the station checks the message’s destination address.

If the address in the message matches the station’s address, the station

receives the message. If the address does not match, the bus carries the

message to the next station, and so on.

Advantages Connecting a computer or peripheral to a linear bus is easy. This topology requires least amount of cabling to connect the

computers and, therefore, less expensive than other cabling arrangement.

Disadvantages Entire network shuts down if there is a failure in the backbone. Heavy traffic can slow down a bus because computers on such

networks do not coordinate with each other to reserve time to transmit.

RING TOPOLOGYThe ring topology, computers are placed on a circle of cable without any

terminated ends since there are no unconnected ends. Every node has

exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel

through a ring in the same direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise) until it

reaches its destination. Each node in the ring incorporates a repeater.

When a node receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater

regenerates the bits and passes them along the wire.

Advantages Ring topology is easy to install and reconfigure. Every computer is given equal access to the ring. Hence, no

single computer can monopolize the network.

Disadvantages

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Failure in any cable or node breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.

Maximum ring length and number of nodes are limited.

STAR TOPOLOGYIn star topology, devices are not directly linked with each other but they are

connected via a centralized network component known as a hub or

concentrator. The hum acts as a central controller and if a node wants to

send data to another node, it boosts up the message and sends the

message to the intended node.

Advantages Star topology is easy to install and wire. The network is not disrupted even if a node fails or is removed

from the network. Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier in star

topology.

Disadvantages It requires a longer length of cable. If hub fails nodes attached to it are disabled. The cost of hub makes this topology expensive as compared to

the bus and the ring.

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QUESTION-4 (A)

MS-Word Application WindowImportant components MS Word Application Windows are as under:-

Attribute Description

Title Bar The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. Like other WINDOWS applications, it can be used to alter the size and location of the word window.

The Menu Bar The words listed atop the application window, immediately underneath the Title bar. You can access all application commands from the Menu Bar.

Standard Toolbar The row of icons immediately underneath the Menu Bar, which provide quick access to commonly used function commands e.g. open, close, print, copy, cut, paste etc.

Formatting Toolbar

The second row of icons immediately underneath the Standard Toolbar, which provides quick access to commonly used formatting commands e.g. font size, font style etc,

Ruler Bar The Ruler Bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.

Status Bar The Status Bar displays information about the currently active document. This includes the page number that you are working, the column and line number of the cursor position and so on.

Scroll Bar The Scroll Bar helps you scroll the content or body of document. You can do so by moving the elevator button along the scroll bar, or by click in on the buttons with the arrow marked on them to move up and down and left and right of a page.

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Workspace The Workspace is the area in the document window was you enter/type the text of your document.

Task Pane The area on the right-hand side of the screen that allows you to easily access various commands, such as opening a new or existing workbook.

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QUESTION-4 (B)MS-Excel Application WindowThe Microsoft Excel application window has many of the same attributes as other

windows in the Microsoft Office Suite. The table below lists the new features and

provides a brief description of each one.

Attribute Description

Menu BarThe words listed atop the application window, immediately underneath the Title bar. You can access all application commands from the Menu Bar.

Standard ToolbarThe row of icons immediately underneath the Menu Bar, which provide quick access to commonly used function commands e.g. open, close, print, copy, cut, paste etc.

Formatting Toolbar

The second row of icons immediately underneath the Standard Toolbar, which provides quick access to commonly used formatting commands e.g. font size, font style etc,

The Formula BarLocated immediately underneath the Formatting Toolbar, it displays the constant value or formula used in an active cell.

The Name Box The box at the left end of the Formula Bar that identifies the selected cell, chart item or drawing object.

Column Heading The lettered gray area at the top of each column.

Row Heading The numbered gray area to the left of each row.

The Sheet Tabs The tabs near the bottom of the workbook window that displays the name of the various worksheets.

The Task PaneThe area on the right-hand side of the screen that allows you to easily access various commands, such as opening a new or existing workbook.

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QUESTION-5

(a)THE INTERNETThe Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that

use the standard Internet protocol suite (e.g. TCP/IP) to serve billions of

users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of

private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to

global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and

optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range

of information resources and services, such as the inter-

linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and

the infrastructure to support email.

The origins of the Internet reach back to research of the 1960s,

commissioned by the United States government in collaboration with

private commercial interests to build robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed

computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National

Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other

commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development

of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The

commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network

resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of

modern human life. As of 2011, more than 2.2 billion people - nearly a third

of Earth's population - use the services of the Internet. The Internet has no

centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies

for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards.

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WEB PAGE

A web page or webpage is a document or information resource that is

suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web

browser and displayed on a monitor or mobile device. This information is

usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other

web pages via hypertext links. Web pages frequently subsume other

resources such as style sheets, scripts and images into their final

presentation.

Web pages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web

server. The web server may restrict access only to a private network, e.g. a

corporate intranet, or it may publish pages on the World Wide Web. Web

pages are requested and served from web servers using Hypertext

Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Web pages may consist of files of static text and other content stored within

the web server's file system (static web pages), or may be constructed

by server-side software when they are requested (dynamic web

pages). Client-side scripting can make web pages more responsive to user

input once on the client browser.

(b)EmailEmail is electronic mail, which allows an internet user to send a message

(email) to another internet use in any part of the world in a near real-time-

manner. Real purpose of the email is sending messages, documents, files, pictures etc to your friends those also have their email address.

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(c)Computer Virus Virus is a computer program that is designed by programmers to replicate

itself by copying itself into the other programs stored in a computer. It may

be benign or have a negative effect, such as causing a program to operate

incorrectly or corrupting a computer's memory. A computer virus is an

executable program. Depend on the nature of a virus, it may cause

damage of your hard disk contents, and/or interfere normal operation of

your computer. A virus can be introduced to a computer system along with any software program. For Internet users, this threat can come

from downloading files, or referencing email attachments. Now a days main source of virus infection is USB flash drives and likewise memory data system e.g. mobile memory cards etc.

There are many types of computer viruses:

File virus Most viruses fall into this category. A virus attaches itself to a file, usually a program file.

Boot sector virus

These viruses infect floppy and hard drives. The virus program will load first, before the operating system.

Macro Virus This is a new type of virus that uses an application's own macro programming feature to distribute themselves. Unlike other viruses, macro viruses do not infect programs; they infect documents.

Virus Hoax Although there are thousands of viruses discovered each year, there are still some that only exist in the imaginations of the public and the press - known as virus hoaxes. These viruses’ hoaxes DO NOT EXIST, despite rumor of their creation and distribution.

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Anti Virus

Anti Virus is protective software designed to defend a computer against

virus, Trojans, key-loggers, hijackers, dialers, and other code that

vandalizes or steals computer data.

A type of software that is designed to be used to detect and remove viruses

from the computer is called Anti Virus. It contains information about

different known viruses.

Many antivirus programs are available in the market. But no single software

can detect and remove all viruses. Many new viruses are invented and

spread through internet continuously. Antivirus program are also upgraded

continuously to detect these new viruses. Some important Antivirus

programs are as following:-

Norton Anti Virus.

Kaspersky Anti Virus.

McAfee Anti Virus.

Better solution is that should purchase a registered antivirus program

alongwith USB security. USB Security program will protect entrance of

virus through USB port/flash drives.