www.lpude.in
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION ANDARCHITECTURE/INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION ANDARCHITECTURE
Copyright 2012 Lovely Professional UniversityAll rights reserved
Printed byEXCEL BOOKS PRIVATE LIMITED
A-45, Naraina, Phase-I,New Delhi-110028
forDirectorate of Distance Education
Lovely Professional UniversityPhagwara
Directorate of Distance Education
LPU is reaching out to the masses by providing an intellectual learning environment that is academically rich with the mostaffordable fee structure. Supported by the largest University1 in the country, LPU, the Directorate of Distance Education (DDE)is bridging the gap between education and the education seekers at a fast pace, through the usage of technology whichsignificantly extends the reach and quality of education. DDE aims at making Distance Education a credible and valued modeof learning by providing education without a compromise.
DDE is a young and dynamic wing of the University, filled with energy, enthusiasm, compassion and concern. Its team striveshard to meet the demands of the industry, to ensure quality in curriculum, teaching methodology, examination and evaluationsystem, and to provide the best of student services to its students. DDE is proud of its values, by virtue of which, it ensures tomake an impact on the education system and its learners.
Through affordable education, online resources and a network of Study Centres, DDE intends to reach the unreached.
1 in terms of no. of students in a single campus
SYLLABUS
Computer Organization and Architecture/Introduction toComputer Organization and Architecture
Objectives: The objectives of this course are:
To understand how computers are constructed out of a set of functional units
To understand how these functional units operate, interact and communicate
To understand the factors and trade-offs that affect computer performance
To understand concrete representation of data at the machine level
To understand how computations are actually performed at the machine level
To understand how problems expressed by humans are expressed as binary strings in a machine
DCAP502 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Sr. No. Description
1. Review of Basics of Digital Electronics: Codes, logic gates, flip flops, registers, counters, multiplexer, demultiplexer, decoder, and encoder.
2. Integers Representation: Signed Magnitude, 1s & 2s Complement) & Real numbers (Fixed point & Floating Point representation), Register Transfer and Micro operations: Register transfer language Bus & memory transfer, logic micro operation, shift micro operation, Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit
3. Basic Computer Organization: Instruction codes, computer instructions, timing & control, instruction cycles
4. Memory reference instruction, Input/output & interrupts, Design of basic computer Control Unit: Hardwired vs. micro programmed control unit, Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Micro program Sequencer
5. Central Processing Unit: General register organization, stack organization, instruction format, Addressing Modes Data transfer & manipulation, program control, RISC, CISC.
6. Introduction to Parallel Processing: Pipelining, Instruction pipeline, RISC Pipeline, Vector Processing
7. Computer Arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication & Division Algorithm(s),
Decimal arithmetic units & Operations.
8. Input-Output Organization: Peripheral devices, I/O interface, data transfer schemes, program control, interrupt, DMA transfer, I/O Processor
9. Memory Organization Concepts: Cache & Virtual memory
10. Multiprocessors: Characteristics, Interconnection Structures, Interprocessor Communication and synchronization
DCAP206 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE
Sr. No. Description
1. Tools for course understanding: Awareness of ISA bus interface, a popular bus architecture used in IBM and compatible personal computer systems.
Digital Logic Circuits: Digital computers, Logic gates, Boolean Algebra, Map Simplification, Half Adder, Full Adder, Flip flops SR, JK, D, T, Edge triggered flip flops, Sequential Circuits
2. Digital Components: Integrated circuits, Decoders NAND gate decoder, Encoders, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Registers, Shift registers, Bidirectional Register with parallel load, Binary counters, Memory Unit RAM, ROM, Types of ROMs
3. Data Representation: Number systems decimal, octal, hexadecimal, Complement (r-1)s complement, rs complement, Fixed point representation, floating point representation, Gray code, Decimal codes, alphanumeric codes, Error detection codes
4. Register Transfer and Micro-operations: Register transfer language, Register transfer, Bus and memory transfers three state bus buffers, Arithmetic micro-operations binary adder, binary adder subtractor, binary incrementer, arithmetic circuit
5. Logic micro-operations and its hardware implementation, Shift micro-operations and hardware implementation, Arithmetic Logic Shift unit, Hardware description languages
6. Basic Computer Organization and Design: Instruction Codes, Stored program organization, Computer registers, Common bus system, Computer instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction cycle, Memory reference instructions, Input output and interrupt, complete design of basic computer
7. Central Processing Unit: General register organization, control word, Stack organization, register stack, memory stack, Instruction formats three address, two address, one address, zero address instructions, Addressing modes, Data transfer and manipulation, arithmetic, logical, bit manipulation, Program control, Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), CISC characteristics
8. Input-Output Organization: Input output interface, I/O bus and interface modules, I/O vs memory bus, Isolated vs Memory mapped I/O
9. Asynchronous data transfer, handshaking, Programmed I/O, Interrupt-initiated I/O, Priority Interrupt Daisy chaining, parallel priority, priority encoder, interrupt cycle, DMA controller and transfer
10. Memory Organization: Memory hierarchy, RAM, ROM chips, memory address map, Associative memory, Cache memory, Virtual memory, Memory management hardware
CONTENTS
Unit 1: Review of Basics of Digital Electronics 1
Unit 2: Devices Used in Digital Electronics 23
Unit 3: Data Representation and Data Transfer 43
Unit 4: Computer Organization I 65
Unit 5: Computer Organization II 81
Unit 6: Control Unit 95
Unit 7: Central Processing Unit 111
Unit 8: Addressing Modes 125
Unit 9: Computer Arithmetic I 143
Unit 10: Computer Arithmetic II 155
Unit 11: Input/Output Organization 165
Unit 12: Memory Organization Concepts 185
Unit 13: Multiprocessors 205
Unit 14: Introduction to Parallel Processing 229
1LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Unit 1: Review of Basics of Digital Electronics
Notes
Unit 1: Review of Basics of Digital Electronics
CONTENTS
Objectives
Introduction
1.1 Codes in Digital Electronics
1.1.1 Classification of Binary Codes
1.2 Logic Gates
1.3 Summary
1.4 Keywords
1.5 Self Assessment
1.6 Review Questions
1.7 Further Readings
ObjectivesAfter studying this unit, you will be able to:
Discuss the codes in digital electronics List the functions of different logic gates Discuss the truth table for all the logic gates
IntroductionDigital electronics is a field of computer science. It deals with devices that are used to carry outcomputer applications.
In digital electronics, we use two-state or binary logic. The two logic states are 0 (low) and 1(high).
Computer uses binary number system for its operations. Digital electronics represents the twobinary numbers, 1 and 0, using two voltage levels in a device called a logic gate. Sometimes thetwo states can also be represented using Boolean logic functions, true or false states, or usingan on or off state.
Logic gates are important components of a digital circuit. A logic gate takes two inputs andgenerates a single output. In this unit we will discuss about the basic logic gates and theircorresponding truth tables.
1.1 Codes in Digital ElectronicsBasically, digital data is represented, stored, and transmitted as groups of binary digits which arecalled bits. The group of bits is known as binary code. Binary codes are used in computers as theyallow computers to perform complex calculations quickly and efficiently. Binary codes are usedin financial, commercial, and industrial applications. To understand how binary codes are appliedin these fields, we first have to understand the classification of binary codes.
1.1.1 Classification of Binary CodesBinary codes can be represented as numbers and letters of the alphabets as well as many specialcharacters and control functions. They are classified as numeric or alphanumeric codes. Numericcodes are used to represent numbers, whereas alphanumeric codes are used to represent alphabeticletters and numerals.
2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Computer Organization and Architecture/Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture
Notes The binary codes are classified as shown in figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1: Classification of Binary Codes
As mentioned earlier, numeric codes are used to represent numbers. The following are the numericcodes:
1. Weighted Binary Codes: Weighted binary codes are those which follow the positional w
