Concentrating Solar Technologies

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    System efficiency is the product of

    Module efficiency

    Inverter efficiency

    MPP-tracking efficiency

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    Figure 2.34b Central receiver schematic

    Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the Worlds

    Electr icity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)

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    Figure 2.34c Parabolic dish schematic

    Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the Worlds

    Electr icity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)

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    Figure 2.35a Parabolic Trough Thermal Electricity,

    Kramer Junction, California

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    Figure 2.35b Parabolic Trough Thermal Electricity,

    Kramer Junction, California

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    Figure 2.35c Close-up of parabolic trough

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    The latest parabolic trough

    systems either

    Directly heat the water that will be used in the

    steam turbine, or Directly heat water that in turn is circulated

    through a hot tank of molten salt, with the molten

    salt storing heat and in turn heating the steam

    that is used in a steam turbine, as illustrated in

    the following diagram

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    Figure 2.36 AndaSol-1 Schematic

    Source : Translated from Aringhoff (2002, Proyectos Andasol, Plantas Termosolares de 50 MW,

    Presentation at the IEA Solar Paces 62nd Exco Meetings Host Country Day)

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    With thermal storage,

    Electricity can be generated 24 hours per day

    The capacity factor (average output over peak

    output) can reach 85%

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    Figure 2.37 Parabolic trough capacity factor

    0.0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    0.8

    0.9

    0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

    AnnualCaqpacityFactor

    Thermal Energy Storage (Hours)

    1.0

    1.5

    2.0

    2.5

    3.0

    3.5

    4.0

    5.0

    Solar Field Size(Solar Multiple)

    Source : Price et al (2007, Proceedings of Energy Sus tainabil i ty 2007, 27-30 June, Long Beach, California)

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    Table 2.14 Characteristics of existing and possible future parabolic-

    trough systems

    Source: EC (2007, Concentrat ing Solar Power, from Research to Implementat ion,

    www.solarpaces.org) and Solcar

    http://www.solarpaces.org/http://www.solarpaces.org/
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    Figure 2.38 Integrated Solar Combined-Cycle

    (ISCC) powerplant

    Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the Worlds

    Electr icity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)

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    Figure 2.39 Parabolic dish/Stirling engine

    for generation of electricity

    Source: US CSP (2002) Status of Major Project Oppo rtunit ies, presentation at the 2002 Berlin Solar Paces CSP Conference

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    Figure 2.40 Stirling Receiver

    Source: Mancini et al (2003, Jou rnal of Solar Energy Engineering125, 135151)

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    Figure 2.41 Energy flow in 4 different parabolic

    dish/Stirling engine systems

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    Figure 2.42 Central tower solar thermal

    powerplant in California

    Source: US CSP (2002) Status of Major Project Opportunit ies, presentation at the 2002 Berlin Solar Paces CSP Conference

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    Figure 2.43 Solar Thermal Seasonal variation in the production of

    solar-thermal electricity in Egypt, Spain, and Germany

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    MonthlyElectricityYield(%)

    El Kharga

    Madrid

    Freiburg

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

    Source: GAC (2006, Trans-Mediterranean Interconnectio n for Concentrat ing Solar Power, Final Report,

    www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp)

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    Table 2.15 Comparison of current performance and current and projected

    cost of different solar thermal technologies for generating electricity

    Technology

    Attribute Parabolic

    Trough

    Parabolic

    Dish

    Central

    Tower

    Powerplant characteristics

    Peak efficiency 21% 29% 23%

    Net annual efficiency 13% 15% 13%Capacity factor without storage 24% 25% 24%

    Capacity factor with 6-hours

    storage

    42-48% Up to 60%

    Current investment cost (/kW) 3500-6000 10000-12000 3500-4500

    Future investment cost ($/kW) 2000-3000 2000-3000 2000-3000

    Current electricity cost (/kWh) 0.13-0.23 0.27-0.32 0.17-0.22

    Future electricity cost ($/kWh) 0.05-0.08 0.05-0.08 0.05-0.08Storage system characteristics

    Medium Synthetic oil Battery Molten salt

    Cost ($/kW heat) 200 30 500-800

    Lifetime (years) 30 5-10 30Round trip efficiency 95 76 99

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    Figure 2.44 Projected cost of heliostats (accounting at present for half the

    cost of central-tower systems) vs production rate (starting from present

    costs and production)

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    100 1000 10000 100000

    Price(USD/m2)

    Production Rate (units/yr)

    Source: IEA (2003, Renewables for Power Generation, Status and Prosp ects, International Energy Agency, Paris)

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    Other active uses of solar energy

    Solar air conditioning

    Medium-temperature (60-260o

    C) industrial heat High-temperature (1000-2500oC) industrial heat

    Solar fixation of nitrogen

    Crop drying Cooking