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Definition of society.
Occupation
Interaction
Sense of membership
Society is a group of
interacting individuals
sharing the same territory
and participating in
common culture.
Basic features of a society. society is universal having no boundary or limits.
family is the force of biological interdependence
of society.
Society is the mutual interaction of individuals. It
is invisible.
Active cooperation is the back bone of the society.
Liberty is regulated through the mutual agreement of individuals.
Likeness of members is the essential pre-requisite for society.
Origin of society.There are three theories explaining
the origin of society.
Social contract theory.
Organic theory.
Group mind theory.
Social contract theory.Society is based on some original contracts
between the individuals.
Society was formed to protect man against
it’s unbridled nature.
Society was evolved to maintain a state of
peace and justice in nature.
Organic theory.Society is a biological system.
Society is an animal body.
Industrial and agricultural systems are the
nutritional systems of the society.
Individual persons are the cells of the society.
Communication and transport are the heart,
veins and arteries of the society.
Criticism
Society has an abstract phenomenon whereas
human body has a definite form.
Individuals can work in an organic manner
where as a body cell can not.
conclusion
Obedience, loyalty, kinship, authority, order
and expediency of faith are impatient
elements of society on which the prosperity of
society relies.
Social structure.The nature of society is based on the social
structure.
It is an organized relationship between the
basic components of the society.
It makes society workable in an orderly manner.
The most important constituents of the society
are the groups, statuses, roles and institutions.
groupsGroup is an aggregate of individuals playing
interrelated roles.
The characters of a social group are
understanding, cooperation, unity, relations.
Groups can be primary and secondary.
Primary group consists of a small number of
people.
Interaction is for a relatively long period.
Interaction is informal.
e.g.. Families, group of friends.
secondary group consists of people who
interact in a temporary manner.
These groups know each other in a particular
formal roles.
Secondary groups are formed to serve a
specific purpose.
statusesThe well defined position of an individual in
the society is known as the status.
It determines whether a person fits in the
society, and his relations.
Status is achieved at the time of birth.
It can be changed.
roles
Set of approved and expected behavior
patterns consisting of both duties and
privileges.
Performance of a conspicuous part of a task is
a role.
institutionsEvery society needs a vast complex institutions
such as education, family, religion, property etc.
Institutions meets fundamental requirements
and provides a satisfying life to the individuals.
Family is the strongest institution.
Types of societies.
Different societies has used different
subsistent strategies while exploiting the food
resources.
Societies applying more productive approach
has always superseded the primitive society.
Based on the food gathering societies can be
classified into five groups.
Hunting gathering and tribal societies.
Pastoral societies
Horticultural societies
Agricultural societies
Industrial societies
Hunting and gathering societies consists of very
small groups.
They live in primary groups.
They require large territories to support
themselves.
their requirements are less and easily satisfied.
They work less as compared to other societies.
They keep on moving from area to area as
soon as they have exhausted the resources.
Their social structure is simple.
The family is only defined institution in these
societies. warfare is absolutely uncommon
among these people.
Pastoral societies are outcome of gathering and
hunting societies.
They are indulged in raring herds of animals
domestically.
These people find food directly from these
animals.
This society is more productive than the hunters.
They are nomadic and carry their herds to new
grazing grounds.
They carry easily transportable items along with
them.
They believe in gods who take active interest in
human affairs.
A few religions such as Christianity, Judaism
and Islam originated among the pastoral
societies.
Horticultural societies originated at the same time
as the pastorals, but they lead more settled life as
compared to the them.
They move periodically but to a short distance.
They are specialized in domestication of plants.
Their strategy is based on slash and burn
technology.
It is quite effective and supply surplus amount
of food.
It is affected by emergence of roles and
status.
Warfare is quite common in these kind of
societies.
Agricultural societies believe in obtaining the food
from the land on a large scale.
The use of plough greatly increases the
productivity of the land, as it brings the surface
nutrients sunk out of the reach of the roots.
The use of animal power increases the
productivity several times.
The potential size of this society is more then
horticultural and pastoral society.
The wealth is unevenly distributed with a small
majority of people enjoy the surplus produce by
working society.
Power is concentrated in the hands of a single
individual.
Money is used as a medium of exchange.
Trade is more elaborate.
The industrial mode of production began in
England 250 years ago.
Proved quite successful and spread all over
the world effectively.
Application of scientific knowledge to the
technology of production is the basis industrial
societies.
This system allows small proportion of
population to feed the majority.
This society enables new energy sources to
be harnessed and permitting machines to do
the work.
Features of industrial societies.Emergence of modern families.
Powerful economic institutions.
Domination of management and division of
labor in factories.
Social mobility and change of status prevails.
More economic avenues for women.
PRESENTED BY :-
ANISH VERMA
NITIN KAPIL
UTKARSH GAUTAM
ASHISH AGRAWAL
ARPIT JAIN
B. ARCH. (B.C.T.) V SEMESTER