Concrete Masonry Housing

7/27/2019 Concrete Masonry Housing

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Concrete and Masonry Housing

An overview of methods And benefits


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ContentsThe benets o

heavyweight construction 3

Energy-ecient housing 5

Heavyweight housing solutions 8

Summary 11

2 Concrete andMasonry Housing

Introduction

The UK shortage o housing underlines the need or ast and

ecient construction. However, this speed must not be at the

expense o quality and long-term perormance. The new homes

to be built must not only be structurally robust and aordable,

they also need to provide comortable living space that has the

fexibility to adapt to uture needs. A urther priority will be to

ensure that these homes work with rather than against the

environment and in so doing they should negate the need or air

conditioning and reduce the need or heating, thereby helping to

reduce energy consumption and uel bills.

The concrete industry can oer a range o construction methods

rom oundation methods to roo tiles, that are innovative and

ast whilst oering the high perormance and inherent benets

o heavyweight construction. These construction solutions oer

the ecient delivery o long-term perormance and best value

and meet the highest level o the Code or Sustainable Homes.This is a combination that is welcomed by both social housing

providers and their tenants, and by the private sector. O course

reurbishment and maintenance products are also available,

however, these are outside o the scope o this guide.


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3Concrete andMasonry Housing

The benets o

heavyweight constructionConcrete and masonry construction oers a wide range o perormance benets that are inherent to thematerials and are, consequently, available ree o charge.

Long-term sustainability

The environmental impact o heating, cooling and lighting our homes

is considerable. It accounts or some 27 per cent o total UK CO2

emissions. These operational emissions ar outweigh the embodied

CO2 o the construction materials which are used to build our homes.Using the inherent thermal mass o heavyweight construction together

with passive solar design eatures such as window size, orientation

and shading can provide a real, long-term sustainable solution by

signicantly reducing the heating and cooling energy demands o a

home over its lietime. Indeed, using concretes thermal mass can reduce

the energy consumption o buildings.

O the nine design categories in the Code or Sustainable Homes, energy

and CO2

accounts or 36 o the 100 available points. This refects the

importance placed on minimising operational CO2

emissions relative

to the other impacts included in the Code. Concrete and masonry

construction solutions are ully able to meet the requirements o the

Code or Sustainable Homes, including those or the highest code level

5/6 (or more inormation downloadAchieving Code Level 5 with Concrete

and Masonryrom www.concretecentre.com/publications).

Locally sourced

The UK can be sel-sucient in concrete. Unlike, timber and steel, the UK

is able to produce almost all the concrete it needs domestically. This sel-

suciency enhances concretes sustainability by allowing it to be locally

sourced rather than reliant on imports.

Some 90 per cent o timber used or construction is imported, oten

rom as ar away as Canada. Structural steel relies on the importation

o raw material notably rom Brazil. This has serious environmental

consequences. The aggregates or concrete are rom UK quarries and UK

manuactured reinorcement is made rom 100 per cent recycled UK scrap

metal. In addition, in the UK the average delivery distance rom a ready-

mixed concrete supplier is six miles and reinorcement abricators are

located throughout the UK making it easy to locally source all materials.

Responsibly sourced

Both ready-mixed and precast concrete can easily be sourced rom

suppliers operating in accordance with an environmental management

scheme (typically ISO 14001) and their products will score points or

responsible sourcing in the Code or Sustainable Homes. In addition

to this, urther points can now be sourced in BREEAM i the supplier

is accredited under the new BES 6001 standard or the responsible

sourcing o construction products.

Built-in sound insulation

Up to 4.7 million people suer as a result o noise rom trac, industry

or noisy neighbours according to statistics rom the 1996 English HouseCondition Survey. The mass, which is inherent in heavyweight materials

such as concrete and masonry, provides improved sound insulation

compared with lightweight construction techniques - without the need

or additional sound proong and nishes.

There is a wide range o heavyweight construction options available

and all are ully able to meet the new standards or reduction o

sound transmission as specied by the revised Part E o the Building

Regulations. New separating/party wall minimum values or airborne

sound insulation are 45dB or purpose-built dwellings and 40dB or

relevant internal partitions within all house types, including detached

properties. The robust standard details developed or concrete

blockwork separating walls are designed to exceed these levels and

so ensure compliance with Building Regulations and avoidance o thepre-completion testing o dwellings. A similar range o other concrete

products and systems have robust details or separating foors or both

airborne and impact sound requirements. Under Document E, over 60

per cent o the approved systems or robust details or separating walls

and foors use concrete and masonry.


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Inherent food resilience

Climate change could not only mean hotter summers but also moreextreme weather conditions. According to new research it could also

mean more fash foods and severe storms. This will test the food

resilience and robustness o our built environment. Research, carried

out by Newcastle University, ound that by 2070 some parts o the UK

could see up to 8cm o rain in a day some 3cm more than is currently

expected during a severe storm.

The increased incidence o fooding and severe storms means that

more homes will be at risk o fooding. Already in the UK some 570,000

homes are estimated to be at a high food risk. This compares to the

202,000 predicted to be at risk in 2002. The gure looks set to rise due to

the pressure to build on land liable to food and due to the impacts o

climate change.

For house construction, the choice o building materials and nishes

should maximise food resilience by minimising damage and the time

taken to reurbish. Masonry and concrete homes can be designed to be

food resilient to not absorb signicant amounts o water or require any

nishes, such as plasterboard, to be stripped o. In addition, concrete

and masonry homes will not warp or rot ollowing a food and the

damage caused by fooding is less likely to threaten the structural

integrity o a modern heavyweight constructed home.

Built-in re resistance

High-density housing raises concerns over the potential or the spreado re. Concrete is a non-combustible material and has a slow rate o

heat transer which makes it an eective barrier to the spread o re.

Heavyweight homes exceed regulatory requirements because, unlike

other construction materials, concrete has an inherent re resistance o

up to our hours and does not produce smoke or toxic umes. This means

that heavyweight homes can oer a greater degree o protection rom

res in neighbouring homes and longer times or people to escape. In

addition, concrete homes are ar more structurally sound ater a re and

so can be quickly repaired rather than having to be demolished thus

reducing the period required or alternative accommodation.

Inherent robustnessThe predicted increase in severe storms could have a signicant impact

on our homes. Concretes inherent robustness enables buildings to

better weather such high winds and rain.

In addition, the robustness o heavyweight construction makes it a more

secure and durable construction solution. For example, concrete and

masonry party walls cannot be simply cut into or unauthorized entry.



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Energy-ecient housing

Housing accounts or 27 per cent o all UK CO2 emissions. Reducing this gure is a high priority and is beingaddressed with increased levels o insulation and airtightness in new build properties. The utilisation o thethermal mass in heavyweight construction can also help, and is provided in the orm o concrete and masonryblock walls and precast or in-situ concrete foors and wall panels.

Embodied and operational CO2

The use o concrete oten raises questions regarding its embodied CO2, which can be slightly higher

than that associated with some alternative materials, however, in reality the dierence is relatively

small when compared to lightweight systems. And, when you evaluate this in whole-lie terms, the

operational CO2

savings provided by the heavyweight solution are much more signicant.

Case Description

Lightweight External walls:

timber ramed wall with exterior brick and internal plasterboard nish

Internal partitions: timber stud and plasterboard

Ceilings: timber with plasterboard/chipboard nishGround foor: solid concrete/screed

Roo: timber/tile

Mediumweight As lightweight but with: External walls: mediumweight concrete block

cavity wall with exterior brick and internal plasterboard nish

Medium-

heavyweight

As mediumweight but with:

Ground foor ceiling: pre-cast concrete foor units

Ground foor partitions: mediumweight concrete block with

plasterboard nish

Heavyweight External walls: heavyweight concrete block cavity wall with exterior brick

and air-aced internal nishInternal partitions: heavyweight concrete block, air-aced

Ground and rst foor ceilings: pre-cast concrete foor units

Ground foor solid foor construction and roo construction: as above.

Figure 1: Cumulative CO2

Emissions (Air-conditioned mode)

To establish the acts o the embodied CO2

versus operational CO2

issue, The Concrete

Centre commissioned research to examine

perormance o a simple semi-detached house

built using a typical lightweight rame, with

that o several heavyweight solutions with

varying levels o thermal mass. The embodied

CO2

or each option was calculated and thermal

modelling was undertaken to see how each

perormed across the 21st century, taking

account o the likely impacts o climate change.

The results [1] showed that a typical concrete

and masonry house with a medium level o

thermal mass, has around our per cent more

embodied CO2

than an equivalent lightweight

rame construction, but that this could be oset

in as little as 11 years due to the energy savings

provided by its thermal mass. Increasing themass through additional concrete elements,

such as precast upper foors, resulted in a longer

oset period, but ultimately led to the lowest

whole lie CO2

emissions o all the options,

with a saving in CO2

over the 21st century

approximately six times greater than the

dierence in its embodied CO2

when compared

to the lightweight

rame solution.

Due to the predicted increase in summer

temperatures resulting rom climate change,

the lightweight home was ound to need air-

conditioning by 2021.This compared with 2041

or the medium-weight home and 2061 or the

medium-heavy and heavyweight homes. At

the point that air conditioning was required its

energy consumption was included in the overall

energy use o the homes.

The research highlights the inherent ability o

masonry and concrete construction to provide

a good long-term sustainable building option

through energy ecient passive design and

adaptability to the impacts o climate change.

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

140

120

100

60

40

20

0

Year

CO

2

Emissions(tonnes)

Heavyweight blockwork walls & concrete oors

Mediumweight blockwork walls & concrete oors

Mediumweight blockwork walls

Lightweight timber rame

80

Medium weight:

Carbon ofset achieved in 11 years


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Thermal mass and passive

solar design

The ability o thermal mass to avoid or reduce overheating problems

is being increasingly recognised. Perhaps less appreciated is its ability

to save heating energy when used in passive solar design (PSD) which

includes consideration o the buildings orientation, glazing provision

and size plus appropriate shading.

Using PSD enables concrete and masonry constructed dwellings to

exploit their inherent thermal mass on a year-round basis. During the

summer, heat is absorbed on hot days, helping to lower the internal

temperature and prevent overheating problems. The stored heat is

then removed by night-time ventilation. During the winter, the thermal

mass will absorb solar gains through south acing windows, and slowly

releases the heat at night. This process is eectively the same as that

which occurs on summer nights, the only dierence being that during

the winter the stored heat is benecial, so windows and openings are

kept shut to minimise heat loss. Shutters and blinds can be used to

prevent overheating in the summer and can also help reduce heat loss

during the winter.

Part L o the Building Regulations and the Code or

Sustainable Homes

For dwellings the calculation methodology (known as SAP) used

to evaluate Part L compliance assumes a xed, comparatively low

level o thermal mass or all types o construction. This assumption is

currently being re-evaluated as part o the revision process that Part

L is undergoing during 2009. The current consultation document

suggests that thermal mass will be more accurately accounted or in the

methodology. The benets o optimisation o building orm, abric and

orientation as a low cost design measure or reducing CO2 emissionsmay thereore now be ormally refected in the revised edition o Part L1

or dwellings, which will be introduced in 2010.

Optimising the mass

in foors

Key concrete structural elements can be used to provide a medium

or high level o thermal mass, whilst also satisying other design

requirements such as acoustic perormance, re resistance and air

tightness.

Ground foors cast in situ slabs

Ground foors can provide a good source o thermal mass in all types

o dwelling providing the insulating layer is located below the slab. The

Nu- Trench Floor System oers an eective way o achieving this, and

uses expanded polystyrene or the insulating layer. To maximise heat

exchange to and rom the slab, the screed nish should be tiled rather

than carpeted.

An eective nish can be achieved by xing materials such as high

density concrete or terracotta tiles directly to the slab using a ull bed

mortar based adhesive. Alternatively, a vinyl foor covering will provide

an intermediate level o admittance.

Cast in situ foors work well with under foor heating, which are in

turn ideally suited to high thermal mass dwellings. The pipe work or

an under foor system is located within the screed, with the water

distribution maniold located at low level in a cabinet or other discreet

enclosure.

Ground foors beam and block/precast hollowcore units

To maximise the thermal mass, insulation must be located beneath thebeams/units, not the usual location or this type o fooring. However,

at least one proprietary hollowcore system is available where the

insulation is already bonded to the underside o the unit. As with in-situ

foors, the screed can be used to locate the pipe work or an under foor

heating system. As the insulation is non-load bearing, a greater range o

products can potentially be used. Recommendations or foor nishes

are the same as or in-situ foors.

Upper foors

The benet o installing a concrete upper foor was highlighted in a 2006

study by Arup (see page 5) looking at the impact o climate change on

comort, which included a comparison o the additional passive cooling/

heating eect provided by this approach as compared to a suspended

timber fooring system. There are a range o solutions available; precast

hollowcore units, solid precast units, precast sot units with in-situ

topping and in-situ fooring. The high quality air-aced nish that can be

specied or precast units makes them an ideal choice or high thermal

mass dwellings as the sot only requires painting, leaving the concrete

ully exposed or good thermal linking.

Installation o precast units can also be a ast and simple process. An

alternative is to use modern ormwork systems to provide shuttering

or in-situ concrete. This too can provide high quality nishes and rapid

construction.

Benefts o designing with

thermal mass

Exploiting thermal mass on a year-round basis is not dicult,

but does require consideration at the outset o the design

process when requirements or the building orm, abric

and orientation are being established. Providing this is donesympathetically, a more passive approach to design can realise

benets which include:

Enhanced energy eciency and carbon savings over the lie

o the building.

Improved daylighting, ventilation and air quality.

Optimal decrement delay (time lag) and decrement actor

(heat fow) or reducing heat gains in summer.

Good summertime comort and a reduced risk o

overheating.

A measure o uture proong against the eects o a

warming climate.

Reduction in the need or more expensive low and zero

carbon technologies to meet CO2

targets.

For more inormation on thermal mass download

Thermal Mass Explainedrom

www.concretecentre.com/publications


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Case study: Barratts Green House, BRE,Watord

The use o concrete in Barratts Green House prototype

demonstrates how design quality and sustainability may beachieved in mainstream volume housebuilding o the uture.

Barratts new prototype house at the BRE Innovation Park

in Watord is the rst home built by a major housebuilder

to achieve level 6, the highest level possible, using concrete

under the Code or Sustainable Homes. The Code or

Sustainable Homes sets out a grading system or new homes

against nine categories: energy and CO2

emissions; water;

materials; surace water run-o; waste; pollution; health and

wellbeing; management and ecology.

For the Barratt Green House, the architect, Gaunt Francis,

took the view that in-use energy over the lietime o a typical

UK house, 120 years, was much more signicant than the

initial embodied energy o the components which even or

a standard blockwork house is just our per cent more than

timber. Thereore, reducing uture cooling requirements

easily osets the small additional energy taken to produce

the material. To exploit the benets o concrete, including

thermal mass, extensive use was made o it in the orm o an

in-situ ground-foor slab, precast concrete upper foors and a

precast aerated concrete wall panel system.

For more inormation on this case study, download

Lessons Learned from the Barratt Green House rom

www.concretecentre.com/publications.


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Heavyweight housing solutions

The concrete industry oers a range o construction methods that are innovative and ast whilst oeringtraditional high perormance and the inherent benets o heavyweight construction. These constructionsolutions include blocks, precast and in-situ concrete. All are designed to deliver aordable and astconstruction with long-term perormance, to the higher code levels in the Code or Sustainable Homes.

Masonry solutions

The ocus on eciency and innovation has also been embraced by what

is oten viewed as the traditional method o house building: masonry.

An example o the innovation in masonry construction is the use o

aircrete blocks. This product is well placed to answer the requirement to

reduce waste. Pulverised uel ash, a by-product o coal-burning power

stations, is used or their manuacture and the waste material generated

during the production process is recycled back into the manuacturing

process. The high compressive strength o aircrete means that only a

single blockwork lea or external walls is necessary. This enables ast

construction times.

Construction times are urther accelerated by the use o thin-joint

mortar. The 3mm mortar joints do not need to be trowel applied

and it reaches ull bond strength within two hours enabling more

than one traditional lit in a day. Aircrete blocks are widely used or

both load bearing and non-loading bearings walls and as inll units

in beam and block foor systems. The use o aircrete provides an

excellent combination o structural stability, acoustic insulation, energyconservation and re resistance.

Aircrete blocks

A complete insulation solution is achievable using aircrete blocks. The

inherent thermal qualities o these blocks provides a highly eective

barrier against the penetration o moisture and rost. They can be used

with ull or partial ll insulation without necessarily increasing cavity

widths, and i used below the ground can reduce heat loss by up to 25

per cent. Whilst aircrete has a relatively low density (460-730 kg/m3), it

still provides a useul amount o thermal mass.

Large ormat blocks

Large ormat blocks are produced rom the same material as aircrete,

and oer the same level o thermal perormance. They are also suitable

or the same applications as conventional sized aircrete blocks. Time and

labour costs can be reduced when using large ormat blocks due to the

speed o laying. They are suitable or use with conventional mortar or

thin joint mortars.

Full ll cavity wall: 100mm

block and 100mm block

with render

Full ll cavity wall: brick and

100mm block

Insulating concrete ormwork

with brick slips

Partial ll cavity wall: 100mm

block and 100mm block

with render

Partial ll cavity wall: brick and

100mm block

Partial ll cavity wall: brick and

100mm block

Precast concrete

sandwich panel

Solid masonry wall: 215mm

block, mineral bre insulation

and reinorced render

Solid masonry wall: 215mm

block, extruded

polystyrene and reinorced

external render

Figure 2: External wall examples in concrete and masonry. For more inormation on these solutions, and their resulting U-values, download Energy and CO2: Achieving targets with

concrete and masonryrom www.concretecentre.com/publications


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The Nightingale Estate in Hackney is the largest residential tunnel orm develop-

ment in the UK. Residents in the new estate are already repor ting how delighted

they are living with robust concrete construction, mentioning sound insulation

and reduced heating costs as major advantages.

ICF consists o twin-walled expended polystyrene (EPS) panels or blocks that are

built up to create walls.

Insulating concrete

ormwork

Fast construction is also a major benet with insulating concrete

ormwork (ICF). The ICF provides permanent ormwork or in-situ

concrete structures and is let in place or the lie o the building as

thermal insulation. Used on the Continent and in North America or

many years, in the UK ICF is increasingly being used by the sel-buildmarket and is attracting the attention o social housing providers and

volume housebuilders.

In essence, ICF consists o twin-walled expanded polystyrene (EPS)

panels or blocks that are built up to create walls. This ormwork is then

lled with ready-mixed concrete to build a structure ready or the next

foor or roo construction. The EPS remains in place to provide complete

thermal insulation or the walls o the nished building and to provide a

uniorm surace ready or the direct application o most internal nishes

and external cladding systems.

For more inormation on ICF, download Insulating Concrete Formwork

rom www.concretecentre.com/publications.

Tunnel orm

Tunnel orm is a ormwork system that allows the on-site casting o

walls and slabs in one operation on a daily cycle. During the tunnel orm

process, a structural tunnel is created by pouring concrete into high

quality ormwork to make the foor and walls. The space ormed can

span rom 2.4m to 6.6m and can be easily sub-divided to create smaller

rooms. Where longer spans o up to 11m are required, the tunnel orm is

extended using a mid-span section. Ater 24 hours, the ormwork is moved

horizontally so that another identical tunnel can be ormed. When the

storey has been completed, the process is repeated on the next foor.

The system creates an ecient load-bearing structure that is particularly

well suited or repetitive cellular construction such as residential

apartment blocks. The solid monolithic structure can be used or

small blocks o six apartments or or residential towers o 40 or more

storeys high and the accuracy o the system suits the installation o

preabricated elements such as cladding panels and bathroom pods.

Tunnel orm combines the speed, quality and accuracy o o-site

production with the fexibility o on-site cast construction.

For more inormation on tunnel orm, download High Performance

Buildings using Tunnel Form Concrete Construction rom

www.concretecentre.com/publications.

Aggregate blocks

A wide range o aggregate blocks are available, with densities varying

rom around 1400kg/m3 or a lightweight block to around 2000kg/m3

or a heavyweight block, which can provide a very high admittance o

around 6W/m2K when used with a wet plaster nish. To ensure goodthermal linking between the walls and internal space, a air-aced or a

wet plaster nish is the most eective option. Although wet plaster is

normally slower to apply than plasterboard, the introduction o sprayed

or projection plaster has changed this. It is ast to apply and better than

plasterboard at sealing walls, improving both air tightness and sound

insulation (although allowance has to be made or drying out time).

Thin-joint blockwork

More commonly associated with aircrete/aerated concrete blockwork, the

thin joint system permits a aster build time than standard 10mm joints.

The recommended height o build per day or standard 100mm blocks

with 10mm joints would be no more than seven courses (1.5metres). With

the thin joint system special mortars are used which typically enable three

metres (or one storey height) per day to be achieved.


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In addition, basements can reduce the energy consumption o houses.

Heat losses through basements foors and walls are less than those at

ground and upper foor levels. Research carried out by the BRE ound

that given two houses o the same foor area and construction, the one

with a basement would be 10 per cent more energy ecient. Basementliving space also oers better sound insulation. This makes the lower

ground foor an ideal location or a study, play or work room.

For more inormation on concrete basements visit

www.basements.org.uk

Flood prevention

using SUDS

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) is a design philosophy

which uses a range o techniques to manage surace water by

attenuation and ltration with the aim o replicating, as closely as

possible, the natural drainage prior to a site being developed.

A useul and versatile SUDS technique is Concrete Block Permeable

Paving (CBPP). This provides important attenuation and pollution

source control and in addition CBPP does not need additional land take

unlike sot SUDS landscaping techniques which may require wetlands

and ponds. CBPP works by allowing water to pass through the surace

between each block and into the underlying permeable sub-base. Here,

it is stored and released slowly either into the ground, to the next SUDS

management stage or to a drainage system.

An alternative concrete-based SUDS system is pervious concrete. This isa special ready-mixed concrete that has a single-sized coarse aggregate,

a low nes content, and typically a 20 per cent voids content. A SUDS

system using pervious concrete in the surace layer is designed in the

same manner as a concrete block permeable pavement.

For urther inormation on SUDS visit www.paving.org.uk

Crosswall

A precast concrete cellular system is crosswall, which provides the

benets o speed and on-site productivity.

The components - foors and load-bearing walls, with preormed

window apertures - combine switly to orm room shells. Concrete

nishes to walls and sots are o good quality as a result o their

production in steel moulds and enable minimum plastering or nishing

with directly applied coatings.

Crosswall construction delivers buildings that are ast to erect, durable,

have excellent inherent re resistance and acoustic perormance and are

virtually maintenance ree.

For more inormation on crosswall, download Crosswall Construction

rom www.concretecentre.com/publications.

Twinwall

Twinwall construction is a hybrid combination o precast and in-situ

concrete. It provides ast and ecient construction that capitalises on

the benets o both actory and on-site production.

Each wall panel consists o two skins o precast reinorced concrete

which are temporarily held in position by lattice girder reinorcement.

The concrete skins are eectively permanent ormwork, with the benet

that they are used structurally in the nished building. The weight o a

twinwall panel the same size as a ully precast panel is reduced, which

permits the use o larger panels or smaller cranes. The wall panels are

placed into position using similar methods to the crosswall elements,

For the foors, lattice girder slabs are used. These have a thin precast

concrete sot oten called the biscuit, which includes the bottom

reinorcement and acts as permanent ormwork. Once the walls and

foor units are positioned, reinorcement or the slab and to tie the walls

and slabs together is xed. In-situ concrete is then poured into the void

in the twinwall panels and on top o the biscuit o the lattice girder slabs.

Basements

Limited land availability means that new homes will have to use spacemore eciently.

The provision o a basement can provide 50 per cent more living space

or a two-storey house. This means more living space or a smaller oot

print. In mainland Europe and throughout America, basements are

seen as a way orward to maximise land-use or a small cost increase.

Sloping sites are ideally suited to provision o semi-basements with

one side below ground and the other at ground level. On browneld

sites, the poor ground conditions encountered can oten require deep

excavations and oundations and basements can easily be provided in

this economically excavated space.

Adding a basement could provide as much as 50 per cent more foor area or a

typical two-storey dwelling and 100 per cent or a bungalow.


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Summary

Concrete and masonry oer a wide range o aordable, sustainable and ecient construction solutions orsocial housing to the highest levels o the Code or Sustainable Homes, each o which come with the ullrange o inherent long-term perormance benets including energy eciency, robustness, low maintenance,enhanced sound insulation and security, re resistance and food resilience.

The whole lie perormance and wide range o benets o heavyweight construction makes it particularly wellsuited or housing solutions. These solutions are long term and holistic due to their ability to meet economic,environmental, social and aspirational requirements.

Reerences and urther reading

1. Hacker J et al, Embodied and Operational Carbon dioxide Emissions from Housing: A Case Study on the Effects of Thermal Mass and Climate Change,Energy

and Buildings 40 (2008) 375-384. For urther inormation see www.concretecentre.com/greenhomes

The Concrete Centre has published a number o titles that are relevant to social housing. These include:

Concrete and the Code for Sustainable Homes,The Concrete Centre, 2009

Energy and CO2: Achieving Targets with Concrete and Masonry, The Concrete Cent\re, 2008

How to Build Flood Resilient Homes using Concrete and Masonry, The Concrete Centre, 2009

Thermal Mass for Housing,The Concrete Centre, 2006

Concrete and Fire Safety,The Concrete Centre, 2008

Residential Cellular Buildings,The Concrete Centre, 2008

Design and Construction using Insulating Concrete Formwork,The Concrete Centre, 2007

Thermal Mass Explained,The Concrete Centre, 2009

Concrete and the Green Guide, The Concrete Centre, 2009

For more inormation on these titles and many more, visit www.concretecentre.com/publications


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First published 2009

MPA - The Concrete Centre 2009

The Concrete Centre is part o the Mineral

Products Association, the trade association or the

aggregates, asphalt, cement, concrete, lime, mortar

and silica sand industries.

www.mineralproducts.org

Documents

Concrete Masonry Housing