1
Modeling Distributed Energy Resource Dynamics on the Transmission System Guttromson, Ross T. Author Affiliation: Pacific Northwest National Lab. Abstract: As distributed energy resource (DER) projects grow in popularity, there has been little focus on their potential to influence the dynamic stability of a transmission system. If implemented in large enough numbers, DER equipment may feasibly be leveraged to provide ancillary services such as spinning reserve, system inertia, or system stabilization. To determine the potential impacts of DER on future transmission grid stability, dynamic models of DER load combinations were created, reduced in order, and scattered throughout central and southem Califomia within an existing Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC) dynamic model. Evaluation of the composite WSCC-DER dynamic model allows correlations to be drawn between various DER properties and the transmission grid stability. Key find- ings show that increasing DER inertia tends to destabilize the transmis- sion system. The cause of this counterintuitive relationship requires further study but likely is related to the high impedance separating the DER from the transmission grid. Keywords: Distributed generation, distributed energy resources, transient stability, small signal stability, dynamic performance. Preprint Order Number: PE-093PRS (06-2002) Discussion Deadline: November 2002 Incidence on Power System Dynamics of High Penetration of Fixed Speed and Doubly Fed Wind Energy Systems: Study of the Spanish Case Rodriguez, Juan, M.; Fernandez, Jose, L.; Beato, Domingo; Iturbe, Ramon; Usaola, Julio; Ledesma, Pablo; Wilhelmi, Jose R. Author Affiliation: Red Electrica De Espana; Empresarios Agpupados; Universidad Carlos III De Madrid; Universidad Politecnica De Madrid. Abstract: A preliminary analysis of the impact of high wind power penetration in the planning and operation of the Spanish power system is presented. The problems studied are those related to the stability of the power system. This key subject could be deeply influenced by the installation of up to 15,000 MW of wind power generation as it has been planned for the next 6 years. The analysis is based on the results of dynamic simulations. Dynamic models of the induction generator (squirrel cage and doubly fed) and models of the wind farms have been developed to make possible the simulations. From the simulation re- sults, some conclusions and recommendations have been extracted that would contribute to the appropriate integration of the new wind genera- tion foreseen for the Spanish power system. Keywords: Wind power generation, power system stability, power generation control, doubly fed induction generator. Preprint Order Number: PE-165PRS (06-2002) Discussion Deadline: November 2002 Power System Instrumentation and Measurements Condition Monitoring Techniques for Electrical Equipment: A Literature Survey Han, Y; Song, YH. Author Affiliation: Brunel Institute of Power Systems. Abstract: Increasing interest has been seen in condition monitoring (CM) techniques for electrical equipment, mainly including trans- former, generator, and induction motor in power plants, because CM has the potential to reduce operating costs, enhance the reliability of operation, and improve power supply and service to customers. Literature is accumulated on developing intelligent CM systems with advanced practicability, sensitivity, reliability, and automation. A liter- ature survey is felt necessary with an aim to reflect the state-of-the-art development in this important area. After introducing the concepts and functions of CM, this paper describes the popular monitoring methods for and research status of CM on transformers, generators, and induc- tion motors, respectively. The paper also points out the potential bene- fits through the utilization of advanced signal processing and artificial intelligence techniques in developing novel CM schemes. Keywords: Condition monitoring; generator; transformer; motor Preprint Order Number: PE-390PRD (06-2002) Discussion Deadline: November 2002 Accurate Voltage Measurement by the Quadrature Method Chavez, Patrick P; Jaeger, Nicolas A.F.; Rahmatian, Farnoosh Author Affiliation: University of British Columbia. Abstract: This paper introduces the quadrature method for measur- ing voltage using one or more electric field sensors. To date, all high-voltage sensors, from conventional inductive transformers to modern optical voltage transducers, have one or more of the following traits in common: large size and weight, high-voltage electrodes in close proximity, expensive and potentially hazardous insulation, and capacitive voltage division. Combined with the use of small elec- tro-optic field sensors, the quadrature method enables voltage sensor designs that are free of these traits and that are, therefore, particularly ideal for high-voltage applications. It also allows for a trade-off be- tween the accuracy of the voltage measurement and the number of re- quired electric field sensors. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique. Preprint Order Number: PE-768PRD (06-2002) Discussion Deadline: November 2002 Diagnosis of Moisture in Oil/Paper Distribution Cables, Part I: Estimation of Moisture Content Using Frequency Domain Spectroscopy Neimanis, Roberts; Eriksson, Roland Author Affiliation: Programma Electric AB; Royal Institute of Technology. Abstract: Dielectric spectroscopy (dielectric response measure- ments) has been applied for nondestructive estimation of humidity in oil-paper cable insulation. The experiments have been based upon two field-aged cables, 20 and 50 years old. Paper samples from these cables have been characterized and subjected to environments with differeat relative humidity. Dielectric loss and capacitance have been measured in a frequency range 1 mHz to 1 kHz and related to the moisture content determined by Karl Fisher titration. A method has been verified where the moisture content is correlated to the minimum value of loss tangent (tans). Field measurements have been performed where the method has been applied to estimate the moisture content in the distribution cables. Keywords: Mass impregnated cable, oil paper insulation, dielectric response, moisture content, Karl Fischer titration. Preprint Order Number: PE-674PRD (06-2002) Discussion Deadline: November 2002 Diagnosis of Moisture in Oil/Paper Distribution Cables, Part II: Water Penetration in Cable Insulation (Experiment and Modeling) Neimanis, Roberts; Eriksson, Roland; Papazyan, Ruslan Author Affiliation: Programma Electric AB; Royal Institute of Technology. Abstract: Dynamics of water penetration in mass impregnated ca- ble insulation has been studied. For experimental purposes, artificial damage was inflicted to a 40 cm long cable sample, and water ingress IEEE Power Engineering Review, September 2002 59

Condition Monitoring Techniques for Electrical Equipment: A Literature Survey

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Page 1: Condition Monitoring Techniques for Electrical Equipment: A Literature Survey

Modeling Distributed Energy ResourceDynamics on the Transmission System

Guttromson, Ross T.

Author Affiliation: Pacific Northwest National Lab.Abstract: As distributed energy resource (DER) projects grow in

popularity, there has been little focus on their potential to influence thedynamic stability of a transmission system. If implemented in largeenough numbers, DER equipment may feasibly be leveraged to provideancillary services such as spinning reserve, system inertia, or systemstabilization. To determine the potential impacts of DER on futuretransmission grid stability, dynamic models of DER load combinationswere created, reduced in order, and scattered throughout central andsouthem Califomia within an existing Western Systems CoordinatingCouncil (WSCC) dynamic model. Evaluation of the compositeWSCC-DER dynamic model allows correlations to be drawn betweenvarious DER properties and the transmission grid stability. Key find-ings show that increasing DER inertia tends to destabilize the transmis-sion system. The cause of this counterintuitive relationship requiresfurther study but likely is related to the high impedance separating theDER from the transmission grid.

Keywords: Distributed generation, distributed energy resources,transient stability, small signal stability, dynamic performance.

Preprint Order Number: PE-093PRS (06-2002)Discussion Deadline: November 2002

Incidence on Power System Dynamics of HighPenetration of Fixed Speed and Doubly Fed WindEnergy Systems: Study of the Spanish Case

Rodriguez, Juan, M.; Fernandez, Jose, L.;Beato, Domingo; Iturbe, Ramon; Usaola, Julio;Ledesma, Pablo; Wilhelmi, Jose R.

Author Affiliation: Red Electrica De Espana; EmpresariosAgpupados; Universidad Carlos III De Madrid; UniversidadPolitecnica De Madrid.

Abstract: A preliminary analysis of the impact of high wind powerpenetration in the planning and operation of the Spanish power systemis presented. The problems studied are those related to the stability ofthe power system. This key subject could be deeply influenced by theinstallation of up to 15,000 MW of wind power generation as it hasbeen planned for the next 6 years. The analysis is based on the results ofdynamic simulations. Dynamic models of the induction generator(squirrel cage and doubly fed) and models of the wind farms have beendeveloped to make possible the simulations. From the simulation re-sults, some conclusions and recommendations have been extracted thatwould contribute to the appropriate integration of the new wind genera-tion foreseen for the Spanish power system.

Keywords: Wind power generation, power system stability, powergeneration control, doubly fed induction generator.

Preprint Order Number: PE-165PRS (06-2002)Discussion Deadline: November 2002

Power System Instrumentationand Measurements

Condition Monitoring Techniques forElectrical Equipment: A Literature Survey

Han, Y; Song, YH.

Author Affiliation: Brunel Institute of Power Systems.Abstract: Increasing interest has been seen in condition monitoring

(CM) techniques for electrical equipment, mainly including trans-former, generator, and induction motor in power plants, because CMhas the potential to reduce operating costs, enhance the reliability of

operation, and improve power supply and service to customers.Literature is accumulated on developing intelligent CM systems withadvanced practicability, sensitivity, reliability, and automation. A liter-ature survey is felt necessary with an aim to reflect the state-of-the-artdevelopment in this important area. After introducing the concepts andfunctions of CM, this paper describes the popular monitoring methodsfor and research status of CM on transformers, generators, and induc-tion motors, respectively. The paper also points out the potential bene-fits through the utilization of advanced signal processing and artificialintelligence techniques in developing novel CM schemes.

Keywords: Condition monitoring; generator; transformer; motorPreprint Order Number: PE-390PRD (06-2002)Discussion Deadline: November 2002

Accurate Voltage Measurementby the Quadrature Method

Chavez, Patrick P; Jaeger, Nicolas A.F.; Rahmatian, Farnoosh

Author Affiliation: University of British Columbia.Abstract: This paper introduces the quadrature method for measur-

ing voltage using one or more electric field sensors. To date, allhigh-voltage sensors, from conventional inductive transformers tomodern optical voltage transducers, have one or more of the followingtraits in common: large size and weight, high-voltage electrodes inclose proximity, expensive and potentially hazardous insulation, andcapacitive voltage division. Combined with the use of small elec-tro-optic field sensors, the quadrature method enables voltage sensordesigns that are free of these traits and that are, therefore, particularlyideal for high-voltage applications. It also allows for a trade-off be-tween the accuracy of the voltage measurement and the number of re-quired electric field sensors. Numerical simulations demonstrate theeffectiveness of this technique.

Preprint Order Number: PE-768PRD (06-2002)Discussion Deadline: November 2002

Diagnosis of Moisture in Oil/Paper DistributionCables, Part I: Estimation of Moisture ContentUsing Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

Neimanis, Roberts; Eriksson, Roland

Author Affiliation: Programma Electric AB; Royal Institute ofTechnology.

Abstract: Dielectric spectroscopy (dielectric response measure-ments) has been applied for nondestructive estimation of humidity inoil-paper cable insulation. The experiments have been based upon twofield-aged cables, 20 and 50 years old. Paper samples from these cableshave been characterized and subjected to environments with differeatrelative humidity. Dielectric loss and capacitance have been measuredin a frequency range 1 mHz to 1 kHz and related to the moisture contentdetermined by Karl Fisher titration. A method has been verified wherethe moisture content is correlated to the minimum value of loss tangent(tans). Field measurements have been performed where the method hasbeen applied to estimate the moisture content in the distribution cables.

Keywords: Mass impregnated cable, oil paper insulation, dielectricresponse, moisture content, Karl Fischer titration.

Preprint Order Number: PE-674PRD (06-2002)Discussion Deadline: November 2002

Diagnosis of Moisture in Oil/Paper DistributionCables, Part II: Water Penetration in CableInsulation (Experiment and Modeling)

Neimanis, Roberts; Eriksson, Roland; Papazyan, Ruslan

Author Affiliation: Programma Electric AB; Royal Institute ofTechnology.

Abstract: Dynamics of water penetration in mass impregnated ca-ble insulation has been studied. For experimental purposes, artificialdamage was inflicted to a 40 cm long cable sample, and water ingress

IEEE Power Engineering Review, September 2002 59