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Making Connectivity a Part of Your Smart Growth
Washington Chapter APA
October 2010
WM10
CONNECTIVITY’SGREATEST
HITS
Love Thy Neighbor
Ro
ss R
aci
ne
Ro
ss R
aci
ne
Driving & the Built Environment – the 5 D’s
Density Population & employment by geographic unit (e.g., per square mile, per developed acre).
Diversity Mix of land uses, typically residential and commercial development, and the degree to which they are balanced in an area (e.g., jobs–housing balance).
Design Neighborhood layout and street characteristics, particularly connectivity, presence of sidewalks, and other design features (e.g., shade, scenery, presence of attractive homes and stores) that enhance the pedestrian- and bicycle-friendliness of an area.
Destination accessibility Ease or convenience of trip destinations from point of origin, often measured at the
zonal level in terms of distance from the central business district or other major centers.
Distance to transit Ease of access to transit from home/work (e.g., bus/rail stop within ¼ to ½ mile).
Ewing & Cervero, JAPA, Summer 2010 | TRB Report #298
DOT – HUD – EPA Partnership for Sustainable Communities
• Livability PrinciplesImprove access to affordable
housingMore transportation optionsLower transportation costs
while protecting environment• Partnership Agreement
Develop livability measures and tools
Undertake joint research & data collection
Connectivity & Active Living
• International Journal of Health Geographics– Berrigan, Pickle, Dill
• Los Angeles and San Diego Counties• Applied 9 measures of street
connectivity• Identified positive correlation
between connected street system and the propensity and duration of leisure walking and cycling
Draft FTA Policy – Connectivity Nexus
“
FTA encourages the use of its funds for the type of well-designed pedestrian and bicycle amenities that attract new public transportation riders by expanding the catchment area and utility of public transportation stations.
(Proposed FTA Policy Statement on the Eligibility of Pedestrian and Bicycle Improvements Under Federal Transit Law. November 6, 2009)
“
Current Planning Guides for Connectivity
SourceLink-Node
Intersection Density RDI
ITE Context Sensitive Solutions x x x
APA Smart Growth Street Design x
TCRP Report 100 x
LEED ND x
Route Directness Index
Before After Change
IntersectionDensity
Link-Node Ratio
144
146
0.63 0.77 23%
1.29 1.30
Walk Score 89 of 100
1.4%
< 1%
2,300
--
--
Parcel Impact
------
Rail Station Connectivity –Comparing Metrics
LEED Certification
Basic RDI Calculation
straight-line distance “A”
actual route distance “B”
B
RDI = A / B
A
RDI Example: Pre Neighborhood Connector
Existing Shared-Use Path
Route Directness Index
Crow Flight
Walk Distance
1850 ft
1850 ft
RDI
RDI: .20
.20
/
=
375 ft
375 ft
RDI Example: Post Neighborhood Connector
Existing Shared-Use Path
Route Directness Index
Crow Flight
Walk Distance
RDI=
375 ft
375 ft
RDI: .83
.83
New Neighborhood
Connectors
450 ft
450 ft
/
Ellensburg: Variation in RDI
Connectivity & Smart Growth Panel
Dan Penrose, AICP City of Lakewood
Sophie Stimson City of Olympia
Thera Black Thurston Regional Planning Council
Chris Comeau, AICP City of Bellingham
Active Living Index
Plan Impact
Baseline
2007
1969
12%
50%
Percent Children Walk-To-School
Conceptual Citywide Model
Dependant VariableZ # Students – Walk-To-School
New Data Collection
Independent VariablesZ S.F. DU’s within 1/2-mile of schools
by Household Income and Auto Ownership
Z M.F. DU’s within 15-minute walk-to-school, by Household Income and Auto Ownership
Z Parcel-Measured RDI to SchoolZ School EnrollmentZ Sidewalk Coverage (if available)
Students 3 x more likely to walk when route passes SR2S improvement
Applied Model
# Students Walk-To-School
DU
’s w
ith
in 1
5-m
inu
te
Wal
k-To
-Sch
oo
l
Plan Progress ReportingSchool: Bayside Elementary
Annual
StudentsInfrastructure Baseline 240 124 29 3263
San Mateo Plan 240 136 50 5,625 2,362
Program Education 15 1,688 1,688 Social Marketing 23 2,588 2,588
Total 4,276
Student Walkers
Annual Defered
VMTVMT
Reduction
DU within 15-Minute
Walk
CA 2007 Report