Conserving the British Virgin Islands' Seabirds

Identification of threats, long term monitoring and guidance

on using bird data in marine spatial planning.

2015

2

Contents

Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 4

What is marine spatial planning .............................................................................................................................. 5

Spatial & demographic bird data ............................................................................................................................ 6

Understanding seabird abundance & population trends .................................................................................... 6

Understanding seabird distribution and movements .......................................................................................... 7

Example foraging maps ............................................................................................................................................ 8

Sensitivity of seabirds ............................................................................................................................................... 9

Threats facing seabirds and management solutions ........................................................................................... 10

Conclusions and recomendations ......................................................................................................................... 15

References ................................................................................................................................................................. 17

Appendices ............................................................................................................................................................... 18

Red-billed tropicbird. Photo L. Scott

3

Summary

The British Virgin Islands is home to 15 breeding seabird species, representing two globally and eight

regionally important seabird populations. Two cays within the BVI are classified as Important Bird

Areas (IBAs) due to their globally important seabird colonies (Green Cay and Great Tobago).

Previous seabird work within BVI includes a complete island-wide census undertaken in 2004/5 and

partial surveys in 2014, with more regular monitoring occurring on Great Tobago and Green Cay.

Magnificent frigatebirds and Brown boobies have also been the subject of a tracking study (2013-2015)

with the aim of identifying important foraging areas. These data can be fed into plans for the

development and management of marine and coastal areas using marine spatial planning (MSP).

MSP is an essential tool to help ensure that species such as seabirds, waterbirds and migratory

species are accommodated and considered in deciding the most appropriate use of marine space at

different times of year.

Marine spatial planners should aim to ensure that:

Bird species in, or dependent upon, any marine areas are protected and conserved and that

declines are halted and populations are appropriately restored or recovered;

Marine protected areas (MPAs) and other sites designated for conservation meet their objectives

and that their existence helps to guide planning and management of human activities, and that;

The socio-economic benefits provided by the presence of seabirds, through activities such as

wildlife watching and ecotourism, are recognised.

This guidance highlights the main sources of information on the distribution and ecology of breeding

seabirds in BVI. We highlight the threats that face BVIs’ seabirds both at their breeding colony and at sea

(including presence of invasive species, threat of coastal development and interactions with fisheries).

We also suggest solutions/mitigation measures and discuss the incorporation of seabirds into marine

planning processes.

4

Introduction

Most seabirds spend the majority of their lives in

the marine environment, only coming ashore to

nest and rear chicks. Every year around 15

species of seabird come to BVI to breed.

Seabirds act as indicators of the health of the

ecosystems they live in, so the health of seabird

populations is fundamentally linked to the

status of the wider environment and the study of

seabirds should be built into the ongoing

monitoring of MSP.

The wider environmental policy

context for birds in MSP

The following National policy in BVI protects

seabirds and their breeding sites: - (1) Wild Birds

Protection Ordinance 1959/1980 and (2) National

Parks Act (2006) along with the associated

National Parks regulations (2008), (Other

relevant regional and global policy, acts and

treaties are detailed in appendix 2).

Brown booby and chick (photo L.Scott)

Identifying important populations

A population is classified as globally

important if it contains more than 1% of

the global population.

A population is classified as regionally

important if it contains more than 1% of a

regional population.

In BVI, Magnificent frigatebirds and

Roseate terns represent globally important

populations.

Brown pelican, Bridled tern, Least tern,

Sandwich tern, Laughing gull, Common

tern, Bridled tern and Brown booby

represent regionally important populations

Identifying important breeding sites

Two of BVI's Important Bird Areas (IBAs)

are classified due to their globally

important seabird populations.

Green Cay for its Roseate terns.

Great Tobago for its Magnificent

frigatebirds.

5

Guidance on how to use seabird information in MSP

Identifying those areas at sea which are important for seabirds, such as foraging areas, and recognising

their importance in MSP is just as important as the protection of breeding colonies on land.

Furthermore, marine spatial planners need to understand the potential impacts on seabirds of human

activities in certain locations and at particular times of year.

In order to address the needs of seabirds in marine spatial planning evidence is essential to enable

marine spatial planners, through the planning cycle, to:

1. Identify the most important at-sea areas for seabirds, supporting their protection and management

as MPAs.

2. Highlight important areas for seabirds, and identify human activities within these areas which may

be incompatible spatially or temporally with birds.

3. Assess the sensitivity of bird species to selected human activities in the marine environment and to

encourage activities or developments considered to have a potential negative impact on these species

to take place away from important areas, or to minimise and mitigate their impacts.

4. Monitor the effectiveness of marine plans against their objectives, especially in relation to marine

biodiversity, and review plans as appropriate.

What is Marine Spatial Planning (MSP)?

MSP is a process that brings together multiple users of the ocean – including energy, industry,

government, conservation and recreation – to make informed and coordinated decisions about how

to use marine resources sustainably. This is usually done by creating a plan to guide both sea users

and decision-makers.

By considering all aspects as part of a bigger picture, on both a spatial and temporal scale, decision-

making can use MSP to ensure that the underlying needs of marine ecosystems are considered and

safeguarded, while also ensuring that sustainable human activity can take place.

In order for MSP to succeed, it is generally agreed that it should be based on the fundamental

principles of ensuring both the long-term sustainable health of marine ecosystems and the

sustainable development of local marine economies and societies. In addition, it should:

1. Be based on the accurate information on the marine environment and human uses.

2. Possess a long-term vision and clear objectives.

3. Be adaptive, in order to deal with changing circumstances and deal with the impacts of climate

change.

4. Involve and educate sea users and the general public from the beginning to build ownership and

support.

5. Be backed by effective monitoring and enforcement.

6

Spatial and demographic bird data

Spatial bird data in the marine environment includes information on:

Population numbers (e.g. the numbers of breeding seabirds at terrestrial nest sites)

Distribution (e.g. where seabirds aggregate at different times of year)

Movements (e.g. foraging movements from terrestrial nest sites)

The most comprehensive picture of seabirds in the marine environment can be developed by using the

data above in combination.

Available datasets in the BVIs

The most complete island wide census for BVI was completed during 2004-2005 (McGowan et al. 2006).

Partial seabird surveys focusing on Roseate terns were conducted during the summer of 2014 by the Jost

Van Dykes Preservation Society and Magnificent frigatebirds on Great Tobago were surveyed in 2013,

2014 and 2015 by the Jost Van Dykes Preservation Society (JVDPS) and National Parks Trust of the

Virgin Islands (NPTVI). The US Fisheries & Wildlife Service also undertook counts of Roseate terns as

part of cross territory surveys (USVI & BVI) between 1993 – 2003 (Zaluski et al. 2015 in review).

Understanding seabird abundance and population trends

It is important to understand how populations (abundance) change over time. This allows us to

highlight which species or areas may be suffering from human or natural pressures and threats. To

achieve this a long-term monitoring programme should be implemented.

Establishing a long-term monitoring programme

This is achieved by regular, systematic and repeatable surveys. Given the large numbers of cays within

BVI this is best achieved by boat surveys:

Circumnavigate each island slowly ideally between 06:00-10:00 or 15:30-18:00 to coincide with

peak seabird activity.

Record number of adults associated with the colony (e.g. landing on, territorial behaviour

displays, carrying fish).

Do not record those that appear to be feeding close to or flying past the island

For Audubon’s shearwater surveys use tape-play of calls at potential nesting sites

Refer to the Seabird Monitoring Guide for the British Virgin Islands (Soanes et al. 2014) for more detailed

information on monitoring methods.

7

How long will surveys take to complete?

Many tropical seabird species do not breed at the same time each year, for example Brown boobies and

Red-billed tropicbirds may breed in any month, whereas species of Tern (Roseate, Sandwich, Common)

and Laughing gulls have more asynchronous (predictable) breeding habits, breeding only in the summer

months (April-July). As such to accurately survey seabirds breeding in BVI complete island surveys

should be conducted twice a year to include both winter and summer breeding birds.

We estimate that it will take a team of 2-3 people approximately 10-15 days to survey all of the BVIs cays

by boat, including ground-truthing and surveying for Audubon’s shearwaters on the more accessible

cays (e.g. Sandy Cay, Green Cay, Anegada) and landing on Great Tobago and Peter Island to count

Magnificent frigatebirds and Brown pelicans, respectively. This equates to approximately 20-30 survey

days per year.

How often should complete surveys be undertaken?

This will depend upon resources available, but we recommend a maximum survey interval of four to

five years.

Understanding seabird distribution and movements

During the breeding season, seabirds are strongly tied to the land where they nest and rear their chicks.

Consequently, in addition to being influenced by marine habitats and food availability, the foraging

movements of seabirds during the breeding season are influenced by the needs of their young. Therefore

it is during the breeding season that seabirds are most restrained and therefore most at risk from

changes in the marine environment.

When considering bird movements or migrations, Marine Spatial Planning should consider particularly:

The distances and likely routes of bird movements.

The timings of bird movements particularly in relation to coastal and marine developments and

other human activities, such as fishing areas.

Available datasets in the BVIs:

Between 2013-2015 seabird GPS tracking work of Magnificent frigatebirds and Brown boobies was

coordinated by the University of Liverpool in partnership with the Jost Van Dykes Preservation Society,

NPTVI and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), with the support of the BVIs

Conservation and Fisheries Department (Ministry of Natural Resources) see figure 2 a & b.

In addition to GPS tracking, a further project in partnership with the USGS South Carolina Cooperative

Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, and the Avian Research and Conservation Institute (ARCI).

Attached satellite tags to three Magnificent frigatebirds to monitor movements during both the breeding

and non-breeding season (see figure 2c).

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These tracking projects were conducted with the aim of identifying important foraging areas and

identifying potential threats to seabird populations. GIS shapefiles of the foraging trips are held by all

project partners.

Figure 2. Example maps of the foraging trips of Magnificent Frigatebirds and Brown booby breeding on

Great Tobago. (a) represents the GPS tracks of a Magnificent frigatebird during the breeding season (b)

represents the GPS tracks of a Brown booby during the breeding season and (c) represents the breeding

and non- breeding season movements of three Magnificent frigatebirds tracked using satellite data

loggers from April 2014-February 2015.

(a)

(c)

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Sensitivity of seabirds

The sensitivity, of seabirds to particular activities (such as fisheries) will be dependent on aspects such

as:

Life history and survival rates (e.g. reproductive rates and longevity) (Figure 1)

Feeding, diet and habitat preferences and flexibility and their influence on foraging ranges.

Population and conservation status.

Figure 1. Describes some of the ecology of seabirds breeding in BVI

An understanding of the ecology and life-history characteristics of a species will aid in assessing

population change and in predicting the effects that different activities in the marine

environment may have on seabird populations.

Brown booby Magnificent

frigatebird Roseate Tern Bridled tern

Red billed

tropicbird

Plunge diver

Generalist feeder

Surface feeder Surface feeder Plunge diver

Nests on ground Nests on bushes Nests in open on

the ground

Nests under

shrub/bushes

Nests under

rocks/boulders

One chick One chick Two – three chicks One chick One chick

Large foraging range

Large foraging

range

Likely small

localised foraging

range

Likely small

localised foraging

range

Large foraging

range

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Threats facing BVIs’ seabirds and management solutions

Threat Potential effect Solutions/Mitigation

Threats facing seabirds at their breeding colony

Presence of/or introduction of

invasive alien species

Rats and/or mice

-Eat eggs and chicks.

-Ground nesting seabirds are particularly

susceptible.

For example, in 2014 rats trapped on Great Tobago

around the Magnificent frigatebird colony were

significantly larger than those trapped in the

forest area indicating a better food source (eggs

and small chicks) around the seabird colony

BVI has already achieved its first successful eradication of black rats (Rattus rattus) on

Sandy Cay. Continued monitoring and surveillance is essential to prevent reinvasion.

Feasibility studies are currently being completed for the eradication of black rats

(Rattus rattus) from Great Tobago, Little Tobago and Green Cay. Feasibility of the

removal of rodents from a further six cays will be evaluated under a Darwin Plus

funded project during 2015-2018 (led by University of Roehampton, JVDPS, NPTVI &

CFD).

Work with local, regional and international partners to source funding for rodent

eradication.

Appropriate bio-security measures should be adhered to at all times to prevent re-

invasion or the introduction of any new alien invasive species to BVIs’ offshore cays.

Feral goats

-Change vegetation structure of the island.

-Cause erosion of nesting sites.

-Can trample nests of ground nesting birds.

Feral goat removal is already on-going on Great Tobago and Little Tobago and

scheduled for Green Cay.

Assess impact of feral goats on other cays, and conduct eradication feasibility studies.

Vegetation

Introduced species such as those from the

morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) can

reduce available breeding habitat and make

islands unsuitable for breeding seabirds.

Liaise with local organisations and landowners to assess scale of problem.

Development

Has the potential to displace whole populations

through habitat destruction and disturbance.

Any future development plans should be considered carefully by the Government to

ensure that any development will consider the importance of globally and regionally

important seabird populations.

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Increased human usage increases the chance of

the introduction of invasive species

Sensitive development of ecotourism could raise awareness of the BVIs important

seabird populations, whilst controlling visitor numbers. Sustainable seabird

ecotourism sites operate successfully around the world, including the Caribbean. For

example the Frigatebird sanctuary on Barbuda attracts visitors and is advertised by

several local boat operators as an eco-friendly excursion (Environmental Awareness

Group http://www.eagantigua.org).

Human disturbance

Can negatively affect seabird behaviour directly

(by trampling nests) or indirectly through

‘disturbance displacement’ by altering behaviour.

For example, Magnificent frigatebirds and Brown

pelicans will predate neighbours eggs and chicks

if the nest is left unattended.

For example, the flamingo colony on Anegada has

been negatively impacted by helicopter tours as

people are trying to get close to see them, They

have not bred in the last few years. Other nesting

birds are likely also to have been impacted but

the flamingos are most visible

This is linked to cay development, with infrastructure developments likely attracting

more visitors to each island.

Through the development of ecotourism, visitor numbers could be kept in check and

the importance of the site conveyed to them. Liaison with landowners and local boat

operators can encourage this.

Harvesting of eggs

Harvesting of seabird eggs is common in some

areas of the Caribbean, but does not seem to be a

major threat facing birds breeding on BVIs’

offshore cays

At the present time in BVI, the harvesting of eggs no longer appears to be a threat. The

However, the extent of the problem should continue to be monitored.

Extreme weather events Hurricanes or periods of heavy rain can cause

desertion of nests

For example, Flamingo nests have been flooded by

a rise in salt pond levels, with eggs literally

washed away. Heavy rains at times of year that

are not usual could impact other bird species that

nest on the dry salt ponds

Investigate installation of artificial nest sites to encourage nesting in areas less likely to

flood

Ensure any planned developments along coasts and wetlands consider the potential

impact of flooding in other areas.

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Threats facing seabirds at sea

Interactions with fisheries

-

For diving species (e.g. Brown boobies) or

generalist feeders (e.g. Magnificent frigatebirds

and Laughing gulls), birds may be attracted to

bait, putting them at risk of getting caught on the

fishing hook or entangled in the line.

Seabirds may become entangled in gill nets

during setting and drown.

Ghost nets (nets discarded in the ocean) also pose

a threat.

Depletion of prey caused by over-fishing can

cause seabird breeding failure. Seabirds respond

to collapse in fish stocks before fishermen as

seabirds often specialise in the capture of a small

number of prey species and are limited in the

distance that they can travel to search for their

prey.

Continue education programmes for fishers (both local and visitors) on what to do if

they catch a bird on hook and line.

Encourage the use of weighted lines, sinkers and bird scarers on board fishing vessels

to reduce by-catch.

Consider exclusion/limit of fishing activity in areas where high numbers of globally

important seabird populations forage.

Cross territorial collaboration to protect seabird foraging areas.

Interaction with recreational

boats/ watersports

-

The activity of recreational boats and watersports

(e.g. jet skis) has the potential to cause

disturbance to foraging seabirds and may cause

their avoidance of these areas.

Government and NPTVI continue to regulate watersports activity and to provide

appropriate mooring buoys for yachts to ensure boat activity is managed at important

sites.

Pollution

-

Cruise ships and tankers transporting cargo and

oil enter BVI on a weekly basis. Oil spills from

such vessels pose a potential threat to seabirds

foraging in the area.

Compile an oil spill recovery plan for seabirds in the event that a large tanker/cruise

ship runs aground/becomes wrecked within or close to BVI’s seabird breeding

colonies.

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The BVIs’ tourism industry is based upon the

charter yacht sector. Flushing of engines and

toilet waste from yachts can cause marine

pollution and refuse and litter discarded by these

vessels can attract seabirds. In particular, plastic

bags ingestion can cause fatality and there is a

chance of entanglement.

Education campaign to reduce marine pollution, including beach clean-ups.

Climate change

The wider impacts of climate change on

seabirds, especially of rising sea temperatures,

associated impacts on plankton and fish species

and the implications of sea level rise for nesting

seabirds in low-lying areas, should also be

considered.

Continued long-term monitoring to assess the scale of the problem.

Red tide/algal blooms Blooms of toxic algae can cause mortality in

seabirds

Continued long-term monitoring to assess the scale of the problem.

Offshore energy developments

Offshore energy developments such as offshore

drilling platforms for oil and gas and renewable

energy installations (e.g. wind turbines, tidal

energy) have the potential to displace seabirds.

For example, wind turbines are due to be installed

in Necker Island during 2015

Government to consider the proximity of seabird breeding populations and foraging

areas when planning or designating further marine developments.

Appropriate Environmental Impact Assessments conducted before site developments.

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Conclusions and recommendations

Safeguarding seabirds and other parts of the marine ecosystem through MSP can help deliver significant

long-term social and economic benefits, as well as delivering on legal requirements for nature conservation.

Seabirds face a range of pressures both at their breeding colonies and while at sea, many of which can be

directly or indirectly reduced through sensible MSP.

The full range of available information on seabirds, from colony surveys to the latest seabird tracking data,

should be used in combination to build up an understanding of how seabirds use the marine and coastal

environment. This knowledge should then be used, along with other information, when allocating space

for human activity and development, and addressing the range of pressures seabirds face.

Recommendations for marine spatial planning

Establish a long-term monitoring programme for seabirds (following on from the BVI Birds of

Paradise workshop 2013).

Establish a National Database for storage of seabird monitoring data. (The BVI's Conservation &

Fisheries Department are currently working towards this goal).

Regularly update National, Regional and Global databases (e.g. Birds Caribbean Seabird database,

Birdlife International IBA database) with seabird population data

Ensure that Government refers to seabird data when considering site development proposals.

Ensure that Government refers to seabird data when evaluating effectiveness of existing Marine

Protected Areas or for informing new Marine Protected Area designation.

Establish a seabird steering group with members from the BVI Conservation & Fisheries

Department, the National Parks Trust of the Virgin Islands, the Jost Van Dykes Preservation Society

Dead Brown booby chick in nest filled with plastic.

Photo Susan Zaluski Juvenile Magnificent frigatebird entangled in

monofilament fishing line. Photo Susan Zaluski

15

and local landowners. To discuss and prioritise seabird conservation work and management with

the islands.

Recommendations for avoiding and mitigating threats to seabirds:

Promote/discuss the sustainable development of, and promotion of ecotourism of sites with

landowners and local boat operators with the aim of safeguarding sites from more destructive

development activities.

Source funding for further eradication of rats and goat from offshore cays.

Research measures that can be taken by fishers to reduce seabird by-catch.

Continue education campaign highlighting what to do if a seabird is hooked on a fishing line.

Roseate tern

Recommended Citation: Conserving the British Virgin Islands Seabirds: Identification of threats and

guidance on the use of bird data in marine spatial planning (2015). Report compiled for Jost Van Dykes

Preservation Society.

This guidance was adapted from the RSPB’s document “Guidance on using bird data in marine spatial

planning” and compiled with the help and expertise of a range of University of Liverpool, RSPB, JVDPS

and NPTVI staff funded by the UK’s Darwin plus initiative under the project “Using Seabirds to inform

Caribbean Marine Planning”. For further information on any aspects of this report, please contact Louise

Soanes, University of Liverpool louise.soanes@liv.ac.uk or Susan Zaluski, Jost Van Dykes Preservation

Society susan@jvdps.org.

16

References

BirdLife International. 2015. Country profile: British Virgin Islands (to UK). Available from:

http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/bvi. Checked: 2015-01-05

Croxall, J. P., Butchart, S. H. M., Lascelles, B., Stattersfield, A. J., Sullivan, B., Symes, A. and Taylor, P. 2012.

Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment. -Bird Conservation

International, 22: 1-34.

Lowrie, K., Lowrie, D. and Collier, N. 2012. The Seabird Breeding Atlas of the Lesser Antilles.

Environmental Protection in the Caribbean.

McGowan, A., Broderick, A.C., Gore, S., Hilton, G., Woodfield, N.K., and B.J. Godley. 2006. Breeding

seabirds in the British Virgin Islands. Endangered Species Research 3, 1-6.

Soanes, L.M., Zaluski, S., Bright, J.A. & Green, J.A. 2014. Seabird Monitoring Field Guide: A field guide to

monitoring seabirds in the British Virgin Islands. Jost Van Dykes Preservation Society. BVI , West

Indies.

RSPB. 2014. Guide to using bird data in marine spatial planning. Report compiled by the Royal Society for

the Protection of Birds, Sandy, Bedfordhsire, UK.

Zaluski, S., George, A., Petrivic, C., Pierce, J., Woodfield-Pascoe, N & Soanes, L.M. 2015 . Seabird surveys

of the British Virgin Islands- focusing on globally important populations. Journal of Caribbean

Ornithology, in review.

17

Appendix 1. Table of breeding seabirds recorded in the British Virgin Islands

Mag

nif

icen

t

frig

ateb

ird

Bro

wn

bo

ob

y

Bro

wn

pel

ican

Bro

wn

no

dd

y

Ro

seat

e te

rn

San

dw

ich

ter

n

Bri

dle

d t

ern

Lea

st t

ern

Cay

enn

e te

rn

Gu

ll-b

ille

d t

ern

Co

mm

on

ter

n

Red

-bil

led

tro

pic

bir

d

Wh

ite-

tail

ed

tro

pic

bir

d

Lau

gh

ing

gu

ll

Au

du

bo

n's

shea

rwat

er

Anegada

Beef Island

Broken Jerusalem

Carrot Rock

Carval Rock

Cistern Rock

Cockroach Island

Cooper Island

Deadmans Chest

East Seal Dog

Eustatia

Fallen Jerusalem

George Dog

Ginger Island

Great Camanoe

Great Dog

Great Thatch

Great Tobago

Green Cay

Guana Island

Little Camanoe

Little Jost Van Dyke

Little Thatch

Little Tobago

Marina Cay

Mosquito Island

Necker Island

Norman Island

Pelican Island

Peter Island

Prickly Pear

Round Rock

Salt Island

Sandy Cay

Sandy Spit

Scrub Island

The Indians

Tortola

Virgin Gorda

18

Watsons Rock

West Dog

West Seal Dog

Jost Van Dyke

19

Appendix 2. List of relevant Global, Regional and National legislation and policies relevant to BVI

seabird conservation

Global

Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), extended to

BVI in 1994

Contains obligations related to the conservation

of biological diversity and the sustainable use

thereof, including land and marine resources,

plant and animal species.

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International

Importance (1971),

extended to the BVI in 1999

Promotes wise use of all wetlands (inc. marine

habitats) within the Territory.

Convention on Migratory Species (1983), extended to the

BVI in 1985

Parties to the Convention acknowledge the

importance of migratory species being

conserved and the need to take action to avoid

any migratory species becoming endangered.

UN Convention on Law of the Sea (1982)

Defines the rights and responsibilities of nations

with respect to their use of the world's oceans,

establishing guidelines for businesses, the

environment, and the management of marine

natural resources

Regional

Cartagena Convention (1986)

also known as the Caribbean Regional Seas Agreement ,

extended to the BVI in 1987

Two protocols under the Convention define

obligations of the Contracting Parties: (i)

Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas

and Wildlife (SPAW) with a general obligation

to protect, preserve, and manage threatened or

endangered species and (ii) Protocol Concerning

Pollution from Land-Based Sources and

Activities (LBS).

National

Physical Planning Act (2004) Includes provisions for protecting

environmental, historic, and cultural elements

within a development site.

National Parks Act (2006)

and National Parks Regulations (2008)

Includes provisions for identifying critical

habitats, classifying parks and protecting areas,

and entering into conservation agreements with

private landowners.

Fisheries Act (1997) and Regulations (2003), Includes provisions for the management and

conservation of fisheries and fisheries resources.

Wild Birds Protection Ordinance (1959/1980),

Protects listed birds from being hunted.

Protection of Trees and Conservation of Soil and

Water Ordinance (1954/1965),

Provides for the designation of protected

forested areas, water areas, and trees.