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Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920

Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

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Page 1: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920

Page 2: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

I. Independence Movements

Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government Haiti

Originally a French colony called Saint-Dominigue First American territory to free itself African slaves rose up in revolt

Toussaint L’Oeverture – led and freed all enslaved Africans• Was captured and jailed by the French• Haiti went on to declare its independence in 1804

Venezuela Led by a Creole military leader, Simon Bolivar Declared independence in 1811, but would not

be completely free until 1821

Page 3: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

I. Continued…

Other Spanish colonies Bolivar teamed up with another Creole military

leader, Jose de San Martin Defeated Spanish in many battles – freed Panama,

Ecuador, Columbia, Peru, Chile, Argentina Mexico

Independence movement originally began by lower classes (mestizos, Indians) and opposed by upper classes (creoles)

By 1820, Creoles feared liberal changes in Spain, declared independence (1821) in order to prevent loss of land, wealth

Brazil Won independence from Portugal with a bloodless revolution Creoles asked the king’s son for freedom

8,000 Brazilians signed petition

Page 4: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

I. Continued…

LATIN AMERICA PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

LATIN AMERICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

Page 5: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

II. Problems for New Nations

Many questions to deal with - social inequalities, political ideologies, role of the church, regionalism

Early independence leaders sought egalitarianism After independence, equality not always the case

Many new nations depended on “old ways” to keep economy going

Voting rights only for men Sociedad de castas did not disappear

Distinctions bases on race/ethnicity in full force

Political fragmentation New nations could be grouped into political blocks

Regional rivalries, economic competition, political divisions prevented unity

Page 6: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

II. Continued…

Central and South America – series of unions that eventually dissolved Geographic barriers, long distances, poor transportation

Rise of caudillos Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force

Sometimes seized entire national governments Proved to be stabilizing factors when political fragmentation

become too muchCentralists vs. Federalists

Centralists called for strong central government Federalists called for regional governments

Liberals vs. Conservatives Liberals called for individual rights, more secular society Conservatives often argued for return of more traditional

colonial aspects (social classes, strong central gov’t)

Page 7: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

III. Economies of Latin America

Support of Britain and U.S. allowed Latin America to enter world market Become dependent on trade with Europe

Wars hurt industries of Latin America 1820-1850 – economy became stagnant

As European economies grew, demands for Latin American goods increased Coffee, beef, minerals, grains

The Great Boom 1880-1920 – a surge in economic activity Resulted in expansion of cities, government projects Rivalries between nations increased

Conflicts over access to resources

Page 8: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

III. Continued…

Leaders became more focused on capitalist markets As landowners met demand for goods and materials,

peasants lost ground (literally)

With flood of immigrants looking for work, new forms of labor and (disguised) servitude developed

Page 9: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

IV. Social Changes

Societal changes slow to come Women gained very little – still expected to be wives and

mothers only Could not vote, hold public office, become lawyers Did have access to public education

Caste-like systems mostly ended, but the stigma of skin color and status remained Limited opportunities for many

Indigenous people still lived in poor conditions, with little upward mobility

Page 10: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

Key Vocabulary – Ch. 25

Gran ColumbiaCaudillos CentralistsFederalistsMonroe DoctrineGuanoPositivismManifest destinyTreaty of Guadalupe-

HidalgoLa Reforma

Argentine RepublicFazendasCientificos Spanish-American

WarPanama Canal

Page 11: Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920. I. Independence Movements Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government

Wrap-up: 5-minute Response

Even after independence, how did Europe continue to affect/influence Latin America?