CONSTITUTIONALISM & REPUBLICS

APEH, chapter 16

Bellringer

On a separate sheet of paper… Summarize how the Netherland’s gained

their independence List four things you know about the

development of England

Golden Age of Dutch Republic United Provinces of Netherlands became core of

modern Dutch state in 1581 Officially recognized in Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 Wealthy thanks to Atlantic trade

With independence came internal dissension Each province had a STADHOLDER (official)

responsible for leading an army and attending States General

States General-weakened during wars with France & England

17th Century wars saw economic decline for Dutch

How did Dutch spend new wealth? Amsterdam made money from fishing and

transporting other countries’ goods FLUYT-SHALLOW draft ship of large capacity

Amsterdam became commercial capital of Europe Built canals Tall, narrow fronted houses along canals Became crossroads

Manufacturers, shipyard owners, merchants became top society Wealthy burghers began to shed Calvinist ways by

end of 17th century

ENGLAND

Elizabeth died with no heir Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s

cousin) was put to death for trying to overthrow Elizabeth

Her son was King of Scotland (James I)

James I (1603-1625) First Stuart to rule Believed firmly in DIVINE

RIGHT and ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

Trouble with Parliament Country in debt, viewed as

“outsider” from Scotland

James I

Parliament was use to ruling with a “balanced polity” refused to give money to James

PURITANS: strict Calvinists demanding further reform from Church of England, take power away from Church officials

James I sees Puritans as threat Refuses most requests of

reforms GENTRY: wealthy

landowners, also Puritans and large part of House of Commons

ENGLAND

Charles I (1625-1649) Popular until marrying a Catholic

Princess, Louis XIII’s sister, Henrietta

Requested money from Parliament

Parliament refuses unless Charles I signs: PETITION OF RIGHT: placed

limits on king’s power King can not levy taxes

without consent of Parliament Direct Challenge to Absolutism

Charles I

At first he acquiesced Taxed without permission Dismisses Parliament

when they become outraged

1629-1640: Charles ruled without Parliament Gentry opposed attempts

to raise taxes without parliament

Added MORE ritual to church ceremonies- angering puritans

ENGLAND

1640: Charles I in debt thanks to rebellions in Scotland Has to reconvene

Parliament to ask for money

Long Parliament – didn’t disband for 20 years Limitation on royal

authority Triennial Act- Parliament

must meet at least once every three years

ENGLAND

Puritans moved to abolish the appointment of bishops in Anglican Church

Charles I led troops into House of Commons to arrest Puritan leaders for Treason Already escaped

Charles’ intentions shown: to take back power Parliament rises up against king Charles I supported by people 1642: Civil War began!

English Civil War (1642-1646)

ROYALISTS: nobles who supported king

ROUNDHEADS: supporters of Parliament Puritans (New Model Army) Merchants, some upper

classes Led by: OLIVER

CROMWELL

ENGLAND

Royalist Army outmatched 1646, surrender

Phase Two begins when Charles flees

Oliver Cromwell dismisses all Parliament members who disagree with him “Rump Parliament”

ENGLAND

Rump Parliament tries Charles I for treason

Charles refuses to recognize Parliament’s authority

1649: Found guilty, Executed in front of own palace

Lord Protector Cromwell (1649-1653)

House of Commons outlaws House of Lords and Monarchy

England becomes a Commonwealth

Cromwell: “Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland” Demanded complete

obedience LEVELLERS- demanded

freedom of speech, religious toleration, democratic republic

ENGLAND

RESTORATION Cromwell dies, son weak

leader Parliament reconvenes and

vote to bring back monarchy 1660: Parliament invites

Charles’ son to be king

Restoration & Charles II

Charles II (1660-1685) Supported religious

tolerationHabeas Corpus Act

of 1679 “may you have

body”Guarantees right

to appear in court to see if accused should be held or released

Charles being presented the first pineapple grown in England

Columbian Exchange!

ENGLAND

JAMES II Charles II brother Had two protestant daughters,

Mary and Anne 1688: James and second wife

gave birth to a Catholic son! GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

1688: Nobles invited James’ daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to become King & Queen

Glorious Revolution

William and MaryHad to sign:

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS: prevents monarchs from levying taxes without Parliament’s consent

Creating a:

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY: monarchy limited by law

Response to Revolution

Alarmed by revolutionary upheavals

Leviathan (1651) people are guided by

animalistic interests Government’s role is to

be a Leviathan- large sea monster- an absolute, sovereign authority needed to suppress evil

Argued against absolute rule

Two Treatises of Government Humans have inalienable

rights- life, liberty, property Government is meant to

protect rights If government doesn’t live

up to obligations the People have the right o rebel

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

John Locke (1632-1794)