ConstraintsConstraints

ONSET-syllables have an onsetONSET-syllables have an onset NO CODA-syllables have not codaNO CODA-syllables have not coda FAITH-same phones in input and output (no FAITH-same phones in input and output (no

deletion or epenthsis)deletion or epenthsis)

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

Some languages allow onsets and codas, or Some languages allow onsets and codas, or neither, and don't epenthesize or delete neither, and don't epenthesize or delete (English)(English) CV, VC, CVC, VCV, VC, CVC, V

How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in English?English?

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

Some languages allow onsets and codas, or Some languages allow onsets and codas, or neither and don't epenthesize or delete (English)neither and don't epenthesize or delete (English) CV, VC, CVC, VCV, VC, CVC, V

How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in English?English?

FAITH >> NO CODA >> ONSETFAITH >> NO CODA >> ONSET V, CV permittedV, CV permitted

FAITH >> ONSET >> NO CODAFAITH >> ONSET >> NO CODA CV, CVC permittedCV, CVC permitted

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

Some languages must have an onset and can Some languages must have an onset and can hae codas as well. They don't epenthesize or hae codas as well. They don't epenthesize or delete (Arabic)delete (Arabic) CV, CVC, *V, *VCCV, CVC, *V, *VC

How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Arabic?Arabic?

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

Some languages must have an onset and can Some languages must have an onset and can hae codas as well. They don't epenthesize or hae codas as well. They don't epenthesize or delete (Arabic)delete (Arabic) CV, CVC, *V, *VCCV, CVC, *V, *VC

How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Arabic?Arabic?

ONSET >> FAITH >> NO CODAONSET >> FAITH >> NO CODA CV, CVC allowed, *V, *VCCV, CVC allowed, *V, *VC

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

Some languages only allow CV, and they don't Some languages only allow CV, and they don't epenthesize or delete (Senufo)epenthesize or delete (Senufo) CV, *CVC, *V, *VCCV, *CVC, *V, *VC

How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Senufo?Senufo?

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

Some languages only allow CV, and they don't Some languages only allow CV, and they don't epenthesize or delete (Senufo)epenthesize or delete (Senufo) CV, *CVC, *V, *VCCV, *CVC, *V, *VC

How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Senufo?Senufo?

ONSET >> NO CODA >> FAITHONSET >> NO CODA >> FAITH CV permitted, *CVC, *V, *VCCV permitted, *CVC, *V, *VC

NO CODA >> ONSET >> FAITHNO CODA >> ONSET >> FAITH CV permitted, *CVC, *V, *VCCV permitted, *CVC, *V, *VC

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

Some languages allow onsets no codas, and Some languages allow onsets no codas, and epenthesize input (Hawaiian)epenthesize input (Hawaiian) CV, VCV, V Merry Christmas > Mele KalikimakaMerry Christmas > Mele Kalikimaka

How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Hawaiian?Hawaiian?

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

Some languages allow onsets no codas, and Some languages allow onsets no codas, and epenthesize input (Hawaiian)epenthesize input (Hawaiian) CV, V, *VC, *VCVCV, V, *VC, *VCV Merry Christmas > Mele KalikimakaMerry Christmas > Mele Kalikimaka

How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in How are ONSET, NO CODA, FAITH ranked in Hawaiian?Hawaiian?

NO CODA >> FAITH >> ONSETNO CODA >> FAITH >> ONSET

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

No language only allows only V, VCNo language only allows only V, VC No language only allows VC, CVCNo language only allows VC, CVC

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

No language only allows only V, VCNo language only allows only V, VC No language only allows VC, CVCNo language only allows VC, CVC What constraint ranking allows this?What constraint ranking allows this?

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

No language only allows only V, VCNo language only allows only V, VC No language only allows VC, CVCNo language only allows VC, CVC What constraint ranking allows this?What constraint ranking allows this? There are six possible rankingsThere are six possible rankings

OT and syllable typologyOT and syllable typology

No language only allows only V, VCNo language only allows only V, VC No language only allows VC, CVCNo language only allows VC, CVC What constraint ranking allows this?What constraint ranking allows this? There are six possible rankingsThere are six possible rankings No ranking predicts thisNo ranking predicts this This is because the constraints are inborn and This is because the constraints are inborn and

rankings are language specificrankings are language specific Evidence that these constraints are “real”Evidence that these constraints are “real”

OT and morphologyOT and morphology

Tagalog has an affix Tagalog has an affix umum aral aral um-aralum-aral teachteach sulatsulat s-um-ulats-um-ulat writewrite gradwetgradwet gr-um-adwetgr-um-adwet graduategraduate

NO CODANO CODA PREFIX (L PREFIX (L umum) ) UmUm goes on the Left edge of the goes on the Left edge of the

wordword NO CODA >> PREFIX (L um)NO CODA >> PREFIX (L um)

OT and morphologyOT and morphology

OT and morphologyOT and morphology

ONSETONSET PREFIX (L red) The reduplacate morpheme is PREFIX (L red) The reduplacate morpheme is

places on the left edge of a wordplaces on the left edge of a word

OT and morphologyOT and morphology

ONSETONSET PREFIX (L red) The reduplacate morpheme is PREFIX (L red) The reduplacate morpheme is

places on the left edge of a wordplaces on the left edge of a word

OT and phonologyOT and phonology

What is the phonological process here?What is the phonological process here?

What are the input stem morphemes?What are the input stem morphemes?

OT and phonologyOT and phonology

What is the phonological process here?What is the phonological process here?– voicingvoicing

What are the input stem morphemes?What are the input stem morphemes?– tu:b-, tog-, ra:k-, hi:p-tu:b-, tog-, ra:k-, hi:p-

OT and phonologyOT and phonology

SHARE (voi)SHARE (voi) Adjacent morphemes must have Adjacent morphemes must have same voicingsame voicing

IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicingoutput voicing

What is the ranking (which is violated?)What is the ranking (which is violated?)

OT and phonologyOT and phonology

SHARE (voi)SHARE (voi) Adjacent morphemes must have Adjacent morphemes must have same voicingsame voicing

IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicingoutput voicing

What is the ranking (which is violated?)What is the ranking (which is violated?)– SHARE >> INDENTSHARE >> INDENT

OT and phonologyOT and phonology

SHARE (voi)SHARE (voi) Adjacent morphemes must have Adjacent morphemes must have same voicingsame voicing

IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicingoutput voicing

hi:p-dʒi SHARE IDENT

hi:p-dʒi *!

> hi:b-dʒi *

tu:b-tan SHARE IDENT

> tu:p-tan *

tu:b-tan *!

OT and phonologyOT and phonology

SHARE (voi)SHARE (voi) Adjacent morphemes must have Adjacent morphemes must have same voicingsame voicing

IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicingoutput voicing

hi:p-dʒi SHARE IDENT

hi:p-dʒi

> hi:b-dʒi

tu:b-tan SHARE IDENT

> tu:p-tan *

tu:b-tan *!

OT and phonologyOT and phonology

SHARE (voi)SHARE (voi) Adjacent morphemes must have Adjacent morphemes must have same voicingsame voicing

IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and IDENT (voi) Phones must have same input and output voicingoutput voicing

hi:p-dʒi SHARE IDENT

hi:p-dʒi *!

> hi:b-dʒi *

tu:b-tan SHARE IDENT

> tu:p-tan *

tu:b-tan *!

German DevoicingGerman Devoicing

IDENT (voi) Inputs and outputs have same IDENT (voi) Inputs and outputs have same voicingvoicing

*[+voiced]# Voiced consonants not allowed *[+voiced]# Voiced consonants not allowed word finallyword finally

Fill out table:Fill out table: tu:gend

tu:gent

du:gent

tu:gend

du:gend

German DevoicingGerman Devoicing

IDENT (voi) Inputs and outputs have same IDENT (voi) Inputs and outputs have same voicingvoicing

*[+voiced]# Voiced consonants not allowed *[+voiced]# Voiced consonants not allowed word finallyword finally

Fill out table:Fill out table: tu:gend *[+voiced]# IDENT (voi)

tu:gent *

du:gent **!

tu:gend *!

du:gend *! *

ConstraintsConstraints

Can you make up anything as a constraint?Can you make up anything as a constraint?– They are supposed to be phonetically basedThey are supposed to be phonetically based– They are supposed to be universalThey are supposed to be universal

• Example: word final devoicingExample: word final devoicing– Occurs in many unrelated languagesOccurs in many unrelated languages– Occurs in acquisition of many languages that don't Occurs in acquisition of many languages that don't

devoicedevoice

ConstraintsConstraints

Kids apply processes to languageKids apply processes to language– Coda deletionCoda deletion

• Book > [pa]Book > [pa]– EpenthesisEpenthesis

• Moon > [mMoon > [mənə]ənə]– Cluster simplificationCluster simplification

• Block > [bak]Block > [bak]

ConstraintsConstraints

Kids apply processes to languageKids apply processes to language– Coda deletionCoda deletion

• Book > [pa]Book > [pa]– EpenthesisEpenthesis

• Moon > [mMoon > [mənə]ənə]– Cluster simplificationCluster simplification

• Block > [bak]Block > [bak] All of them have same output: Make CV All of them have same output: Make CV

syllables (NO CODA)syllables (NO CODA)

English PluralsEnglish Plurals

Three allomorphs:Three allomorphs:– -s, -z, --s, -z, -ɨzɨz– cat[s], dog[z], bush[ɨz]cat[s], dog[z], bush[ɨz]

English PluralsEnglish Plurals

Three allomorphs:Three allomorphs:– -s, -z, --s, -z, -ɨzɨz– cat[s], dog[z], bush[ɨz]cat[s], dog[z], bush[ɨz]

Rule approachRule approach– Voicing assimilationVoicing assimilation– Epenthesis of ɨ after stridents like [ʃ, s, ʤ]Epenthesis of ɨ after stridents like [ʃ, s, ʤ]

English PluralsEnglish Plurals

URUR cat[z]cat[z] dog[z]dog[z] bush[z]bush[z] EpenthesisEpenthesis –– –– bush[bush[ɨz]ɨz] AssimilationAssimilation cat[s]cat[s] –– ----

English PluralsEnglish Plurals

FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and outputoutput

FAITHV:FAITHV: Vowels in input and output must be Vowels in input and output must be identicalidentical

*[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowedallowed

SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicingsame voicing

English PluralsEnglish Plurals

FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and outputoutput

FAITHV:FAITHV: Vowels in input and output must be Vowels in input and output must be identicalidentical

*[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents *[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowedallowed

SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicingvoicing

What is the ranking?What is the ranking?

English PluralsEnglish Plurals FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and outputFAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output

FAITHV:FAITHV: Vowels in input and output must be identicalVowels in input and output must be identical

*[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed*[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed

SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicingSHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing

bush[z]

bush[z]

bush[s]

bush[ɨz]

cat[z]

cat[z]

cat[s]

cat[ɨz]

English PluralsEnglish Plurals FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and outputFAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output

FAITHV:FAITHV: Vowels in input and output must be identicalVowels in input and output must be identical

*[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed*[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed

SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicingSHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing

SHARE (voi), *[+strident][+strident] >> FAITHV, FAITH (voi)SHARE (voi), *[+strident][+strident] >> FAITHV, FAITH (voi)

bush[z] SHARE (voi) *[+strident][+strident]

FAITHV FAITH(voi)

bush[z]

bush[s]

bush[ɨz]

cat[z]

cat[z]

cat[s]

cat[ɨz]

English PluralsEnglish Plurals FAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and outputFAITH (voi): Voicing must be same in input and output

FAITHV:FAITHV: Vowels in input and output must be identicalVowels in input and output must be identical

*[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed*[+strident][+strident]: No two adjacent stridents allowed

SHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicingSHARE (voi): Adjacent consonants must have same voicing

SHARE (voi), *[+strident][+strident] >> FAITHV, FAITH (voi)SHARE (voi), *[+strident][+strident] >> FAITHV, FAITH (voi)

bush[z] SHARE (voi) *[+strident][+strident]

FAITHV FAITH(voi)

bush[z] *! *

bush[s] *! *

>bush[ɨz] *

cat[z] *!

>cat[s] *

cat[ɨz] *!