Construction Materials 05

7/23/2019 Construction Materials 05

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Department of Civil Engineering

International University - VNU HCMC

Mar. 15, 2012

CE214U-Constructions Materials

sp!alt concrete

Nguyen Din! Hung Dr" Eng"


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Bituminous materials for civil engineering1

sp!alt is a popular roa# construction material to#ay $ecause of its cost

an# performance a#vantages% pave faster& more efficiently& more

economically an# 'it! greater servicea$ility t!an any ot!er paving material(

Natural asp!alt 'as #iscovere# in 1)*)& $ut it 'as not $oun# 'it! coal tar

an# use# to pave roa#'ays until 1*+2(

,itumen& t!e soli# or semi-soli# resi#ue of t!e refinery process to mae

gasoline from petroleum& .uicly replace# natural asp!alt for paving roa#s(

/ecently& synt!etic polymers !ave $een a##e# to improve performance

an# #ura$ility"


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Bituminous materials for civil engineering2

,ituminous surfaces 0pavements an# surface treatments are use# to

provi#e a roa#'ay 'earing surface an# to protect t!e un#erlying

material from moisture( ,ecause of t!eir plastic nature& $ituminous surfaces are often referre# to

as flei$le pavements& in contrast to concrete pavements& '!ic! are

i#entifie# as rigi# pavements(

,ituminous surfaces are pro#uce# $y miing soli# particles 0aggregates

an# a $ituminous material" 3ince t!e $ituminous material serves to $on#

t!e aggregate particles toget!er& it is referre# to as $in#er 0organic"


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Classication of bituminous materials 3

(Goetz an !oo 1"#0$


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Classication of bituminous materials %

sp!alt is t!e type of $ituminous

material most fre.uently use# in

surfacing roa#s an# airfiel#s&roa# tars are sometimes use#"

Most properties of asp!alt an# tar

are similar& ecept t!at tars are

not solu$le in petroleum

pro#ucts"s a result& tar surface

treatments an# tar seal coats are

often use# '!en t!e pavement is

liely to $e su$ecte# to spills of

petroleum fuels"

maor #isa#vantage of tar is its

ten#ency to c!ange consistency

'it! small variations in

temperature"

C567-889( H58-129& : 5 1-29(

Molecular

'eig!t


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Bituminous materials for roa structures 5

,ituminous materials a $len# of !y#rocar$ons of #ifferent molecular

'eig!ts(

;!e c!aracteristics of t!e asp!alt #epen# on t!e c!emical compositionan# t!e #istri$ution of t!e molecular 'eig!t !y#rocar$ons(

t room temperatures& asp!alt cement is a semisoli# material t!at cannot

$e applie# rea#ily as a $in#er 'it!out $eing !eate#"


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Bituminous materials for civil engineering#

=orous asp!alt concrete


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Bituminous materials for civil engineering&

Mainly in Vietnam% from cru#e petroleum resi#ues%

Compoun#% C522-889( H58-119& : 5 +-1")9( 35+->9& N 5+")-19

=roperties of $ituminous materials nee#s to $e evaluate# $efore miing

'it! aggregate%

/otational viscosity $y viscometer&

3olu$ility

?las! point tests

#ynamic s!ear r!eometer

t!e rolling t!in film oven

=ressure-aging vessel con#ition%

t!e test

temperatures

s!ort-term an#

long-term effects


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'roerties of as)alt cement *

Rolling Thin-Film Oven - RTFO03;M D2862/;?: is use# to #etermine t!e effect of !eat an# air on a moving film of

semi-soli# asp!altic materials" ;!e results are #etermine# frommeasurements of t!e asp!alt properties $efore an# after t!e test 0mass

loss(/esult is use# to prepare samples ot!er tests% rutting potential 'it! t!e

#ynamic s!ear r!eometer an# pressure-aging vessel

=ouring 7)g $itumen into

special $ottle 0ar

=lacing t!e $ottle in a rac of

oven/otating 1) rpm an# !ot air et

$lo's 4 l@min at 1>7AC in 6) min


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'roerties of as)alt cement "

Pressure-Aging Vessel - PAV 03;M D>)21=V is to simulate in-service oi#ative aging of asp!alt $in#er t!at occurs

in #uring pavement service(/esi#ue from t!is process may $e use# to estimate t!e p!ysical or

c!emical properties of an asp!alt $in#er after ) to 1+ years in t!e fiel#

=ut $itumen from /;?:

?or 2+ !ours

=ressure% 2"1M=a


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'roerties of as)alt cement 10

Flash Point 03;M D*2 - Direct Tension Test 03;M D>627"

t !ig! temperatures& asp!alt can flas! or ignite in t!e presence of open

flame or spar& $ecause evaporate# oil $ecomes inflamma$le" Hig! value offlas! point is a goo# property of $itumen"

Direct tension test% constant rate of #eformation of 1 mm@min& temperature

of 2)AC" It epresses $o#ing of $itumen itself"


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Rotational Viscometer Test 03;M D44+2RVTis use# to #etermine t!e viscosity of asp!alt $in#ers in t!e !ig!

temperature range of manufacturingan# construction"

;!e asp!alt $in#er sample is place# in t!e sample c!am$er at 17)BC(

;!en $ot! are place# in t!e t!ermocell(

spin#le is place# in t!e asp!alt sample an# rotate# at a spee# 02+rpm

Viscosity is #etermine# $y mac!ine


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Penetration 03;M D)

;!e penetration test measures consistency of asp!alt cement at 2)AC

stan#ar# nee#le of 1++ g% starts penetrating from surface 'it!in )

secon#s" Every +"1mm is recor#e# as penetration value"

large penetration value in#icates soft asp!alt

3mall penetration value in#icates !ig! con#ensi$le


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'roerties of cutbac+ an emulsion 13

Distillation of Cutback and Emulsion 03;M D4+2@D244

;!e #istillation test of cut$ac asp!alt 03;M D4+2 measures t!e amount

an# c!aracter of volatile constituents $y volume atspecifie# temperatures022)AC& 71)AC or 7>+AC(

;!e #istillation test of emulsifie# asp!alt 03;M D244 #etermines t!e

percent of resi#ue an# oil #istillates $y 'eig!tatspecifie# temperatures(

;o #etermine time t!at cut$ac an# emulsion !ar#en 0setting time ofconcrete"


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-es of bitumen 1%


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-es of bitumen 15


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-es of bitumen 1#

1


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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 1&

Aggregates

ggregates 0or mineral aggregates are !ar#& inert materials suc! as

san#& gravel& crus!e# stone& slag& or roc #ust(

ggregates are t!e principal loa#-supporting components of an sp!alt

Concrete pavement(

;!ey total *+ to *) percent of t!e miture $y 'eig!t 0coarse aggregate%

2+>)9& san#% 7+>>9& po'#er% 4149 an# 6) to 8) percent $y volume(

;o #etermine if an aggregate material is suita$le for use in asp!alt

construction& evaluate it in terms of t!e follo'ing properties%

3ie an# gra#ing% maimum sie of aggregate& #istri$ution of aggregate

sie(Cleanliness% /emove unsuita$le materials out of aggregate" It can cause

poor $on#ing(

;oug!ness%/esist crus!ing or #isintegration #uring iing& placing& an#

compacting( or un#er traffic loa#ing(

1


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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 1*

Aggregates

;o #etermine if an aggregate material is suita$le for use in asp!alt

construction& evaluate it in terms of t!e follo'ing properties%

3oun#ness% to resist #eterioration cause# $y t!e 'eat!er

=article s!ape% influence t!e asp!alt miture% strengt! an# 'ora$ility an#

t!e #ensity ac!ieve# #uring compaction via locF toget!er(

3urface teture% influence Gora$ility an# pavement strengt!" /oug!&

san#papery teture results in a !ig!er strengt! t!an a smoot! teture(

$sorption%;!e porosity of an aggregate permits t!e aggregate to a$sor$

asp!alt an# form a $on# $et'een t!e particle an# t!e asp!alt" #egree of

porosity is #esire#& $ut aggregates t!at are !ig!ly a$sor$entare generallynot use#"

3tripping%G!en t!e asp!alt film separates from t!e aggregate $ecause of

t!e action of 'ater& it is calle# stripping"nti-stripping agent is re.uire#& if

aggregates rea#ily suscepti$le to stripping action"

1


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Basic aggregate roerties 1"

2


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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 20

;!e #esign asp!alt content varies for #ifferent material types& material

properties& loa#ing levels& an# environmental con#itions% !ot mi asp!alt

0asp!alt cement 12+AC& col# mi asp!alt 0cut$ac an# emulsion plant

mi& $ituminous mi& $ituminous concrete& an# many ot!ers"

Design met!o# in Vietnam is seminar to /ussia an# 3;M 0U3%

Mars!all 03;M D1))*& an# Hveem 03;M D1)>+(

Mars!all is more popular #ue to $e simpler(

?un#amental to eac! #esign are t!e follo'ing%

;raffic loa#ing 0volume an# 'eig!t&

3oil-support capa$ility 0inclu#ing

#rainage consi#erations& Material specifications 0aggregate

an# asp!alt"

2


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;!e #esign of asp!alt mi% selecting an# proportioning constituent

materialsto o$tain t!e #esire# properties(

;!e $asic steps re.uire# for performing Mars!all mi #esign are asfollo's%

ggregate evaluation

sp!alt cement evaluation

3pecimen preparation ;!ere are t'o maor features of t!e Mars!all met!o# of mi #esign%

Mars!all sta$ility an# flo' measurement

Density an# voi#s analysis

Design asp!alt content #etermination

;!e resistance to plastic #eformation of a compacte# cylin#rical specimen

of $ituminous miture is measure# '!en t!e specimen is loa#e#

#iametrically at a #eformation rate of )+ mm@minute"

2


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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 22Aggregate Evaluation As!halt Cement Evaluation

;!ey total *+ to *) percent of t!e miture $y 'eig!t 0coarse aggregate%

2+>)9& san#% 7+>>9& po'#er% 4149 an# 6) to 8) percent $y volume(

;!e gra#e of asp!alt cement is selecte# $ase# on t!e epecte#

temperature range an# traffic con#itions(

,itumen% 7 to 129 04 - 69$y 'eig!t(

Most !ig!'ay agencies !ave specifications t!at prescri$e t!e gra#e of

asp!alt for t!e #esign con#itions"

2


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Mi type 2") in 1")in 1 in 7@4 in 1@2 in 7@8 in No" 4 No" 8 No" 1> No" 7+ No" )+ No" 1++No"

2++, 09

I 1++ 7) - 6) + - 1) + - ) + - 7 "#$ - %#&

II 1++ 4+ - )+ 2+ - 4+ + - 4 %#$ - $

II, 1++ 6+ - 1++ 2+ - 4+ ) - 2+ + - 4 %#$ - $

IIC 1++ 6+ - 1++ 4) - 6) 2+ - 4+ ) - 2+ + - 4 "#$ - '#$

IID 1++ 6+ - 1++ 7) - >+ 1) - 7) ) - 2+ + - 4 "#$ - '#$

IIE 1++ 6) - 1++ )+ - 8+ 2) - >+ 1+ - 7+ ) - 2+ + - 4 "#$ - '#$

III 1++ 6) - 1++ 7) - )) 2+ - 7) 1+ - 22 >-1> > - 1> 4 - 12 2 - 8 "#$ - '#$

III, 1++ 6) - 1++ >+ - 8) 7) - )) 2+ - 7) 1+ - 22 >-1> > - 1> 4 - 12 2 - 8 "#$ - '#$

IIIC 1++ 6) - 1++ >+ - 8) 7+ - )+ 2+ - 7) ) - 2+ 7 - 12 7 - 12 2 - 8 + - 4 "#$ - '#$

IIID 1++ 6) - 1++ 4) - 6+ 7+ - )+ 2+ - 7) ) - 2+ 7 - 12 7 - 12 2 - 8 + - 4 "#$ - '#$

IIIE 1++ 6) - 1++ >+ - 8) 4+ - >) 7+ - )+ 2+ - 7) ) - 2+ 7 - 12 7 - 12 2 - 8 + - 4 "#$ - '#$

IV 1++ 8+ - 1++ )) - 6) 7) - )+ 18 - 2* 17 - 27 17 - 27 8 - 1> 4 - 1+ "#& - (#$

IV, 1++ 8+-1++ 6+ - *+ )+ - 6+ 7) - )+ 18 - 2* 17 - 27 17 - 27 8 - 1> 4 - 1+ "#& - (#$

IVC 1++ 8+ - 1++ >+ - 8+ 48 - >) 7) - )+ 1* - 7+ 17 - 27 17 - 27 6 - 1) + - 8 "#& - (#$

IVD 1++ 8+ - 1++ 6+ - *+ )) - 6) 4) - >2 7) - )+ 1* - 7+ 17 - 27 17 - 27 6 - 1) + - 8 "#& - (#$

V 8) - 1++ >) - 8+ )+ - >) 76 - )2 2) - 4+ 18 - 7+ 18 - 7+ 1+ - 2+ 7 - 1+ %#$ - (#&

V, 1++ 8) - 1++ >) - 8+ )+ - >) 76 - )2 2) - 4+ 18 - 7+ 18 - 7+ 1+ - 2+ 7 - 1+ %#$ - (#&

VI 1++ 8) - 1++ 8) - 1++ >) - 68 )+ - 6+ 7) - >+ 2) - 48 2) - 48 1) - 7+ > - 12 %#& - )#&

VI, 1++ 1++ 1++ >) - 8+ 46 - >8 7+ - )) 2+ - 4+ 2+ - 4+ 1+ - 2) 7 - 8 %#& - )#&

VII 1++ 8) - 1++ )+ - *) 6+ - 8* )) - 8+ 7+ - >+ 7+ - >+ 1+ - 7) 4 - 14 (#$ - **#$

VII, 1++ *) - 1++ 8) - *8 6+ - *) 4+ - 6) 4+ - 6) 2+ - 4+ 8 - 1> (#& - *+#$

i i f ) l 2


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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 2%,!ecimen Pre!aration

3pecimens% 1+1"> mm 04 in" in #iameter an# >7") mm 02") in" in !ig!

1) are for sta$ility an# flo'&

7 are for t!eoretical maimum specific gravity Gmm

(

arshall stabilit. and flo/ measurement ;!e Mars!all sta$ility 0N% maimum loa#

carrie# $y t!e specimen soae# at >+BC

'it!in 7+ 4+ min" an# loa# rate )1mm@min ;!e flo' value 0+"2)mm% #eformation up to

t!e maimum loa#"

i i f ) l 2


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Densit. and voids anal.sis

V;M% Voi# in ;otal Mi

VM% Voi# in Mineralggregate

V?% Voi# ?ille# 'it!sp!alt

i i f ) l 2


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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 2#

;!eoretical maimum specific gravity

i ti f ) lt t 2


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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 2&

i ti f ) lt t 2


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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 2*

Design as!halt content determination

' ti f ) lt t 2


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'roerties of as)alt concrete 2"

0ndirect Tensile ,trength

tD

Pt

2=P% =ea loa# 0N

D& t% Diameter 0mm an# lengt! 0mm of sample

t% tensile strengt! of asp!alt concrete

i ti f ) lt t 3


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Diametral Tensile Resilient odulus

;o evaluate t!e structural response of t!e asp!alt pavement system& t!e mo#ulus

of asp!alt concrete material is nee#e#(

;!e #iametral tensile resilient mo#ulus is compute# as

,ase# on Mars!all sta$ility 0S- N an# flo' 0F- mm& oung mo#ulus of asp!alt

concrete can $e #etermine# $ase# on Ni$oerJs eperimental e.uation%

( )

2

60,/6.1 cmdaN

F

SE

Celastic

=

' ti f ) lt t 3


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'roerties of as)alt concrete 31

sp!alt =avement nalyer 0= /ut ;est is

$ase# on 3H;: ;= >7

3ample ept in test temperature 'it!in > !rs >4AC

Un#er t!e pressurie# ru$$er tu$e rac 0)68N

1++psi

G!eel acting 8+++ cycles

3amples at specifie# air voi#s

= /ut K Lmm to pass

Department of Ci l Engineering


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;!an you for your in# attention

Department of Civl Engineering

International University VNU HCMC

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Construction Materials 05