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AUDACITYCopyright:TheContributorsLicense:CCBY
ContentsINTRODUCTION1.AudacityWhatissound?Whatissoundrecording?INSTALLING4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXInstallingAudacityonWindowsINTERFACETrackAreaMenuBarToolBarTUTORIALSOpen/ImportanAudioFileRecordingasoundAddAnotherAudioTrackEnvelopeToolBasicEditingwithAudacityAdvancedEditingandMixingExportingAFileAPPENDICESMoreHelpLicense
II
INTRODUCTION
1
INTRODUCTION1.Audacity2.WHATISDIGITALAUDIO?
INTRODUCTION
2
1.AudacityINTRODUCTION
3
1.AudacityTheAudacityprogramisanexampleofadigital'audioeditor',whichmeansthatAudacitycanrecordandeditaudioincommondigitalformats.Typically,oneusesAudacityforrecordingsoundssuchinterviewsormusicalinstruments.YoucanthenuseAudacitytocombinethesesoundsandeditthemtomakedocumentaries,music,podcasts,etc.
Intheolddays,audioeditingwasdonewithhugemachinesthatrecordedsoundtomagnetictape(similartothetapeintapecassettes).
Audioengineerswouldtheneditthesetapesusingrazorbladesandstickytape.Muchofthejargonusedinaudioeditingtodaycomesfromthisprocess.Makinga"cut"meantliterallycuttingtheaudiotapeatacertainpoint."Multitrack"referredtorecordingmanyseparatesoundsontoextrawidetapetofitmore'tracks'.Therecordingindustrystillusestheseterms,alongwithmanyothers,today.Manyofthefundamentaltechniqueswhichformedgoodaudiorecordingandeditingpracticesintheaudio-tapeeralaidthefoundationforrecordingandeditingsoftware.
Whilemanyofthetermsandtechniquesremainthesametoday,computersreplacedtapemachines,anddigitalfilessucceededtapes.Hence,onerecordsaudioandeditswithacomputer(usingsoftwarelikeAudacity),andstoresthesesoundsinfilesonacomputer.Thismakestheprocessmuchfasterandrequiresalotlessphysicalstoragespaceandspecializedskillsandequipment.
Audacityisapowerfultoolforrecordingandeditingaudioonahomecomputer.It'sisaverysophisticatedprogramandcandoeverythingonewouldexpectfromamodernaudioeditor.Asafree,open-sourcetool,Audacityisnotquiteasfeature-richassomeexpensiveaudioeditingsoftwareusedbyprofessionalrecordingstudios,butmoreandmoreindependentmusicians(aswellaspodcastersand
1.AudacityINTRODUCTION
4
others)areusingitintheirownaudiocreations.
OnecaninstallandrunAudacityonLinux,MacOSXandWindows.
Audacity:DigitalAudio
Whatissound?Whatissoundrecording?INTRODUCTION
5
Whatissound?Whatissoundrecording?Soundsarewavesofair.Wehearsoundsbecauseourearsaresensitivetothesewaves.Oneoftheeasiesttypesofsoundwavestounderstandisashort,suddensoundlikeahandclap.Whenhandsclaptogether,theycreateapressurisedwaveofairwhichmovesatabout340meterspersecond("thespeedofsound"throughsea-levelearthatmosphere).Whenthiswavereachesone'sear,itpushesontheeardrumslightly,causingittovibrateandtheindividualhearstheclap.
Ahandclapisashorteventthatcausesasinglewaveofairthatquicklydiesout.Theimageaboveshowstheshapeofthewave("waveform")foratypicalhandclap.
Othersoundwavesarelongerevents.Aringingbellservesasagoodexampleofthis.Whenabellrings,aftertheinitialstrike,thesoundcomesfromtheongoing"ringing"ofthebell.Whilethebellrings,itvibratesataparticularspeed("frequency")andthiscausesthenearbyairtovibrateatthesamespeed.Thiscauseswavesofairtotravelfromthebell,again,atthespeedofsound.Pressurewavesfromcontinuousvibrationlookmorelikethis:
Bothofthesetypesofwavesarecalledsoundwavesoracousticwaves.
DigitalrecordingandplaybackAmicrophoneconsistsofasmallmembranewhichvibrateswhenitmeetstheseacousticwaves.Themicrophonetranslatesmovementsofthemembraneintoelectricalsignals.Basically,amicrophoneconvertsacousticwavesintoelectricalwaves.
Ifweexaminedtheshapeofanelectricalwavefromamicrophone,wewouldnoticethatitlooksverysimilartotheshapeoftheoriginalsoundwave.Thefollowingisthesoundwavewesawintheaboveexplanation:
Whatissound?Whatissoundrecording?INTRODUCTION
6
Thefollowingistheelectricalwavecreatedbythemicrophone(noticethemeasurementfor"Current"):
Onecouldsaythattheshapeoftheelectricalwaveisanalogousto("similarto")theshapeoftheoriginalsoundwave.Thisiswhytheseelectricalwavesthatrepresentsoundwavesarecalledanalogwaves.
Indeed,earliermethodsofsoundrecordingwerethemselvesanalog:theliteralwave-shapeoftheoriginalsound,aspickedupbythemicrophone,wasphysicallyimprintedontherecordingdevice--firstintheformofsoft-waxcylinders,thensoft-waxmasterrecords,andfinallymagnetictapewhereacoatingofmagnetizedironoxide(orchromiumoxide)dustwasrearrangedbythesoundwaves.Magnetictapebecamethedominanttechnologyforrecordingaudioaswellasvideoandotherdatainthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,untiltheadventandrapidadoptionofdigitalrecording.
ThemaindeviceusedindigitalrecordingisanAnalog-to-DigitalConverter(ADC).TheADCmeasuresthevoltageofanelectricalwavethousandsoftimespersecond.Itthenusesthesemeasurementstocreateadatamapofanelectricalwave:
Eachdotinthefigureaboverepresentsoneaudiosample.Themoresamplespersecond,themoreaccuratethemappingoftheelectricalwave.
PlaybackofdigitalaudiousesaDigital-to-AnalogConverter(DAC).Thistakesthesamplesandconvertsthembackintoanelectricalwave.Inacomputer,thiselectricalwaveissenttoasoundcard'sheadphoneorspeakersocketsandthespeakersrecreatetheoriginalsoundwavebyvibratingtheirdiaphragms.
Acomputer'ssoundcardcomeswithanAnalog-to-DigitalConverter(ADC)forrecording,andaDigital-to-AnalogConverter(DAC)forplayingaudio.Your
Whatissound?Whatissoundrecording?INTRODUCTION
7
operatingsystem(Windows,MacOSX,Linux,etc.)reliesonthesoundcardtoactuallyhandletherecordingandplayback,andaudioapplicationsrelyonyouroperatingsystemsothatyoucanplaysoundfiles,capturesoundstoafile,editthem,andmixmultipletrackswhileplaying,etc.
QualityTwofactorsdeterminethequalityofadigitalrecording:
Samplerate:thisistheratewhichtheADCrecordssamplesoraDACplaysthemback.SampleRateismeasuredinHertz(Hz),orsamplespersecond.AconventionalaudioCDhasasamplerateof44,100Hz(oftenwrittenas"44KHz"forshort).An'HD'(High-definition)DVDcanhaveasamplerateof96KHzoreven176or192KHz.Attheotherendofthespectrum,MPEGaudiofilesintendedforstreaming(especiallyiftheyareonlyrecordingvoice,notmusic)canhaveasamplerateaslowas11KHz.
Sampleformatorsamplesize:Essentially,thisisthenumberofdigitsinthedigitalrepresentationofeachsample.Thinkofthesamplerateasthehorizontalprecision,andthesampleformatastheverticalprecision.AnaudioCDhasaprecisionof16bits.
Highersamplingratesallowadigitalrecordingtoaccuratelyrecordhigherfrequencies.Highersamplesizesallowformoredynamicrange—betterreproductionofloudandsoftsounds.Bothofthese,ofcourse,entailthestorageofmoredigitialinformation,meaningthathigh-sample-rate/high-sample-sizeformatsaremuchlargertostoreandtransmit.
AudiofileformatsTherearetwomaintypesofaudiofilesonacomputer:
PCMstandsforPulseCodeModulation.Thisisjustafancynameforthetechniquewhereeachnumberinthedigitalaudiofilerepresentsexactlyonesampleinthewaveform.CommonexamplesofPCMfilesareWAVfiles,AIFFfiles,andSoundDesignerIIfiles.
Compressedaudiofilesaretheothertype.Moderncompressedaudiofilesusesophisticatedpsychoacousticalgorithmstorepresenttheessentialfrequenciesoftheaudiosignal--thoseaudibletothehumanear--infarlessspacethanPCMfiles.ExamplesincludeMP3(MPEGI,layer3),OggVorbis,andWMA(WindowsMediaAudio).Creatingoneofthesefilessacrificessomequalityinordertouselessdiskspace.
Thus,forexample,anaudiorecordingyoumakedirectlytoyourcomputerisoftenstoredasaWAVfile;ifyoutransfromthatsamesoundrecordingintoanMP3file(asyoucaninAudacity),theresultingfilewillbefarsmallerthantheoriginalWAVfile.Wheneditingmusic,itistypicallypreferabletoworkwith'raw'soundformatssuchasWAVorAIFFwhenpossible,thencompresstoMP3orsimilarformatonlywhenyouaresatisfiedwiththemixedandeditedpiece.
Whatissound?Whatissoundrecording?INTRODUCTION
8
Whatissound?Whatissoundrecording?INSTALLING
9
INSTALLING3.Audacity:InstallingonLinux4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSX5.WINDOWS
3.Audacity:InstallingonLinux
InstallingAudacityonFedoraThesimplestwaytoinstallAudacityonrecentversionsofFedoraistousethecommandline.Youmustberootorhaveadministrativeprivilegestoinstallsoftware.Thereare2versionsofAudacityforFedora:audacityandaudacity-freeworld.
ThelatterversionincludesavarietyoflibrarieswhicharenotpartofthemainFedorarepositories,soyouwouldneedtofirstinstallrpmfusion-free-releaseandrpmfusion-nonfree-release.Inspiteoftheseadditionalsteps,Iwouldrecommendthefreeworldversionofaudacity,sinceitwillhavemoreflexibilitywithfiletypesitcanworkwithandforexport.Gotorpmfusion.organddownloadtheappropriatereleasesforyourversionofFedora.Theserepresentadditionstoyourrepositories.Onthecommandline,type
sudodnf-yinstallrpmfusion-free-release...
wheretheellipsisattheendneedstofittherestoftheparticularversionyouneed.ForexampleinFedora26,itwouldberpmfusion-free-release-26.noarch.rpm.Onceyouhavebothoftheseinstalled,thentype
sudodnf-yinstallaudacity-freeworld
afterwhichtheassessmentofdependencies,downloadsandinstallationsshouldproceedautomatically.Afterinstallation,yourarereadytouseit.Simplytype'audacity'onthecommandlineorfindtheapplicationunderMultimediawithyourapplicationlauncher.
InstallingAudacityonUbuntubasedsystemsAstherearequiteafewflavoursofUbuntuscreenshotsarenotusedherehoweverthefollowingadviceshouldbeappropriatetomostdifferentversions.
ViatheCommandLine
AquickwaytoinstallAudacityonUbuntuistousethecommandline.
Onthecommandline,type
sudoapt-getinstallaudacity
Youwillneedtoenteryouradminpasswordtoproceed.
Afterinstallation,yourarereadytouseit.Simplytype'audacity'onthecommandlineorfindtheapplicationunderMultimediawithyourapplicationlauncher.
ViatheUbuntuSoftwareCentre
OpentheUbuntuSoftwareCentrethroughyourmainmenu.
Thenusethesearchforaudacity,selectitandclickontheInstallbuttontoproceed.
Whatissound?Whatissoundrecording?INSTALLING
10
Afterinstallation,yourarereadytouseit.Simplytype'audacity'onthecommandlineorfindtheapplicationunderMultimediawithyourapplicationlauncher.
4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXINSTALLING
11
4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXIfyourMachasapreviousversionofAudacityYoucanupdatethisversionbyselectingHelp>CheckforUpdates....andskiptherestofthischapter.
IfyouhaveAudacity2.1.2orearlierinstalledinyourMac,readthesectiontitled"LeftoverpluginsfrompreviousversionsofAudacity"attheendofthischapter.
Downloading1. Usingawebbrowser,gotoAudacity'ssite,andnavigatetoitswebpagewhere
youcandownloadAudacity2.2.1fortheMac.
2. ClickanyofthelinksfordownloadingAudacity2.2.1,whichincludeversions
ofthisprogramwithscreenreadersforthevisuallyimpaired.
4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXINSTALLING
12
3. Awebpagesayingthisfileisdownloadingwillappear.
4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXINSTALLING
13
Installing1. Onceit'sfullydownloaded,gotothefolderyourbrowserissetforfilestobe
downloadedinto—usuallyit'stheDownloadsfolder(System/Users/nameofuser/Downloads)—anddouble-clicktheaudacity-macos-2.2.1.dmgfiletoopenit.
4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXINSTALLING
14
2. ClickanddragtheAudacity2.2.1icontotheApplicationsiconasinstructedin
thiswindow.ThiswillinstallAudacity2.2.1toyourMac.
SettingUp1. Anewwindowaskingifyou'resureyouwanttoopenAudacitywillappear.
4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXINSTALLING
15
ClicktheOpenbutton.
2. TheAudacityinterfacewillappear.YouarenowreadytouseAudacity2.2.1.
LeftoverpluginsfrompreviousversionsofAudacityIfyouhadAudacity2.1.2orearlierinstalledinyourMacbeforeyouupdatedittoAudacity2.2.1,therewillprobablyafoldernamed"Audacity"inyourApplicationsfolder(~/Library/Applications/Audacity).
Pluginsyouwanttokeep,andAudacity2.2.1doesn'thave
TheAudacityfoldermighthaveoptionalpluginsthatyouinstalledmanuallyintotheoldversionofAudacity.
Ifyouwanttokeeptheseoptionalplugins,movethemtotothenewAudacityPlug-Insfolderat~/Library/ApplicationSupport/audacity/Plug-Ins.
4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXINSTALLING
16
Disablinganddeletingduplicateplugins
TheAudacityfolderwillalsocontainpluginsthatyouwillnolongerneed,sinceAudacity2.2.1nowhasthesepluginsbundledinsidetheapplicationitself.
YoucouldjustdeletetheAudacityfolder,butthatwillnotbeenough.IfyouinstallAudacity2.2.1,andopenit,thesepluginswillstillappearincertainmenusasduplicateswhetherornottheAudacityfolderhasalreadybeendeleted,andwillnotworkifyouselectthem.Soyouwillneedtodisablethemfirst.
Therearetwowaystodisableoldplugins.
Deletethefilepluginregistry.cfgin~/Library/ApplicationSupport/audacity/.Youmightonlywanttochoosethisoptionifyouhaven'talreadyputoptionalpluginsinthenewAudacityPlug-Insfolder.
DisablethepluginsinAudacity2.2.1:
1. SelectEffect>Add/RemovePlug-ins...inthemainmenu.
4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXINSTALLING
17
2. Choosethepluginsyoudon'twantintheAdd/RemovePluginswindow,
anddisablethem.ThenclickOK.
NowyoucandeletetheAudacityfolder,ifyouhaven'talready.
Audacity:InstallingWindows
4.InstallingAudacity2.2.1onOSXINSTALLING
18
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
19
InstallingAudacityonWindowsSoftwarename:AudacityHomepage:http://audacityteam.org
Softwareversionusedforthisinstallation:2.2.1OperatingSystemuseforthisinstallation:MicrosoftWindows10
RecommendedHardware:
WindowsversionRecommended
RAM/processorspeed
MinimumRAM/
processorspeed
WindowsVistaHomeBasic(32/64-bit)Windows7Starter 1GB/1GHz 512MB/1
GHz
WindowsVistaHomeBusiness/Premium/Ultimate(32/64-bit)Windows732-bit(exceptWindows7Starter)Windows832-bt
4GB/1GHz 1GB/1GHz
Windows7(64-bit)Windows8(64-bit)Windows10(32/64-bit) 4GB/2GHz 2GB/1
GHz
Accordingtotheofficialdocumentation,Audacityworksbestoncomputersmeetingmorethantheminimumrequirementsstatedabove.Forlengthymulti-trackprojects,theAudacityteamrecommendsusingmachinesofsubstantiallyhigherspecificationthantheminimums.
OlderversionsofWindows/oldhardware
ForWindows98,ME2000andXPseeLegacyWindowsDownloads.
DownloadingAudacityThelateststableversionofAudacityforMicrosoftWindowscanbedownloadedfromhttp://www.audacityteam.org/download/windows/.ThelateststableversionatthetimeofwritingthisdocumentisAudacity2.2.1.
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
20
Clickonthe"Audacity2.2.1installer"link.Thisshouldautomaticallylaunchthedownloadofaudacity-win-2.2.1.exe.Oncethedownloadiscomplete,thisfileshouldbeshownnearthebottomofyourbrowser(inthiscasethebrowserisChrome):
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
21
oryoucanbrowsedirectlytoyour"Downloads"directory,andlookforthemostrecentlydownloadedfile:
OpenthisfiletobegininstallingAudacitybydoubleclickingontheiconorclickingon"Open"onthedownloadswindow.
YoushouldnowseeaSetupWizardlikethis:
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
22
Click"Next"toproceed.
ThenextstepasksyoutoreadandaccepttheLicenseAgreement.
Youcannotcontinuewiththeinstallationuntilyouhaveacceptedtheagreement,soclickontheradiobuttonlabelled"Iaccepttheagreement"andthenclick"Next"tocontinue.
YoushouldnowseeanInformationwindowlikethis:
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
23
Thiswindowcontainsinformationsuchascreditsandachangelogthatyoumayfindusefultoread.Click"Next"continue.
YouwillnowbepromptedtoselectthefolderAudacitywillbeinstalledinto.
TheSetupWizardwillautomaticallycreateafoldercalled"Audacity"inyour"ProgramFiles"foldersounlessyouwanttoinstallitsomewhereelseyoucansimplyclick"Next"tocontinue.IfyouwishtoinstallAudacitysomewhereelseclick"Browse".
YouwillnowbeaskedtoselectwhichadditionaltasksyouwouldlikeSetuptoperformduringtheinstallation.
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
24
Clickthecheckboxestoselectordeselecttheadditionaltasksthenclick"Next"tocontinue.
Youwillnowseeawindowdisplayingthedestinationlocationandadditionaltasks.
Checkthatthisinformationallcorrectandifitisclick"Install"tocontinue.Click"Back"ifyouwishtochangeanyoftheinstallationsettings.
Youshouldnowseeawindowlikethis:
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
25
Click"Finish"tocompletetheinstallation.Ifthecheckboxlabelled"LaunchAudacity"istickedAudacitywillopenstraightaway.
Installationisnowcomplete.Ifyoudidn'tchoose"LaunchAudacity"intheoptionsabovethenyoucanlaunchAudacitybydoubleclickingthefollowingiconintheAudacityfolder(oronyourdesktopifyoucheckedthatcheckboxinthesecondsetupscreenabove):
ThefirsttimeyoulaunchAudacityyouwillbepromptedtoselectwhichlanguageyouwantittouse.
Clickonthedropdownmenutoselectthelanguageyouwant.
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
26
Onceyouhavechosenthelanguageyouwant,clickon"OK"tofinishlaunchingAudacity.
TheAudacityinterfaceshouldlooklikethis:
That'sit!YounowhaveAudacityupandrunningandcanbeginmakingandeditingrecordings.
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
27
Youmayneedtoinstallanextralibrarytobeabletoexportafileasanmp3.
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINSTALLING
28
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINTERFACE
29
INTERFACE6.TRACKBAR7.MENUBAR8.TOOLBAR
Audacity:TrackBar
InstallingAudacityonWindowsINTERFACE
30
TrackAreaINTERFACE
31
TrackAreaSoftwarename:AudacitySoftwareversion:2.2
InAudacity,asinglechannelofsoundisrepresentedbyonemonoaudiotrack;atwo-channel(L/Rstereo)soundbyonestereoaudiotrack.Theexamplebelowisastereotracklabeled'Fiona',asloadedintoAudacity:
Letslookatsomeofthecontrolsavailabletoyoufromthisinterface(clickthearrownexttothetracknametogetthisdropdownmenu):
TrackAreaINTERFACE
32
option actionName editthenameofthetrackMoveTrackUp/Down/ToBottom moveTrackUporDownwithinthelargerGUI
Waveform traditionaldisplayofaudiomaterial.
Waveform(dB) likeWaveform,butlogarithmicinsteadoflinearverticalunits.
Spectrogram displaythefrequencyspectrumoftheaudioovertime.
SwapStereoChannels swapouttheLeftandRightstereochannels(Leftappearsabovebydefault)s
SplitStereoTrack turnonestereotrackintotwosinglechannel(mono)tracks,representingtheLeftandRightstereotracks
SplitStereotoMono createtwoidenticalmonotracks,eachmixeddownfromtheoriginalLandRstereotracks.
WaveColor markdifferentinstrumentaltrackswithuptofourdifferentcolors
TrackAreaINTERFACE
33
Format pickthesampleformatforthistrack:16-bitPCM,24-bitPCM,32-bitfloat
Rate setthesamplingrateofthistrack,8000to384000Hzorcustom
(greyedoutabove)MakeStereoTrack
combineaselectedmonotrackwithanothermonotrackdirectlybeneathitintoasingleL/Rstereotrack
button:WhenmultipletracksaredisplayedintheprojectGUI,selectingthe'solo'buttonononetrackwillcauseonlythistracktoplay.
button
Whenmultipletracksaredisplayed,selectingthe'Mute'buttonononetrackwillmuteitduringplay(allun-mutedtrackswillbeaudible).
GainandPanControls
LiketheSoloandMutebuttons,thesecontrolswillappearoneachseparateaudiotrackintheproject.Thetopslidercontrolsthetrackvolume,orrathertheoverallgainofthatparticulartrackrelativetoallothertracksdisplayedintheGUI.
Thebottomslidersetsthepanningpositionofastereotrack(movingtowardLwillemphasizetheLefttracksounds,movingtowardRwillemphasizetheRighttrack).
Audacity:MenuBar
TrackAreaINTERFACE
34
MenuBarINTERFACE
35
MenuBarSoftwarename:AudacitySoftwareversion:2.2
LetslookatthebasicelementsoftheAudacityMenuBar:
TheMenuBarisatypicalelementinmanyapplications.ItwilllookslightlydifferenttothisifyouarenotusingWindows;mostnotablyinMacOSXthisMenuBarisnotlocatedontheapplicationwindowitselfbutatthetopofthescreeninthe"AppleMenu".Let'sgothroughtheMenuBaroneitematatime.
FileByclickingon"File"intheMenuBaryougetadropdownmenuwithnumerousoptionstochoosefrom.Aswithotherdrop-downsinthemenubar,someoptionsheremaybe"greyedout,"meaningyoucan'tselectthem;youwillonlybeabletochoosetheoptionsthatappearinsolidblack.TheoptionsavailabledependonthestateofyourAudacityprojectatthetime.ForexamplethefollowingimageoftheFiledrop-downdisplayswhenAudacityhasjustbeenopenedandnorecordingoreditinghasyetbeenstarted(thusnoaudiotracksaredisplayedintheGUI).Asinsubsequentmenusfromthemenubar(seebelow),a'>'symblolfollowingtheoptionnameindicatesthatasubmenuwillappear,withmorespecificoptionsorfunctions:
TheFileMenuiswhereyoucanadd,importandexportallthethingsrelatedtotheaudioandproject(.aup)files.
option actionNew createsanewemptyprojectwindow.
Open...selecting"Open"presentsyouwithadialogwhereyoucanchooseafiletoopen.Note:ifyouchooseanytypeofaudiofileotherthananAudacityprojectfile(.aup),youareessentially'importing'it,asin"Import"below,exceptthatanychangesmadewillbesavedtotheoriginalfile.
MenuBarINTERFACE
36
exceptthatanychangesmadewillbesavedtotheoriginalfile.RecentFiles Showsthetenmostrecent.auporotheraudiofilesyouhaveopened.
Close closesthecurrentprojectwindow(willpromptyoutosavethecurrentprojectifnotalreadydone)
SaveProject savesthecurrentAudacityproject(AUP)file.
SaveProjectAs...
allowsyoutosavethecurrentAudacityproject(AUP)filewithadifferentnameorinanewlocation.
RecentFiles... Submenugivesalistofrecentfilesyouahvebeenworkingon.
ExportSubmenuexportsthecurrentAudacityprojectasastandardaudiofileformatsuchasWAV,MP3orOGG.AlsoallowsfortheexportofLabels,MIDI,aswellascombinationsofthese.Finally,allowsexportofjusttheselectedtracksorareasofatrackwithinanopenproject.
Import Submenuallowsyoutoimportaudiofiles,MIDI,LabelsandrawdataintothecurrentAudacityproject
Chains Allowsyoutoapplyachainoreditchains.Seesectionon"Chains"below.
Exit closesallprojectwindowsandexitsAudacity.Itwillaskyouifyouwanttosavechangesfirst.
EditTheEditMenugroupstogetherfunctionsforeditingaudiotracks,labelsormetadatainyourproject:
option action
UndoThiswillundothelasteditingoperationyouperformedtoyourproject(inthiscaseasoundtrackwasremoved;thelabelwilltellyouwhichoperationyouareundoing).
Redo Thiswillredoanyeditingoperationsthatwerejustundone.
Cut Removestheselectedaudiodatafromtheprojectandplacesitontheclipboard.
MenuBarINTERFACE
37
Delete Removestheaudiodatathatiscurrentlyselectedwithoutcopyingittotheclipboard.
Copy Copiestheselectedaudiodatatotheclipboardwithoutremovingitfromtheproject.
Paste Insertswhateverisontheclipboardatthepositionoftheselectioncursorintheproject.
Duplicate Duplicateswhateverisselected:atracksection,atrackormultipletracks.
RemoveSpecial
Submenuallowsformoreadvancedremovalcommands:splitcut&splitdeletekeepsthematerialtotherightoftheselectionfrommovingleft;youcanalsosilenceselectedaudioortrimselectedaudio(removingallaudioinatrackexceptforselectedpart).
ClipBoundaries...
Submenuallowsyoutomanipulatetheboundarieof'clips'withinatrack:splitthetrackinto3clipsonboundariesdefinedbyyourselection,dothesameandcreateanewtrackwiththemiddle'clip',joinseveralclipstogetherintoone,ordetachatrackintomultipleclipsatsilences.
LabelsSubmenuallowsyoutoaddlabelsortexttoaudiotracklocationsspecifiedbyyourcursororselection.YoucanalsoinvoketheLabelsEditor,whichallowseditingofallexistingprojectlabels.
LabeledAudio
Submenuallowsyoutoperformeditoperationssuchascut,delete,splitcut,splitdelete,silence,copy,join,detachetcontheaudioofselectedrangelabels(usefulforbatchoperationsonaudiowithlikelabels).
Metadata... Allowsyoutoeditthemetadatatagsthatwillbeappliedtoexportfiles.
Preferences... OpensadialogwindowthatletsyouconfigureAudacity.
SelectTheSelectmenuprovidescommandsfordefiningselectionregionswithinyourproject(whichyoucanthenedit,delete,exportorapplyvariouseffectstoinothermenus).Thesefunctionscansavetimeandbemuchmoreprecisethanselectingaregionmanuallyviayourmousecursor.
option actionAll Thiswillselectallaudioinalltracksinyourproject.None Thiswilldeselectallselectedregionsinyourproject.
TracksThissubmenuhascommandstoextendthecurrentselectionupand/ordownintoalltracksintheproject,orintoallSync-Locked
MenuBarINTERFACE
38
Tracks and/ordownintoalltracksintheproject,orintoallSync-Lockedtracksinthecurrentlyselectedtrackgroup.
RegionThissubmenuhascommandsfordefiningselectionregionsbyeithertheplaybackhead(toitsright,toitsleft)orbythecursorposition(cursortotrackstart,cursortotrackend)andalsoletsyoustoreandretrievethepositionoftheeditingcursor.
SpectralThisadvancedfunctionisusedtomakeselectionsthatincludeafrequencyrangeaswellasatimerangeontracksinSpectrogramview.SeeSpectralSelectionfordetails.
ClipBoundaries
Thissubmenuallowsyoutomakeselectionsbasedonanyclipsyouhaveinagiventrack:previousclipboundarytocursor;cursortonextclipboundary;allofpreviousclip;allofnextclip.
CursortoStoredCursorPosition
Definesaselectedregionbetweentheplaybackhead(duringplaybackorrecord),orinothercasestheactiveeditingcursor,andthepreviouslystoredcursorpositiondefinedbySelect>StoreCursorPosition.
StoreCursorPosition
Storesthepositionofaneditingcursor,orplaybackheadduringplayback/record,whichcanthenbeusedwiththepreviouscommand.Notethatthereisnovisualcueforthestoredcursorposition.
AtZeroCrossings
helpstoavoidclicksateditpointswhenmakingcutsandjoinsbymovingtheedgesofaselectionregion(orthecursorposition)veryslightlysotheyareatarisingzerocrossingpoint.
ViewTheViewMenuisusedtomanagethedisplayofthetracks("channels")forbestviewingoftrackdetails,andalsohasvariousoptionstoshowandhidesomeinterfaceelements:
option action
ZoomThissubmenuallowsyoutozoominbypercentage,zoomoutbypercentage,backtodefault,andinsothattheselectedregionfillstheentirescreensize.
TrackSize
Thissubmenuallowsyoutozoomin/outsothattheentireprojectfitsthewidthoftheprojectwindowortheheightofthatwindow;italsoallowsyoutocollapsealltracks(hidingtheirmute,solo,panandvolumecontrols),andtore-expandcollapsedtracks
Skipto Thissubmenuallowsyoutoskipyourcursortothestartortheendofagivenselectedregion,withoutchangingthezoomlevel.
History...BringsuptheHistorywindow,whichlistsallundoableactionsperformedinthecurrentproject,includingimportingandeffects,along
MenuBarINTERFACE
39
History... performedinthecurrentproject,includingimportingandeffects,alongwiththeirimpactonthediskspaceusedbytheoverallproject.
Karaoke...Thisshowsabouncingballthatfollowstextasaudioplays.TheKaraoke...commandisenabledwheneveryouhaveatleastonelabeltrack.Ifyouhavemorethanone,itusesonlythefirstone.
MixerBoard...
Thisisanalternativeviewtotheaudiotracksinthemaintrackswindow,andisanalogoustoahardwaremixerboard.EachaudiotrackisdisplayedverticallyinaTrackStrip,withitsownpairofmeters,gainslider,panslider,andmute/solobuttons,echoingthattrack'scontrolsinitstrackcontrolpanel.FormoredetailseeMixerBoard.
Toolbars Thissubmenutoggleson/offatotalofeleventoolbars,ofwhichallbutScrubtoolbarandSpectralSelectiontoolbarareshownbydefault.
ExtraMenus
Toggleson/offasetofextranavigationmenus(after"Help")withlessfrequentlyusedcommands
ShowClipping Toggelson/offthedisplayofclippedsamples.
TransportTheTransportmenuincludestherecordandplaybackcommandsalsoaccessiblethroughtherecord/playbackGUIbuttons,withsomerefinementsofthese:
option action
Play Thissubmenuallowsyoutostart,stop,pauseorloopplaybackofaselectedtrack.
RecordThissubmenuallowsyoutostart,stop,pausearecording,recordanewtrackfromcurrentcursorposition,oropentheTimerRecorddialogtoschedulewhenarecordingendsandbegins.
Scrubbing
ThissubmenuallowsyoutotoggleintoScrubandSeekmodes.Scrubbingmeansmovingthemousepointerrightorleftsoastoadjusttheposition,speedordirectionofplayback,listeningtotheaudioatthesametime.SeekingissimilartoScrubbingexceptthatitisplaybackwithskips,similartousingtheseekbuttononaCDplayer
CursortoThissubmenuallowsyoutomovethecursortothestartorendofanyselection,trackorclipyoumayhave,ortothestartorendoftheprojectasawhole.
PlayRegion
Thissubmenuallowsyoutolockplaybacktothecurrentpositionofaplaybackregion(whichnowappearsasaredsegmentwithinatrack).Whilelocked,playbackisconfinedtothisregion.Thisregioncanthenbeunlockedhereaswell.
RescanAudio
Rescanforaudiodevicesconnectedtoyourcomputer,andupdatetheplaybackandrecordingdropdownmenusintheDeviceToolbar(see
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AudioDevices
playbackandrecordingdropdownmenusintheDeviceToolbar(seeToolbarssection).
TransportOptions...
Thissubmenuallowsyoutomanageandsetvariousoptionsfortherecordandplaybackcontrols.
TracksTheTracksmenufeaturesoperationsallowingforcreating,deleting,muting,panning,aligningandlabelingmultipletracksatonce:
option action
AddNew Submenuallowsyoutoaddanewmonoorstereoaudiotrack,labeltrackortimetrack.
Mix Submenuallowsyoutomixorrenderyourselectedtrackstoasinglemonoorstereotrack.
Resample...Allowsyoutoresampletheselectedtrack(s)toanewsamplerateforuseintheproject,leavingthelength,andhenceplaybackspeedandpitchofthetrack,unchanged.
RemoveTracks
Removetheselectedtrack(s)fromaproject(onlyifpartorallofatrackhasbeenselected)
Mute/Unmute Submenuallowsyoutomuteorunmuteallprojecttracksatonce.
Pan SubmenuallowsyoutochangetheL/Rpanningofallselectedtracksatonce.
AllignTracks Submenuallowsyoutoalignselectedtracksinrelationtoeachotherortothecursor.
SortTracks Submenuallowsyoutosorttracks(toptobottominGUI)bytheirnamesorstarttimes.
Sync-LockTracksOn/Off
Toggleson/offthesync-lockfeature,whichensuresthatlengthchangesoccurringanywhereinadefinedgroupoftracksalsotakeplaceinallotheraudioorlabeltracksinthatgroup,evenifthosetrackswerenotselected.
Generate
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TheGenerateMenuallowsyoutoinsertvariousgeneratedaudioelements(tones,noisesandsilence)intoatrack,eitherextendingthetrackorreplacingaselectedregion,orinsertingtheelementintoanewtrack:
Thedurationofthegeneratedaudio(wheninsertedintoanexistingtrack)isdeterminedbythelengthofyourselectionandthepositionbytheleftboundaryofyourselection,orbyaspecifiedduration.Ifnoselectionismadeandnodurationspecified,thedefaultlengthinsertedatthecursorpositionis30seconds,orwhateveryourmostrecentpreviousentereddurationwas.PleaseseeExamplesofGeneratorUsageforsomedetailedexamplesofusingtheAudacitygenerators
name action
Add/RemovePlug-ins...
Thedefaultplug-insforAudacityareshownlaterinthismenu:Pluck,RhythmTrack,RissetDrumandSampleDataImport.Thisoptioninvokesadialogwhichallowsfurtherplug-ins(foreffects,generatiorsandanalyzers)tobeaddedorremoved.
Chirp...
ChirpproducesfourdifferenttypesoftonesliketheToneGeneratorbelow,butalsoallowsseparatesettingofthestartandendamplitudeandfrequency(hencethe'chirp'effect).AswithTone,frequenciescanbespecifiedanywherebetween1HzandhalfthecurrentprojectrateasshownintheSelectionToolbar.
DTMFTones...
Generatesdual-tonemulti-frequency(DTMF)toneslikethoseproducedbythekeypadontelephones.Foreachtoneyouwishtogenerate,enternumbersfrom0to9,lowercaselettersfromatoz,andthe*and#characters(emulatingatelephonekeypad).
Noise...InvokestheNoisedialogallowingyoutogenerate3differenttypesofnoise--white,pink,andBrownian--andspecifyamplitudeanddurationofeach.Experimenttogetasenseofthesedifferenttypesofnoise.
Silence... Generatessilence(audioofzeroamplidute)eitherappliedtoagivenselectedregionofaudio,oratthecursorwithadesignatedduration.
Tone...
Generatesoneoffourdifferenttonewaveforms:Sine,Square,SawtoothandSquare(noalias),thenameofeachcorrespondingtoitsappearancewhenzoomedinsufficientlytoseeeachwaveformcycle.Experimenttogetasenseofthesedifferenttones.Frequency,amplitudeanddurationcanallbespecified.
Pluck... Createsasinglesynthesizedplucktoneatthecursorwithabruptorgradualfade-out,andselectablepitchcorrespondingtoaMIDInote.
RythmTrack...
TheRythmTrackdialogallowsyoutocreateatrackwithregularlyspacedsoundsataspecifiedtempoandnumberofbeatspermeasure(bar),alsoallowingcontrolofduration(inbarsorwholeseconds),starttimeoffset,specificbeatsound(5options)andMIDIpitchofstrongandweakbeat.ThisisNOTa'drumtrack'butcouldbeusedasametronomeforsynchingadrumtrack.
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RissetDrum...
Producesasinglerealisticdrumsoundconsistingofasinewavering-modulatedbynarrowbandnoise,anenharmonictoneandastrongsinewaveatthefundamental.Canbecopiedandsynchedwithotheraudiotoproduceadrumtrack,withbeatsofvariouspitch,volumeanddecay.
SampleDataImport...
Anadvancedfeaturewhichproducesaudiofromimportednumericdata
EffectTheEffectMenuallowsyoutoapplyawide(potentiallyinfinite)rangeofeffectstoaselectedaudiotrackorregion.NotethatthismenucannotbeaccessedwhileanytracksareinPlaybackorRecordmode.
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Notethatthemenupicturedhererepresentsthedefaulteffectsplug-insinAudacityasofthe2.2.1release(andthereareadozenmorebelowthosepicturedinthemenuhere).Thefollowingtableaddressesonlysomeofthemostfamiliareffectsfromamongthoseavailable.Withinandbeyondthisset,youareencouragedtoexperiment.
name actionAdd/RemovePlug-in...
Functionsjustlikethe'Add/RemovePlug-in..."featureoftheGeneratemenu(andAnalyzemenu).
RepeatLastEffect
Appliesthemostrecently-usedeffecttoanewselectedtrackorregion.
Amplify thiseffectincreasesordecreasesthevolumeofatrackorsetoftracks.
BassBoost thisisasmoothfilterwhichcanamplifythelowerfrequencieswhileleavingmostoftheotherfrequenciesalone.
Change changesthepitch/frequencyoftheselectedaudiowithoutchanging
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Pitch thetempo.ChangeSpeed
changesthespeedoftheaudiobyresampling.Makingthespeedhigherwillalsoincreasethepitch.
ChangeTempo changesthetempo(speed)oftheaudiowithoutchangingthepitch.
ClickRemoval
thiseffectisdesignedtoremovetheannoyingclicksonrecordingsfromvinylrecordswithoutdamagingtherestoftheaudio.
Distortion appliesadistortioneffectfamiliarfrommuchmid-andlate-1960srockmusic.
Compressor compressesthedynamicrangeoftheselectionsothattheloudpartsaresofterwhilekeepingthevolumeofthesoftpartsthesame.
Echothiseffectrepeatstheaudioyouhaveselectedagainandagain,softereachtime.Thereisafixedtimedelaybetweeneachrepeat.Effectfrequentlyusedforvocalsoundsinliveperformance(andguitarsoundsforsomegroupslikeTheWho).
Equalization boostorreducefrequencies.FadeIn appliesalinearfade-intotheselectedaudio.FadeOut appliesalinearfade-outtotheselectedaudio.
Invert thiseffectflipstheaudiosamplesupside-down.Thisnormallydoesnotaffectthesoundoftheaudioatall.
NoiseRemoval
thiseffectisidealforremovingconstantbackgroundnoisesuchasfans,tapenoise,orhums.Itwillnotworkverywellforremovingtalkingormusicinthebackground.
Normalize allowsyoutoamplifysuchthatthemaximumamplitudeisafixedamount,-3dB.
NyquistPrompt
allowsyoutoexpressarbitrarytransormationsusingapowerfulfunctionalprogramminglanguage(foradvancedusers).
Phaserthename"Phaser"comesfrom"PhaseShifter",becauseitworksbycombiningphase-shiftedsignalswiththeoriginalsignal.Much1970srockmusicmakesheavyuseofphasing.
Repeat repeatstheselectionacertainnumberoftimes.Reverse thiseffectreversestheselectedaudio.Wahwah justlikeaguitar'swah-wahpeddle.
InadditiontotheseandothereffectsavailablebydefaultfromtheEffectmenu,manyothereffectplug-insareavailableasNyquisteffects,LADSPAeffects,LV2effects,andVSTeffects.Beyondthespecificlinkssuppliedhere,referencingthesedifferentgroupsofeffects,seeAudacity'soveralleffectsdocumentationpage.Asnotedthere,someeffectsdonotsupportthe'Preview'function,whichallowsyoutopreviewtheresultofapplyinganeffecttoanaudiotrackbeforeapplyingitpermanently.
AnalyzeTheAnalyzeMenugivesyoumanyoptionsforfindingoutaboutthecharacteristicsofyouraudiotracks,andlabelingkeyfeatures.ThefivedefaultAudacityplug-insshownatthebottomofthemenu,butmanymoreplug-insareavailable.Ratherthanmodifyingyouraudiotracks,asinEffectfunctions,Analyzefunctionstypicallycreateanewlabeltrackindicatingtheaudiofeaturesyouareseeking.Theselabelscanthenbeusedforexportoreditfunctionsorformixing.
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name actionAdd/RemovePlug-ins... ActionisidenticaltoAdd/RemoveforGenerateandEffectmenus
Contrast...
Analyzesaselected,singlemonoaudiotracktodeterminetheaveragermsdifferenceinvolume(contrast)betweenforeground(thespeech)andbackground(music,audiencenoiseorsimilar).Thepurposeistodetermineifthespeechwillbeintelligibletothehardofhearing.
PlotSpectrum
displaysthePowerSpectrumoftheaudiooveraselectedregion(ie,agraphoffrequencies(thehorizontalscaleinHz)againstamplitudes(theverticalscaleindB).
FindClipping...
DisplaysrunsofclippedsamplesinaLabelTrack,asascreen-readeraccessiblealternativetoView>ShowClipping.Arunmustincludeatleastoneclippedsample,butmayincludeunclippedsamplestoo.
BeatFinder...
Createsalabeltrackwhichattemptstoplacelabelsatbeatsinaselectedaudioregionwhicharemuchlouderthanthesurroundingaudio.Thistoolworksbetterwithsomegenresthanothers;itwillnotnecessarilyworkwellonatypicalmodernpopmusictrackwithcompresseddynamicrange.
RegularIntervalLabels...
Placeslabelsinalongtracksoastodivideitintosmaller,equallysizedsegments.Canbeusefulfordistributingalargefileontheinternet.Youcanchoosethenumberoflabelstobecreated,ortheintervalbetweenthem.Eachlabelproducedcontainsthechosenlabeltext.
SampleDataExport
Advancedfeature:Readsthevaluesofsuccessivesamplesfromtheselectedaudioandprintsthisdatatoaplaintext,CSVorHTMLfile.
SilenceFinder
Dividesatrackbyplacingpointlabelsinsideregionsofsilence.Usefulifyoujustwanttosplitarecordingintotracksatspecificboundaries,withoutremovingthesilencesbetweenthem.
SoundFinder
Dividesatrackbyplacingregionlabelsforsegmentsofsoundthatareseparatedbysilence.Usethistomakelabelsshowingtheexactregionofeachtracktobeexported(usefulforexampleifyouwanttosplitupafull-lengthCDorLPrecordingintoindividualsongtracksforexport).
Audacity:ToolBar
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button action
Willpauseduringplaybackorrecording.Pressagaintounpause.
Presstheplaybuttontolistentotheselectedaudio(orallaudio)inyourproject.
Pressthestopbuttonorhitthespacebartostopplaybackimmediately.
Presstomoveplaybackheadtostartoftrack.
ToolBarSoftwarename:AudacitySoftwareversion:2.2.1
TheToolBarsarewhereyouchoosetoolstodirectlyworkonthetracks.ThereareeightmainToolBarsintheAudacityGUI,shownbydefault:
TransporttoolbarToolstoolbarRecordingMetertoolbarPlaybackMetertoolbarMixertoolbarEdittoolbarDevicetoolbarTranscriptiontoolbar
Belowwewillwalkthroughtheindividualcontrolsineachtoolbar.
TransportToolBar
ThesecontrolswillbefamiliarfrommostRecord/Playbackdevices.Let'slookateachbutton:
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Presstomoveplaybackheadtoendoftrack.
presstherecordbuttontorecordanewtrackfromyourcomputer'ssoundinputdevice.
ToolsToolbar
Thistoolbargroupstogetherarangeofcommonly-usedfunctionsthatcanalsobeaccessedfromtheEdit,Select,ViewandTracksmenus.
button actionSelection--Clicktoselectastartpointforaudioplayback,orclickanddragtoselectarangeofaudio.
Envelope--Allowssmoothvolumechangestobemadeoverthelengthofatrackbymeansofembeddedvolume"controlpoints".Clickinthetracktocreateacontrolpoint,thensetthevolumeofthatpointbydraggingoneofitsfourverticallyarranged"handles".Whenyoucreateothercontrolpointsatdifferentlevels,asmoothcurveisinterpolatedbetweenthem.Seetutorialchapterforexample.
DrawSamples--DrawToolenablesyoutomanuallyredrawthewaveforminatrack;itcanthusbeusedtomakevolumechangestoindividualsamplesortoeliminateclicks,noiseetc.
Zoom--Left-clickthisbuttonzoomsinonestepatthepositionofthemousepointer.Clickanddragzoomsintothedraggedregion.Thedragdrawsadottedregioninthewaveformwhichisfittedtotheentiretrackwidthwhenyoureleasethedrag.Shiftandleft-clickorright-clickzoomsoutonestepatthepositionofthemousepointer.Shiftanddragzoomsout
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outonestepatthepositionofthemousepointer.Shiftanddragzoomsoutbasedonthedraggedregion.Thedragdrawsadottedregioninthewaveformandwhenyoureleasethedrag,theaudioattheleftedgeofthedottedregionisrepositionedatthestartofthevisiblewaveform.
Time-shift--Whenselected,thistoolletsyousynchronizeaudioinaprojectbydraggingindividualormultipleaudiotracks,notetracksoraudioclipsleftorrightalongtheTimeline.Alsousethistooltodragindividualtracksorclipsupordownintoanothertrack.Multi-tool--Foradvancedusers:Thiscombinesallfiveprevioustoolsinone.Onetoolisavailableatatime,accordingtothemousepositionandmodifierkeychosen.Theshapeofthepointerchangestoshowwhichtoolisactive.IfyouexitAudacitywithMulti-ToolModeselected,itwillbealsobeenablednexttimeyoulaunchAudacity.MoredetailonMulti-ToolModehere.
RecordingMeterToolbarWhenAudacityfirstlaunches,thismeterwillbeinactiveandthusdisplay"ClicktoStartMonitoring",asbelow.
Ifyouclickonthetoolbar,ORclicktherecordbutton,thismeterwillactivateandmonitortheaudioinputlevelfromwhateverinputdeviceyouhaveselected(withseparateLandRchannelsiftheinputisinstereo).Asshownbelow,themeterreadsgreenuntiljustbefore-6dB,atwhichpointthetipstartsturningyellow.Ataround-3dBitturnsred,indicatingthatyourrecordinginputistoohighor'hot'anddistortionorclippingmayoccur.
Dropdownmenu:clickingonthemicrophoneiconwillinvokeadropdownmenuwhichallowsyoutoenable/disablemonitoring(sameasclickinginsidethemeteritself)andcanalsolaunchan"Options"dialog,allowingyoutosetthemeter'sstyle,visualorientation,thescaleformatandotherparameters.
PlaybackMeterToolbar
ThePlaybackMeterwillactivatewhenyoubeginPlaybackonanexistingtrack(withseparateLandRchannelsifthetrackisstereo).AswiththeRecordingmeter,thePlaybackmetertipturnsyellowaround-6dB,andredjustbefore-3dB,indicatingthatthevolumeonyourrecordedaudioistoohigh,Audacitymayhaveclippedtheaudio,and/ordistortionmayoccuronmoststandardplaybackdevices.
Dropdownmenu:clickingonthespeakericonwillallowyoutoinvokean"Options"dialogsimilartotheonefortheRecordingMeter.
Note:forbothmeters,ablueline(asshownaboveinactiverecordingmeter)indicatesthemaximumpeaklevelattainedinthatchannelduringthecurrentplaybackorrecordingsession.Thislinewillremainuntilanewmonitoring
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button action
removestheselectedaudiodataandplacesitontheclipboard.
copiestheselectedaudiodatatotheclipboardwithoutremovingitfromtheproject.insertswhateverisontheclipboardatthepositionoftheselectioncursorintheproject.
deleteseverythingbuttheselection.
erasestheaudiodatacurrentlyselected,replacingitwithsilenceinsteadofshorteningthetrack.
thiswillundothelasteditingoperationyouperformedtoyourproject.
thiswillredoanyeditingoperationsthatwerejustundone.
zoomsinonthehorizontalaxisoftheaudio,displayingmoredetailandlessduration.
zoomsout,displayinglessdetailandmoreduration.
zoomsinuntiltheselectedaudiofillsthewidthofthescreentoshowthe
sessionisstarted.
MixerToolbar
Theleft-handslideradjuststhevolumeleveloftheinput(recording)deviceyouhaveselectedintheDeviceToolbar.Theright-handslideradjuststhevolumeoftheoutputdeviceyouhaveselectedforPlayback.
DeviceToolbar
TheDeviceToolbarallowsyoutoselectwhichdeviceyouwouldliketouseforinput(recording)andforoutput(playback).TheoptionsavailableineachdropdownwilldependonwhichAudioHostyouhavechosenintheleft-handdropdown,aswellaswhichphysicaldevicesareinstalledin/attachedtoyourmachineandenabledwithyoursoundcard.Formoreontherelationshipamongthesethreeselectors,fordifferentoperatingsystems,seetheofficialAudacitydocumentationfortheDeviceToolbar.
EditToolbar
Thistoolbarprovidesalternateaccesstocommontoolsaccessiblethroughthe"Edit"and"View"menus.Takingthebuttonsindividually:
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selectioninmoredetail.
fitstheentireprojectintheavailablescreenspace.
TranscriptionToolbar
TheTranscriptionToolbarisintendedtoassistwithmanualtexttranscriptionofrecordedvoice.IthasitsownPlay-at-Speedbuttonwhichplays(orrestartsplayback)atthespeedsetbythePlay-at-Speedslider.PlaybackcanbepausedandresumedattheadjustedspeedusingthePausebutton intheTransportToolbar.Double-clickingontheslideropensupaPlaybackSpeeddialogformorepreciseadjustmentoftheplaybackspeed.
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TUTORIALS9.OPEN(IMPORT)AFILE10.RECORDING11.ADDANEWTRACK12.CREATINGFADES13.BASICEDITING14.ADVANCEDEDITING15.EXPORTING
Audacity:OpenFile
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Open/ImportanAudioFileTUTORIALS
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Open/ImportanAudioFileYouwillneedtohaveanaudiofileavailabletoedit.Ifyoudon'thaveonelocally,downloadanMP3or.wavfromsomewhere.Makesureit'snottoobig:1-4minutesisfineforallourtutorialpurposesinthisbook.ChooseeithertheOpenoptionortheImport>AudiooptionfromtheFilemenu(thedifferencebetweenOpenandImportwillbediscussedshortly).
PleasenotethattheseandallfollowingtutorialimagesarecapturedfromAudacityrunningonWindows,soifyouarerunningMacorLinuxinstead,yourGUImightlookslightlydifferent.
Youwillthenbepresentedwithawindowwhereyoucanbrowsetothelocationoftheaudiofileonyourcomputer:
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Youcanseeintheaboveexampletherearealargenumberofaudiofileshere,someasMP3sandothersasAudacityprojects(markedwiththeAudacitylogo).Notethatthisdirectoryalsocontainssomevideo(MP4)filesandstaticimagefiles;selectinganyofthosewouldtriggeranerrormessage.IwillselectFiona.mp3,adancemixIcreatedpreviouslyinAudacitybasedonvocalizationbymycatFiona:
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IfInowpressOKthefilewillbeimportedintoAudacity.
OpenvsImport,SavevsExport
Itshouldbenotedthatforaddingthefirstaudiotracktoaneworemptyproject,"opening"astandardaudiofilesuchasMP3or.waviseffectivelythesameas"importing"thatsamefile,throughtheImportfunctionfurtherdownintheFilemenu.IneithercaseAudacityimportsthefileintoitsownproprietaryformat,addingittoanopenAudacityprojectwhichwillbesavedasanAUPfile.However,ifyouropenAudacityprojectalreadycontainsoneormoreaudiotracks,additionaltrackscanonlybeimported,not'opened',tobeaddedtothatproject.Forthisreasonitisprobablybettertogetinthehabitofalwaysaddingstandard-format,non-Audacityaudiotracksvia'Import'ratherthan'Open'.Youshouldreservethe'Open'functionforopeningAudacityproject(.aup)filesthemselves(whichcanonlybeopenedthroughOpen,notthroughImport).
Conversely,afteryouhaveedited(orcreated)audioinAudacity,ifyousimplyselect"SaveProject"or"SaveProjectAs..."itwillsaveasanAUPfile,whichisproprietarytoAudicityandcannotbeplayedoreditedinothersoftware.Togettheaudiobacktoacommonfileformat,youwillneedtoExporttheopenproject(forexample,asanMP3or.wav)throughtheExportfunctionfurtherdowntheFilemenu.
OncetheimporthasfinishedyouwillseetheaudiofiledisplayedintheAudacitywindow.ThefileIchoseisinstereoformat,sobothleftandrightchannelsaredisplayedinasingletrack:
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That'sit!Theaudioisnowreadyforeditingorothermanipulation.
Audacity:RecordingASound
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RecordingasoundSoftwarename:AudacitySoftwareversion:2.2.1
RecordingsoundwithAudacityisverystraightforward:youjustneedtohaveacomputerthathasasoundcardwithatleastamicrophone(mic)orlineinput.
GettingstartedBeforemakingarecordingyouneedtomakesurethatthedeviceyouwanttorecordfromisconnectedtotheaudioinputofyourcomputer'ssoundcard.Todothisyoucanuseyourcomputer'ssoundcontrolpanelorthecustommixerapplicationforyourspecificsoundcard,selectingtheinputdeviceyouwanttouseandverifyingthatyouaregettingsoundintothecomputerfromthatdevice.NotethatyoucanalsouseAudacity'sownRecordingmetertotestwhetheryourdesiredrecordingdeviceisinputtingproperly,andatappropriatelevels.However,andespeciallyifthisisyourfirstattempttorecord,itispreferabletofirstuseyourOScontrolpanelorsoundcard'smixerapplicationtoverifyaudioinputconnectivity.ThenyoucanlaunchAudacity.
MacOSXRecordingConfiguration
IfyourMachasabuilt-inmicrophone(mostdo),Audacity2.2.1forOSXshouldalreadybeconnectedtoitonceitisinstalled.ThismeansyoucanstartrecordinginAudacity2.2.1rightaway.
RecordingSoundUsingAudacityinOSX
Torecord,simplypresstheRkey,andanewaudiotrackwillappearandautomaticallystartrecording.Youcanthenspeak,and/orplayanyothersoundsonyourMac.
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YoucanalsorecordsoundbyselectingTransport>Record>Recordinthemainmenu:
WindowsandLinuxRecordingConfiguration
WindowsandLinuxusecontrolsthatcanbeaccessedentirelyfromtheAudacityGUI.Firstyouneedtochoosetheinputdevice.AswesawintheToolbarschapter,theDeviceToolbariswhereyouselectyourdesiredRecordingDevice(second
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dropdown),aswellasdesiredAudioHost(firstdropdown:forWindowstheoptionswillbeMME,WindowsDirectSoundandWindowsWASAPI--seeDeviceToolbarformoredetailontheseoptions).HereyoucanalsoselectwhetheryouwantMonoorStereorecording(seconddropdown):
TestingAudioLevelsNowthatyouhaveeverythingsetupandreadytogoyoucanbegintherecordingprocess.
Beforemakingtherecordingitisimportanttopreviewtheloudestsectionofthesourceaudiosothatyoudonotendupwithadistortedrecording.
ForthisyouwillusetheRecordingToolbarandMixerToolbar,asdetailedintheToolbarschapter:
Therecordingmeterherewillautomaticallybeactivatedwhenyoubeginanactualrecording;butsinceinthiscaseyouwantapreview,simplyclickanywhereonthemetertoactivatemonitoring.Nowplaytheloudestpassageoftheaudioyouwanttorecordand,whiledoingso,lookattherecordingmeter:
Attheloudestpointintheaudio,thegreenbarshouldideallystretchallthewaytoaround-9dB(decibals);it'stipwilturnyellowbetween-9dBand-6dB,whichisawarningmargin,andwillturnredjustbefore-3dB(whichindicatesthatyourinputisistooloudor'hot',andmaybeclippedbyAudacity).Adjusttheinput/recordslideroftheMixerToolbardownward(towardtheminus)ifyouseeanyredormuchyellow;adjustthesliderupwardifyourmaximuminputor'peak'isfarshortof-12dB.
Whileanidealinputlevelpeakisbetween-12dBand-9dB,ifyouhavedifficultyhittingthistargetzonewithinputslideradjustments,itisbettertoerronthesideoftoolittlerecordinginput(notgreenallthewayto-12)asopposedtotoomuch(aredtip).Theoutputvolumeofaquieterrecordingcanalwaysbeboostedinasubsequenteditingstage;butatoo-loudrecordingwillbe'clipped'byAudacity,meaningitistooloudforAudacitytoprocessandthetopandbottomofthewave-formwillbechoppedoff,thuslosingsomeoftherecordedwaveinformation.
RecordingNowthatyou'vetestedyourinputdeviceandrecordinglevels,youarereadytomakeyourproperrecording.
Clickthe"Record"buttonontheTransporttoolbar:
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thenplaytheaudioyouwishtorecord.Oncethesoundsourcehasfinishedclickthe"Stop"button:
Yourrecordingisnowcomplete.ItshouldappearintheAudacityGUIasasingleaudiotrack,showingeitherasinglechannel(ifyou'vechosenmonorecording)ordualL/Rchannels(ifyou'vechosenstereo).HereIhavemadeastereorecordingofasimplechordriffonaccousticguitar,frommybuilt-incomputermic:
Notethatthe"ProjectRate(Hz)"dropdownonthebottomleftindicatesthatIhavemademyrecordingatasamplerateof44100Hz(44KHz).Thissamplerateiscompatiblewithtraditionalmusic-CDsoundquality,andisthedefautforAudacity'srecordingmode.However,inthedropdownIcouldsettheratetoaslowas8KHz
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orashighas384KHz(whichwouldproduceaveryhigh-fidelitybutverylargesoundfile).
NowlisteningtoyourrecordingwiththePlaybuttonontheTransporttoolbar:
Ifyouarenotsatisfiedwiththerecording,youcandeleteitfromtheprojectusingtheXintheupperleftcornerofthetrackbar(orbygoingtoEdit>Deleteinthemainmenu).However,beforediscardingarecordingcompletely,youwillwanttoconsiderwhetheritcanbeeditedorotherwisemodified,usingAudacity'smultitudeoftools,tobringitclosertowhatyouhadinmind.Onlyexperimentationandpracticewillhelpyoudecidewhethertoaimforperfectionintherecordingitself,oredititafterthefact.
Ifyoudecidetosavetherecording,dosobyselecting"SaveProjectAs"fromthe"File"menu(thiswillsavethewaveformasis,includingallseparatetracksintheproject,allowingyoutocomebacklaterforeditingandexport).Asthisisanewproject,youwillbepromptedforaProjectnameaswellasthelocationtosavetheProjectfile:
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That'sit!Yourrecordingiscompletedandsaved.Ifyouwanttoaccessthisprojectagainforeditingand/orexporttoacommonaudiofileformatsuchasMP3,useFile>Open(notImport,whichwillnotworkwithAupfiles)andbrowsetothelocationofyoursavedAudacityproject.
Audacity:AddTrack
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AddAnotherAudioTrackSoftwarename:AudacitySoftwareversion:1.2
Audacityenablesyoutomixmultiplesoundstogether.YouwillneedAudacityopenandanaudiofilealreadyloaded,andthenyoucanaddasmanynewfiles(orrecordedtracks)asyoulike.
AddingyournewtrackAudacityshouldbeopeninfrontofyouandyouwillhavesomeaudioalreadyloaded.Inthisexamplewewillbeworkingwiththeaudiotrack'Fiona'Iopenedinfirsttutorial,sowhenIreopenthe'Fiona'projectmyAudacitywindowlookslikethis:
Now,wewishtoaddanotheraudiotracktothismix--inthiscaseapre-recorded
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trackthatIhaveonmycomputer.Todothis,inthemainFilemenuchooseImport,thenAudiofromthesubmenu.(Notethatwhenaddinganewtracktoanexistingprojectwithoneormoretracks,youmustuse'Import'ratherthan'Open',whichwouldcauseanewprojecttoopenratherthanaddingyournewtracktotheexistingproject.)
Whenyouhavedonethisafilebrowserwillopen,bydefaultinthesamedirectoryinwhichAudacitylastopenedorimportedfrom,orsavedorexportedto.InthiscaseIwillchosearecordedguitarriff(asmp3file)residinginthesamedirectory:
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InowpressOpenandthefilewillbeimported.Asexplainedpreviously,'Importing'meansthatthefilewillbeconvertedintoAudacity'sproprietaryeditingformat,anditwillappearintheAudacitywindowasanewtrack.Theimportingprocessitselfcanbenearlyinstantaneousorsomesecondslong,dependingonthelengthandcomplexityoftheimportedfile.
WhenitiscompletethenewtrackcanbeseenintheAudacitywindow,directlybeneaththeexisting'Fiona'track.Thenewtrackisalsoinstereo,soittoodisplaysbothLandRchannels:
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Ifyoudon'tseeyournewly-addedtrackimmediately,youmightneedtoscrolldownonyourAudacitywindow.Notethatthereareseveralwaystominimizetrackdisplayverticallysoastoseemoretracksatonce.Oneway,asIhavedoneherewiththe'Fiona'track,istohoveryourmouseoverthelowerboundaryofthattrackuntilyourcursorbecomesanup-and-down-arrow;thenthatboundarycanbedraggeduptomakethetrackmorenarrow.AnefficientalternativeisView>TrackSize>FittoHeight,whichwillshowalltrackswithintheavailablewindowheight.
PlaybackandExportingIfyounowpressthe'Play'Button:
youwillhearbothtracksplayingbackatonce.IfyouwerenowtoExportthisproject(forexampleasanmp3or.wav),thetrackswouldbecombinedtogetherintoonesoundfile.You'vejustdoneyourfirstsoundmixing!
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Ofcourse,thingscanrarelystopatthispoint.Notethatbydefault,thenewtrackisaddedtotheprojectwithitsstartingpositionflushleft(point0onthetimeline).Sincetheoriginaltrack'Fiona'alsostartedatpoint0,andsincethenewlyaddedtrackisconsiderablylongerindurationthantheoriginal,thisdifferenceshowsupbothvisually(asinthescreenshotabove)andaudibly:duringplayback,oncethe'Fiona'trackends(atabout28seconds),onlythesecondtrackisaudiblefortheremainderofitsrun.Toproperlymixthesetwotracksintoacoherentsound(orascoherentasafelinedancemixandaslowbluesguitarcouldeverbe),youwouldneedtodosomeadvancededitingofoneorbothtracks,tomakethemboththesamelengthand/orwithmatchingorcomplementarybeatsandsoundfeatures.Wewillcoversomeofthisinsubsequenttutorials.
Audacity:EnvelopeTool
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EnvelopeToolTheenvelopetoolisamongthemostusefuleditingtoolsforAudacityusers.ItallowsyoutoalterthevolumeofindividualtracksinAudacity,whichisespeciallyimportantwhenyouarecombining('mixing')severaltrackstogether.
OpenAudacityYouwillfirsthavetohaveAudacityopenwithmorethanonetrack.Wewillbeginwithmy'Fiona'projectfromtheprevioustutorial,withsomeeditingofbothtrackssothattheyarenowexactlythesamelength(IdoubledtheFionatrackendtoend,andslightlytruncatedthebluesguitartrack).Atthispoint,then,myAudacityprojectlookslikethis:
ActivatingtheEnvelopeTool
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TheEnvelopeToolhasaniconintheAudacityToolsToolbar,whichlookslikethis:
Whenyouclickonthisbutton,thetracksaresurroundedbyablueline.Comparethescreenshotabove(beforeactivatingtheEnvelopetool)tothisone:
YoucanseetheEnveloptoolbuttondepressed,aswellasthebluelinesaroundeachchannelofeachtrack.Thisindicatesthattheenveloptoolhasbeenactivated.
AlterthevolumeThebluelineactuallyrepresentsthevolumeofeachchannel/track.Youcannowlowerthevolumeonchosensectionsofatrackbychangingtheshapeofthisblueline(asopposedtoalteringthevolumeoftheentiretrack,usingthevolumecontroltotheleft).Todothisclickonthebluelineatanyparticularpointinthetoptrack(inthiscase'Fiona'),andyouwillseesmallwhitesquares,orcontrolpoints,appearwhereyouclicked:
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Nowyoucan'grab'thebluelineatthepointwherethesesquaresappear.Toshowyouhowthiscanchangethevolumeofjustonepartoftheaudio,clickonthebluelineataseparatepointnearwhereyoufirstclicked.Asecondsetofbluesquaresnowappearsatthatnewpointonthetrack(toptrackonly):
Nowplaceyourmousecursoronthetopwhitesquareinthissecondset(totherightofthefirst),andwhileyourmousefingerisstilldown,dragthesquaredownwardstoreducevolume:
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Youwillnoticethatthisactionreducestheamplitudeofthewave(ie,thevolume)ofboththeLandRchannelsofthis(Fiona)trackuniformly,takingtheearlier,left-handpointasits'hinge'.TheseparateguitartrackbeneaththeFionatrackisunmodified.Ifyounowplaybacktheprojectyouwillhearthevolumeofthemodified(top)track'fade'smoothly,followingtheshapeofthebluelines,andcontinueatthelowervolumewhilethelowertrackplaysunmodified.
Mixing2trackstogetherInmixingtwotrackstogether,sometimesyousimplywantonetracktohaveasingle'fadeout'inrelationtotheothertrack,astheaboveexampledemonstrates.Morecommonly,though,youmightwantto'crossfade'thetwotracksinanumberofdifferentplaces--ie,fadeonetrackinwhilefadingtheotherout--sothatdifferentsegmentsofthetwoaudiosourcesareemphasizedatdifferenttimes.Toaccomplishthis,simplyclickonthebluelinesofeithertrackwhereveryouwanttocreatea'hingepoint'forfadinginorout.Theresultcouldlooksomethinglikethefollowing.Bearinmindthatthisisstillaverysimplifiedexample,asthispieceisonlyabout55secondstotalduration--a4-6minutesongcouldhaveanynumberofcross-fadeoperations:
Ifyouhaveinadvertentlyaddedasetofcontrolpoints(whitesquares)thatyoudon'tneedorwantforvolumeadjustment,youcansimplygraboneofthosewhitesquaresanddragitentirelyupordownoutofthetrack.YoucanalsoalwaysuseEdit>Undotoundothemostrecentoperation(s).
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InnerControlPointsforGreaterVolumeGain
Notethatsofarwehavebeenusingonlytheoutercontrolpoints,orthefurthesttopandbottomwhitesquares,tomanipulatetheblueenvelopelines.Theinnercontrolpointshavethesameeffect,butthesecanbeusedtoincreasethevolumebeyondwhatisvisibleinthetrackview.Forexample,ifIwantedmylower(guitar)tracktocomeinlouderthanitdoesabove,Icouldusetheinnercontrolpointstoaccomplishthisbydraggingthetoponeup(orthebottomonedown);seethiseffectappliedinthescreenshotbelow.Notethatsincetheentireenvelopeherecannotbeshowninthetrackviewnow,thesolidbluelinehasbecomedottedforthatsegment.
Finally,weshouldnotethattheenvelopecontrolonlyallowsthevolumeofagiventracksegmenttobeincreaseduptothepointwheretheinnercontrolsquaretouchesthetrackborder(asshownhere).Ifyouwanttoamplifybeyondthatrange,de-activatetheEnvelopefeature,selectthesectionyouwantamplifiedandgotoEffects>Amplify...,whichwilllaunchadialogwithvariousamplificationoptions.Beadvised,though,thatdependingontheoptionschosen,usingtheAmplifyeffectcaneasilyproducedistortion-levelamplification,whichisnearlyimpossiblewiththeEnvelopetoolunlesstheoriginaltrackisalreadyextremelyloud.
Audacity:BasicEditing
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BasicEditingwithAudacitySoftwarename:AudacitySoftwareversion:2.2.1
Asfarasaudioeditingsoftwaregoes,Audacityisaboutaseasyasitgets.Whichisnottosayit'sfallingoffalog:ifyouhaven'teditedaudiobeforethenthewholeconceptcangetalittlebewildering.Howeverwithalittlepracticeyoushouldbeabletomakefastworkofediting.
Firstly,youwillhavetohavesomeaudiotoedit.YoucaneitherrecordsomeaudiousingAudacity,oropenanaudiofilefromyourcomputer.
TherearesomesimplemethodsthatformthebasisofeditingwithAudacity.Wewilllookatdeletingsectionsofaudio('cutting'),aswellasshiftingaudio.Withthesetwomethodsyoucanalreadydoquitealot.
Cutting/DeletingYouwillneedtohaveAudacityopeninfrontofyouwithanaudiofilereadytoedit.Theprocessofeditingrequiresthatyoufirstknowyoursourcefilequitewell,ormorespecificallytheaudiotrackwave-formofthatfileloadedintoAudacity.Youneedtoknowexactlywhereacutneedstobemade,toachievesomeintendedeffect,soplaytheaudiotrackrepeatedlyandlistenforwhereyouwanttomakeyourfirstedit.
Letsassumeyouhavechosentheareatobecut.Youneedtonowselecttheareabyclickingonwherethecutshouldstart,holdingdownthemousebutton,anddraggingthemouse(eitherleftorright)totheendoftheareatobecut.Theareatobedeletedwillbehighlightedinalightershadeofgreythantherestofthetrack(noticealsothatwhenyouselectanaudioregioninAudacity,yourmousecurserchangesintoapointinghand):
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IntheaboveexampleyoucanseethatIhavehighlightedtheareafromabout1:32to2:17,aselectionofabout45seconds.TodeletethisselectedregionIcannowclickontheEditmenuandchoose'Cut':
Weshouldobserveherethat'Cut'and'Delete'aredistinctfunctions,withtheimportantdifferencethatwithCut,theselectedaudioregionisremovedfromthetrackbutloadedontotheclipboard(fromwhichitcanlaterbePasted,ifdesired),whilewithDeletethatsegmentsimplydisappears.Butwitheitherfunction,onceyouselectitintheEditmenuyouwillseethattheselectedregionofyouraudio
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trackhasdisappeared,andthelengthofthattrackwillhavebeenreducedbyacorrespondingduration:
Focusingontheareatobecut
Ifyouhavejustopenedanaudiofile,pressthegreenplaybuttontolistentotheentiretrack:
Onceyouhavelistenedtoityoumaywishtotakesomenotestohelpyoudecidewhichareayouwishtodelete/cut.Youcantakenotesthatreferencetheexacttimeinthetimeline,or--probablyeasier--youcanaddalabeltrackandinsertalabelmarkingtheexactpointorsegmentyouthinkmightbeacandidateforediting.Itisalsoagoodideatoreplaythesegmentthatyouwillcuttomakesureyouareselectingtherightarea.Todothisyoucanselectthearea,asdescribedabove,andthenpresstheplaybuttonandAudacitywillonlyplaybacktheselectedarea.Thiswillhelpyoudecideiftheselectedareaisactuallytheaudioyouwishtodelete.Ifit'snot,clickinganywhereoutsidethattrackwilldeselectthatarea,andyoucantryagain.
Ifyouneedtofocusclosertotheaudiotomakea'finer'cut,clickonthemagnifyingglass+icon:
Thiswillenlargethetimescaleshownandgiveyouamoredetailedviewoftheaudiowave-form.Rememberthatthiswave-formisanexactvisualrepresentationoftheaudiosignalitself:toeditone,atwhateverlevelofdetail,istoedittheother.Youcan'zoomout'oftheaudioagainbypressingthemagnifyingglasswiththeminussigninit:
PastingIfyouwishtoshiftaudiofromoneplacetoanotherthenyoucaneasilydosowithAudacity.Firstselecttheareayouwishtoshift.IwillusethesamesegmentIusedinthecuttingexampleabove.Now,asbefore,chooseEdit>Cuttoremovetheselectedregionfromthetrackandplaceitontheclipboard.
Finally,clickontheremainingaudiotrackatthepointyouwhereyouwantthisaudiotobeshiftedto.
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IntheaboveexampleyoucancanseethatIhavedecidedtoinserttheaudioataboutthe2:47mark.NowchoosetheEditmenuandselectPaste:
Theaudiosegmentwillnowbeinserted,andyouifyoulookattheAudacitywindowyoushouldseetheselectedaudioinitsnewplace:
Nowyoucanexperimentwithcuttingandpastingaudio!Inthenextchapterwewillseemorecomplexexamplesofcutting,copyingandpasting,appliednotonlytosingletracksbuttomultipletracksacrossaprojectaspartofwhatwecall"mixing"audiotracks.
Audacity:AdvancedEditing
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AdvancedEditingandMixingSoftwarename:AudacitySoftwareversion:2.2.1
TherearemanymoreadvancedstepsforeditingthatyoucancarryoutwithAudacity.Someofthemorecommonincludeaddingsilence,trimmingaudio,advancedcuttingandpasting,splittingandjoiningtracks,andusingpanning.Wewillcovereachoftheseoperationsbelow.
AddSilenceYoumaywanttoaddasilencetoatrackforseveralreasons.Ifwetaketheexampleofatwotrackprojectwithonetrackasmusicandtheothertrackasavoicetrack,wecanimaginethatwemightwanttoinsertasilenceinthevoicetrackforseveralsecondstoallowusto'fadein'themusic.Thiswouldworkinaradioadvertisementorintroductionforaradioshoworpodcast.
HereIhaveloadedanaudiotrack(inmono),andastereomusictrackbeneathit:
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Wenowclickinthevoicetrackwherewewanttoinsertsilence.
Whenthevoicetrackisselectedyouwillseethecontrolsetofthattrackgoadarkercolor,andatthepointofselectionitselfyourcursorbecomesapointinghand.HereIhaveselectedtheverystartofthevocaltrack,asIwanttoinsertsilenceinthattracktoallowthemusictocomeinbeforethevoicebeginsspeaking:
Wearenowreadytoinsertsomesilence.DothisbyselectingGenerate>Silencefromthemenusatthetopofthescreen.
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Selecting'Silence...'fromtheabovemenuwillgeneratethe'Silence'dialogshownbelow,wherewecansetthedurationofthesilencetobeinserted.Thedefaultsilencedurationis30seconds,asshown.30secondswouldbequitealongsilenceinourexample,butwhenyouareaddingSilenceitiseasiertoaddmoreandthendeletesomeofitthantoaddinadditionalsilence.SoI'mgoingtokeepthedefault30secondstostartwith:
Press'OK'.Wewillseethesilenceappearasaflatlineintherelevanttrackoftheproject.
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Asnotedabove,30secondsisaverylongsilenceforourpurposes;aftersomeexperimentallisteningIwillendupcuttingitdownto11seconds.Meanwhile,notethattheactualaudiowaveformofthevocaltrackhasbeenpushedallthewaytothefarrightofthewindow;inothewordsthetotalvoicetrackisnow30secondslonger,includingthesilenceatthebeginning.
AfterIhavetrimmedthesilencedownto11seconds(Iselectthefirst18secondsandusethe'cut'tool,notshownhere,toeliminatethatsegment),Inowhaveanaudiomixwith11secondsofmusicbeforethevoicecomesin.However,themusicisstilltooloudtoserveproperlyas'background'totherestofthevoicetrack.TofixthisIwillusetheenvelopetool(seepreviouschapter)tocreateasmoothfadeoutinthemusictrack,justbeforethevoicecomesin:
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IfIdeterminedatthispointthatthevoicetrackwasstilltooquietinrelationtothemusictrack,Icouldeitherincreasetheoverallgain(volume)ofthevoicetrack,ordecreasethatofthemusictrack.Agreatdealofaudiomixinginvolvesplayingwiththerelativevolumeofdifferenttracks.
TimeShiftToolThetimeshifttoolallowsyoutoalterthetimelocationoftheaudioonaparticulartrack.Thisisusefulwhenyouarearrangingaudioondifferenttrackssothattheyareheardoneaftertheotherinasequence.Indeed,thiswouldhavebeenanalternativeapproachtotakeinaddressingourvoice-and-music-backgroundscenarioabove.Inthescreenshotbelow,Ihavedeletedtherestofthesilencefromthevocaltrack,sothatnowboththevocalandmusictracksbeginoncemoreat0.00seconds(I'veleftthe'fade'inthemusictrack,asIwillstillwantit):
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Ourgoalnowistoshiftthevoicetracktotheright,sothatitdoesn'tbeginuntiltheappropriatemomentinthefade-outofthemusictrackbeneathit.Todothis,weselecttheTimeShifttool fromtheToolstoolbaratthetopoftheworkspace:
Thenweselectthetrackwewanttomove,anddragitleftorrighttooccupyanewtimelocation.InthiscaseI'mdraggingthevoicetracktotheright,untilitbeginsatthe11-secondmark.WhenInowplaytheprojectback,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameaswhenthefirst11secondswereoccupiedbysilence,sinceAudacitytreatstheopeningblankspaceexactlyasitwouldadurationofexplicitly-definedsilence:
Inothercases,however,youmightwantonetrack'swaveformtobeginonlyafteranothertrackendsentirely,ratherthanoverlapping,asabove.Forthescreenshot
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below,Ihavetruncatedthemusictrackafterthefade,sothatitwillnolongersoundinthebackgroundofthevoicetrack:
Ihaveactuallydraggedthevoicetrackjustbeyondthenewend-pointofthemusictrack,inordertoshowthatAudacityhasguessedwhatI'mtryingtodo,anddrawnaguideline(oftencalleda'snapline')formeattheprecisepointwherethelowertrackends.Inpractice,youmayormaynotwanttoalignyourtrackspreciselythisway,alongtheguidelines:inthisinstance,Iwouldprobablywanttogivethemusictrackatleastanothersecondortwotofadeoutcompletely,asthevoicetrackwascomingin.Butperfectend-to-endalignmentiseasy,asyoucansee.Indeed,ratherthantime-shiftingmanually,youcouldalsouseTracks>AlignTracks>AlignEndtoEndtoexactlyaligntwoselectedtracks.
TrimmingAudioTrimmingaudiotracksisusefulwhenweonlywanttokeeponepartofagiventrack.Itisalsodifferentfromusingthecutordeletefunctionasitmaintainsthetimelocationofthepartofthetrackwewanttokeep.
Asanexample,wearegoingtotrimamusictracktoonlyincludethesegmentafterthefirst32seconds.FirstweclicktheSelectiontoolfromtheToolstoolbar:
then,usingthemousecursor,weselecttheregionofthetrackafterthe32-secondmark.Notethatforpurposesoftrimming,weselectthesegmentofthetrackwewanttokeep,notthepartwewanttodiscard:
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Asalways,whenwehaveselectedaparticularregionofaudioitshouldshowupinalightercolor,asabove.NowweclickontheTrimbuttonoftheToolstoolbar:
OncewehaveclickedtheTrimbutton,onlytheregionweselectedshouldremaininthetrack:
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Noticethatthefirst32secondsisnowgone,buttheremainingaudiowaveformhasnotshiftedtotheleft(to0seconds),asitwouldhavehadweinsteadselectedthefirst32secondsandusedEdit>CutorEdit>Delete.Trimmingisthereforeagoodwaytopreservetherelativepositionofasegmentofaudiotrackinrelationtoothertracksintheproject,andtotheoveralltimeline.
AdvancedPastingAswesawinthepreviouschapter,notonlycanyouCutorCopyasegmentofaudiotrackinAudacity,youcanalsoPastethatsegmentatadifferentlocation,andasmanytimesasyouwish.Wedothisbyselectingtheaudiosegmentofinterest,thenusingEdit>CutorEdit>Copy,dependingonwhetherwewantthatsegmenttoremaininitsoriginalplace.WecanalsousetheCutorCopybuttonsontheToolstoolbar:
BothCutandCopywillloadtheselectedaudiosegmentontotheclipboard,whereitwillremainuntilweeitherendthecurrentAudacitysessionorCut/Copyadifferentsegment.Wecanthenplaceourmousecursorwhereverwewantthe
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segmenttogo,anduseEdit>PasteorthePastbuttononthetoolbar:
Pastingisusefulforanynumberofreasons.Youmightlikeaparticularmusicsegmentforbackgroundtoyourvoiceorothermusictracks,butfindthatitistooshort;inthiscaseyoucansimplycopyandpastethatsegmentendtoendinthesametrackuntilitistherequiredlengthwithrespecttoothertracks.
Ofcourse,pastedsegmentsneedn'tbeendtoend,orevenbepastedintothesametracktheywerecopiedfrom.OneofthemostinterestingusesofpastinginAudacityisfor'sampling',whenyou'vefoundaparticular(typicallyshort)segmentofsoundthatyouwantrepeatedatregularintervalsorotherappropriatemomentsintheoverallaudioproject.GivealistentotheBeatles'"TomorrowNeverKnows"or"RevolutionNo.9"forearlyexamplesofextremelycomplexsamplingorsoundcollageofthiskind.Inthatera,thesoundengineershadtoliterallycopyandpastedozensorevenhundredsofmagnetictapesegments,andsometimesrundozensoftapeplayerswithloopedtapesegmentssimultaneously,toachievethiskindofsoundcollage.Happily,withdigitalmusicandeditingtoolslikeAudacity,wecanachievecomplexcollagesoundscapeswithrelativeease.Considerthefollowingexample:
Visibleherearethetopthreetracksofafive-trackaudioprojectIcreated.Itis
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structuredaroundtwomainelements:ablues-guitarsegment(thirdtrackdown,duplicatedonceend-to-endtoproducetheoverallsonglength),andthepurringandvocalizationofanoldcatnamedMarx,fromanoriginallyquiteshortsoundrecordingwhichhasbeeneditedandduplicatednumeroustimesintracktwo,resultinginacontinuous1:45audiotrackofpurringpunctuatedbyashortplaintivemeowatregularintervals.Theshort,intensewaveformsegmentspicturedintrackonerepresentthesoundofaspoondroppedonthekitchenfloor,anincidentalnoiseintheoriginalMarxrecordingthatIpickedout,amplifiedandusedforfurtherperiodicpunctuation.Aswithanyotherkindofcollage,audiocollagelikethiseither'works'ordoesn'tforagivenlistener;youcandecideforyourselfinthiscase:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaqPzmURSMo.ThepointhereissimplytoillustratetheenormousscopeforcreativitymadepossiblebytherelativehandfulofeditingtoolswehavesurveyedinAudacitysofar.
SplittingStereoTracksandCombiningMonoTracksSometimeswhenyouarerecordingyoumayonlyrecordonechannelofyourtrackcorrectly;ortheremaybesomeotherreasonthatyouwanttoonlyworkwitheithertheleftorrightchannel.
Belowweseearecordedtrackwithonechannel(theleft)muchlouderthantheother:
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Ratherthanre-recording,wearegoingtoworkononlytheleftchannel(thetopone).Soweneedtoselect'SplitStereoTrack'fromthedropdownmenuwecaninvokebyclickingonthetrackName:
WecanthendeletetheRightchannelsignal,asithasnowbecomeaseparate
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track.DothisbyclickingontheXtotheleftofthattrack'sname:
Ifwenowplaytheoneremainingtrack,we'llbeabletohearthatthesoundisonlycomingthroughonechannel(L).ThiscanbeseeninthegreensignalofthePlaybackmeterinthescreenshotbelow:
WewillalsonoticethatthePansliderofthistrackisallthewaytotheLeft(thishappenedassoonaswesplittheonetrackintotwo,withthesecondtrack'sPansliderallthewaytotheRight).Sotofixthis,wecansimplymovetheslidertothemiddle,andthetrackwillnowplaythesamemonoaudiosignalthroughbothLandRchannels.
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Ifyouneedthistracktoberenderedinstereoagain,thereareseveralwaystodothis.First,youcansimplyExportthetrack(File>Export)asanMP3,whichwillopenadialogallowingyoutochooseaChannelModeofStereoorMono(seenextchapterfordetailsonExporting).Ofcourse,inthatcasethetwochannelswillbeidenticalastheywillhavebeenderivedfromthesinglemonotrack.
Ifyouwantedinsteadtohavetwochannelsthatyoucouldeditorapplyeffectstoseparately,youcouldselecttheentiretyofthistrack,thengotoFile>Duplicate,whichwillcreateaseparate,identicalmonotrackbelowthefirstone.Onceyou'veeditedoneorbothmonotrackstoyoursatisfaction,youcanrecombinethemintoasingle,stereotrackbygoingagaintothetrackdropdownofthetoptrackandselectingMakeStereoTrack:
Ofcourse,theMakeStereoTrackfunctionwillalsoworktocombineanytwomonotracksthataredirectlyadjacentinyourAudacity,eveniftheyhaveseparateorigins.Justkeepinmindthebasicfunctionofstereosound:anyLandRchannelsthatarenotperfectlysynchedupmetronomically,andotherwisemusicallycoherent,canmakefordifficultlistening.
Audacity:ExportingAFile
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ExportingAFileSoftwarename:AudacitySoftwareversion:2.2.1
ProjectscreatedinAudacityarealwayssavedinAudacity'sownuniquefileformatthatcannotbeopenedbymostothersoftware.Itisthereforenecessarytoexportprojectstomorecommonfileformatsinordertousethemwithotheraudiosoftwareormediaplayers.
Audacitycanexportinthefollowingcommonformats:AIFF,MP3,WAV,OggVorbis.Therearealsohalfadozenorsoadditional,morespecializedformatsthatcanbeselectedviaFile>Export>ExportAudio...;howeverwewillfocusonthemorecommonformatshere.
AIFFandWAVfilesprovideuncompressedCDqualityaudio,sooneoftheseformatsshouldbeusedifyouwanttoopenyourAudacityprojectwithothermusicproductionsoftwareorCDauthoringsoftware.AIFFisproprietarytoApple,whileWAVwasoriginallyproprietarytoMicrosoft,sothesetwoformatstendtoplaybetterwithAppleandWindowstoolsrespectively.
MP3andOggVorbisarebothcompressedaudioformatssotheyhavelowersoundqualitybutmuchsmallerfilesizes,makingthemidealforuseinmediaplayers.AnimportantdifferencebetweenthesetwoformatsisthatOggVorbisisacompletelyopenstandardwhileMP3isnot.However,currentreleasesofAudacityincorporatetheLAMEMP3encoder,andMP3isbyfarthemostwidelyadoptedcompressedaudioformatforplaybackdevicestoday,makingitagoodchoiceforreachingthewidestaudience.(Ontheotherhand,weshouldnotethatsingle-trackOGGfilescanbebundledtogetherasMOGGfiles,whichpreservetheseparatetracks:thislatterformatcannotbeexportedfromAudacitybutitcanbeopenedbyAudacity,whichmaybeofinteresttorockmusicfansbecausemanyclassicrocksongsarenowavailableasMOGGs,courtesyoftheRockBandandGuitarHerogames,givingAudacityusersaccesstotheoriginalmultipletracksofthesesongs.)
ToexportafilefromAudacityyouneedtohaveatleastoneaudiotrackopeninyourAudacityproject.Ifyoudonotalreadyhaveafileopenfromarecordingoreditingsession,seetheinstructionsinthechapteronOpening(Importing)aFile(includingthedifferencesbetween"Opening"and"Importing").
HereIhaveopenedmyaudiofile'Fiona':
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Toexportthisfile,gotoFile>Export,thenfromthesubmenuchoosetheformatyouwanttoexportas:
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Onceyouhavechosenyourformat,awindowwillopenallowingyoutoeditthefilenameandbrowsetothelocationwhereyouwanttosavethefile.Youwillalsohavevariousformatoptions,dependingonthespecificformatyouhavechosen.HereistheexportwindowwithformatoptionsforMP3:
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Onceyouaresatisfiedwithyourfilename,savinglocationandformatoptions(unlessyouareamoreadvanceduseritisnotabadideatostickwiththeAudacitydefaultsonthelatter),clickon"Save"andtheExportprocesswillbegin.Thetimeittakestoexporttheprojectwilldependonthelengthandcomplexityoftheproject(forexample,howmanyseparatetracks)aswellastheprocessingspeedofyourcomputer.
Whenexportingiscompletetheabovewindowwilldisappear.Youshouldnowbeabletoseethefileinthefolderwhereyouchosetosaveit.
That'sit.YoucannowenjoylisteningtotheresultsofyourAudacityprojectthroughotheraudiosoftware,transferitontoyourportablemediaplayer,orshareitwithothers.
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APPENDICES16.ADDITIONALHELP17.CREDITS
Audacity:Help
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MoreHelpAPPENDICES
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MoreHelpFormorehelpwithAudacityyoucantrytheseavenues:
AudacityUserGuideYoushouldfirstlookattheexcellentdocumentationprovidedbythedevelopersthemselves,athttp://manual.audacityteam.org/index.html.Thispagelinkstoamulti-dimensionaluserguide,withinterfaceandmenuwalk-throughs,tutorials,FAQsandmore.
AudacityWikiTheAudacityWikiprovidesawealthofadditionalinformationonthepast,presentandfutureofAudacity,alongwithawiderangeoftipsandtutorialscontributedbythelargeusercommunity.
AudacityForumYoucanalsotrysearchingthroughtheofficialAudacityforumforinformation.
http://audacityteam.org/forum/(alsolinkedfromthepageabove)
Theforumscontainalotofpostingsfromusersonmanytopics.Youcanusethesearchsystemtolocatetopicsorjustbrowsethecategories.Ifyoudon'tfindwhatyouwantthentrysubscribingtotheforumsandpostingyourquestiontotherelevantcategory.
Thereareafewthingstokeepinmindwhenaskingaquestioninaforumortoamailinglist.First,beasclearasyoucanwithyourquestionandprovideanyinformationthatyoumightthinkwouldhelpsometotrytohelpyou.Youmight,forexample,includeinformationabouttheoperatingsystemyouareusing,orvariousspecificsthatrelatetowhatyouaretryingtoachieve.Additionally,itisalwaysgoodpracticetoalsopostbacktoanyforumormailinglistifyoumanagetosolveyourqueryandincludeclearinformationonhowyousolvedthepuzzle.Thisissothatsomeoneelsethatmayhavethesameissuecanresolveitusingwhatyouhavefoundout.Ifpossiblepostbacktothesamethread(discussiontopic)sothatanyonesearchingthroughtheforumcanfollowthediscussionincludingthesolution.
MailingListsMailinglistsaregoodplacestolookthroughforanswerstoquestions.Thesubscription(alsothearchivesarelistedoneachinfopage)informationislocatedhere:
http://audacity.sourceforge.net/contact/lists
Youcanalsosubscribetothemailinglistsandaskaquestion.Pleasenotethesuggestionsaboutpostingtoforumsandmailinglistsintheabovesection.
YouTubeVideotutorials
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Aswithnearlyeverythingelsethesedays,youcansearchYouTubefortutorialsonusingAudacity.ManyofthesearealsolinkedfromtheAudacityWikiabove,butgiventhenatureofYouTube,newtutorialsappearregularly.
WebSearchAsidefromYouTube,searchingthewiderwebisalwaysuseful.IfyouarelookingforproblemsarisingfromerrorsreportedbytheAudacitysoftware,tryenteringtheerrortextitselfintoasearchenginesuchasGoogle.Besuretoeditoutanyinformationthatdoesn'tlookgenericwhendoingthis.Somesearchenginesalsoenableyoutotrysearchesofmailinglists,onlinegroupsetc,thiscanalsoprovidegoodresults.
IRCIRCisatypeofonlinechat.Itisnottheeasiesttouseifyouarenotfamilairwithitbutitisaverygoodsystem.ThereareavarietyofsoftwaresforalloperatingsystemsthatenableyoutouseIRC.TheIRCchannelforAudacityiswhereanumberofthedevelopersareonlineandsome'superusers'.Sologgingintothischannelcanbeusefulbutitisveryimportantthatyouknowexactlywhatyouaretryingtofindoutbeforetryingthisroute.Theprotocolforusingthechannelisjusttologin,andaskthequestionimmediately.Don'ttryandbetoochattyasyouareprobablygoingtobeignored.Itisalsopreferableifyouhavedonesomeresearchusingtheothermethodsabovebeforetryingthechannel.ThedetailsfortheIRCchannelare:
IRCnetwork:freenode
Channel:#audacity
Audacity:Credits
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LicenseAllchapterscopyrightoftheauthors(seebelow).UnlessotherwisestatedallchaptersinthismanuallicensedwithCC-BY-SAlicence.
Authors
ADDANEWTRACK©adamhyde2007,2008Modifications:FlosstestTwo2007TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
REWRITEOFMANUALFORAUDACITY2.x
MathewRoberts2017
ADVANCEDEDITING©mickfuzz2009
BASICEDITING©adamhyde2007,2008Modifications:TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
CREDITS©adamhyde2006,2007,2008
WHATISDIGITALAUDIO?©AnthonyOetzmann2006Modifications:adamhyde2006,2007,2008AleksandarErkalović2008mickfuzz2009RafeDiDomenico2008SethWoodworth2008TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
CREATINGFADES©adamhyde2007,2008Modifications:
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TWikiGuest2010TomKleen2008douglas2010
EXPORTING©AdamWilletts2006Modifications:adamhyde2007,2008PeterShanks2007TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
ADDITIONALHELP©adamhyde2006,2007,2008
OSX©AdamWilletts2006Modifications:adamhyde2006,2007,2008CarlaMorris2008MariaInmaculadadelaTorre2009TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
UBUNTU©adamhyde2007,2008Modifications:MariaInmaculadadelaTorre2009TWikiGuest2010TomiToivio2009douglas2010
WINDOWS©AdamWilletts2006Modifications:adamhyde2006,2007,2008CarlaMorris2008MariaInmaculadadelaTorre2009mickfuzz2009TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
INTRODUCTION©AdamWilletts2006Modifications:adamhyde2006,2007,2008,2009RafeDiDomenico2008TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
MENUBAR©AnthonyOetzmann2006
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105
Modifications:adamhyde2006,2007,2008TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
MP3INSTALLATIONWINDOWS©mickfuzz2009
OPEN(IMPORT)AFILE©adamhyde2007,2008Modifications:TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
RECORDING©AdamWilletts2006Modifications:adamhyde2006,2007,2008mickfuzz2009TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
TOOLBAR©AnthonyOetzmann2006Modifications:adamhyde2006,2007,2008BrentSimpson2008TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
TRACKBAR©AnthonyOetzmann2006Modifications:adamhyde2006,2007,2008TWikiGuest2010douglas2010
Freemanualsforfreesoftware
GeneralPublicLicense
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Version2,June1991
Copyright(C)1989,1991FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.51FranklinStreet,FifthFloor,Boston,MA02110-1301,USA
Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,butchangingitisnotallowed.
Preamble
Thelicensesformostsoftwarearedesignedtotakeawayyourfreedomtoshareandchangeit.Bycontrast,theGNUGeneralPublicLicenseisintendedtoguaranteeyourfreedomtoshareandchangefreesoftware--tomakesurethesoftwareisfreeforallitsusers.ThisGeneralPublicLicenseappliestomostoftheFreeSoftwareFoundation'ssoftwareandtoanyotherprogramwhoseauthorscommittousingit.(SomeotherFreeSoftwareFoundationsoftwareiscoveredbytheGNULesserGeneralPublicLicenseinstead.)Youcanapplyittoyourprograms,too.
Whenwespeakoffreesoftware,wearereferringtofreedom,notprice.OurGeneralPublicLicensesaredesignedtomakesurethatyouhavethefreedomtodistributecopiesoffreesoftware(andchargeforthisserviceifyouwish),thatyoureceivesourcecodeorcangetitifyouwantit,thatyoucanchangethesoftwareorusepiecesofitinnewfreeprograms;andthatyouknowyoucandothesethings.
Toprotectyourrights,weneedtomakerestrictionsthatforbidanyonetodenyyoutheserightsortoaskyoutosurrendertherights.Theserestrictionstranslatetocertainresponsibilitiesforyouifyoudistributecopiesofthesoftware,orifyoumodifyit.
Forexample,ifyoudistributecopiesofsuchaprogram,whethergratisorforafee,youmustgivetherecipientsalltherightsthatyouhave.Youmustmakesurethatthey,too,receiveorcangetthesourcecode.Andyoumustshowthemthesetermssotheyknowtheirrights.
Weprotectyourrightswithtwosteps:(1)copyrightthesoftware,and(2)offeryouthislicensewhichgivesyoulegalpermissiontocopy,distributeand/ormodifythesoftware.
Also,foreachauthor'sprotectionandours,wewanttomakecertainthateveryoneunderstandsthatthereisnowarrantyforthisfreesoftware.Ifthesoftwareismodifiedbysomeoneelseandpassedon,wewantitsrecipientstoknowthatwhattheyhaveisnottheoriginal,sothatanyproblemsintroducedbyotherswillnotreflectontheoriginalauthors'reputations.
Finally,anyfreeprogramisthreatenedconstantlybysoftwarepatents.Wewishtoavoidthedangerthatredistributorsofafreeprogramwillindividuallyobtainpatentlicenses,ineffectmakingtheprogramproprietary.Topreventthis,wehavemadeitclearthatanypatentmustbelicensedforeveryone'sfreeuseornotlicensedatall.
Theprecisetermsandconditionsforcopying,distributionandmodificationfollow.
TERMSANDCONDITIONSFORCOPYING,DISTRIBUTIONANDMODIFICATION
LicenseAPPENDICES
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0.ThisLicenseappliestoanyprogramorotherworkwhichcontainsanoticeplacedbythecopyrightholdersayingitmaybedistributedunderthetermsofthisGeneralPublicLicense.The"Program",below,referstoanysuchprogramorwork,anda"workbasedontheProgram"meanseithertheProgramoranyderivativeworkundercopyrightlaw:thatistosay,aworkcontainingtheProgramoraportionofit,eitherverbatimorwithmodificationsand/ortranslatedintoanotherlanguage.(Hereinafter,translationisincludedwithoutlimitationintheterm"modification".)Eachlicenseeisaddressedas"you".
Activitiesotherthancopying,distributionandmodificationarenotcoveredbythisLicense;theyareoutsideitsscope.TheactofrunningtheProgramisnotrestricted,andtheoutputfromtheProgramiscoveredonlyifitscontentsconstituteaworkbasedontheProgram(independentofhavingbeenmadebyrunningtheProgram).WhetherthatistruedependsonwhattheProgramdoes.
1.YoumaycopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesoftheProgram'ssourcecodeasyoureceiveit,inanymedium,providedthatyouconspicuouslyandappropriatelypublishoneachcopyanappropriatecopyrightnoticeanddisclaimerofwarranty;keepintactallthenoticesthatrefertothisLicenseandtotheabsenceofanywarranty;andgiveanyotherrecipientsoftheProgramacopyofthisLicensealongwiththeProgram.
Youmaychargeafeeforthephysicalactoftransferringacopy,andyoumayatyouroptionofferwarrantyprotectioninexchangeforafee.
2.YoumaymodifyyourcopyorcopiesoftheProgramoranyportionofit,thusformingaworkbasedontheProgram,andcopyanddistributesuchmodificationsorworkunderthetermsofSection1above,providedthatyoualsomeetalloftheseconditions:
a)Youmustcausethemodifiedfilestocarryprominentnoticesstatingthatyouchangedthefilesandthedateofanychange.
b)Youmustcauseanyworkthatyoudistributeorpublish,thatinwholeorinpartcontainsorisderivedfromtheProgramoranypartthereof,tobelicensedasawholeatnochargetoallthirdpartiesunderthetermsofthisLicense.c)Ifthemodifiedprogramnormallyreadscommandsinteractivelywhenrun,youmustcauseit,whenstartedrunningforsuchinteractiveuseinthemostordinaryway,toprintordisplayanannouncementincludinganappropriatecopyrightnoticeandanoticethatthereisnowarranty(orelse,sayingthatyouprovideawarranty)andthatusersmayredistributetheprogramundertheseconditions,andtellingtheuserhowtoviewacopyofthisLicense.(Exception:iftheProgramitselfisinteractivebutdoesnotnormallyprintsuchanannouncement,yourworkbasedontheProgramisnotrequiredtoprintanannouncement.)
Theserequirementsapplytothemodifiedworkasawhole.IfidentifiablesectionsofthatworkarenotderivedfromtheProgram,andcanbereasonablyconsideredindependentandseparateworksinthemselves,thenthisLicense,anditsterms,donotapplytothosesectionswhenyoudistributethemasseparateworks.ButwhenyoudistributethesamesectionsaspartofawholewhichisaworkbasedontheProgram,thedistributionofthewholemustbeonthetermsofthisLicense,whosepermissionsforotherlicenseesextendtotheentirewhole,andthustoeachandeverypartregardlessofwhowroteit.
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Thus,itisnottheintentofthissectiontoclaimrightsorcontestyourrightstoworkwrittenentirelybyyou;rather,theintentistoexercisetherighttocontrolthedistributionofderivativeorcollectiveworksbasedontheProgram.
Inaddition,mereaggregationofanotherworknotbasedontheProgramwiththeProgram(orwithaworkbasedontheProgram)onavolumeofastorageordistributionmediumdoesnotbringtheotherworkunderthescopeofthisLicense.
3.YoumaycopyanddistributetheProgram(oraworkbasedonit,underSection2)inobjectcodeorexecutableformunderthetermsofSections1and2aboveprovidedthatyoualsodooneofthefollowing:
a)Accompanyitwiththecompletecorrespondingmachine-readablesourcecode,whichmustbedistributedunderthetermsofSections1and2aboveonamediumcustomarilyusedforsoftwareinterchange;or,
b)Accompanyitwithawrittenoffer,validforatleastthreeyears,togiveanythirdparty,forachargenomorethanyourcostofphysicallyperformingsourcedistribution,acompletemachine-readablecopyofthecorrespondingsourcecode,tobedistributedunderthetermsofSections1and2aboveonamediumcustomarilyusedforsoftwareinterchange;or,c)Accompanyitwiththeinformationyoureceivedastotheoffertodistributecorrespondingsourcecode.(Thisalternativeisallowedonlyfornoncommercialdistributionandonlyifyoureceivedtheprograminobjectcodeorexecutableformwithsuchanoffer,inaccordwithSubsectionbabove.)
Thesourcecodeforaworkmeansthepreferredformoftheworkformakingmodificationstoit.Foranexecutablework,completesourcecodemeansallthesourcecodeforallmodulesitcontains,plusanyassociatedinterfacedefinitionfiles,plusthescriptsusedtocontrolcompilationandinstallationoftheexecutable.However,asaspecialexception,thesourcecodedistributedneednotincludeanythingthatisnormallydistributed(ineithersourceorbinaryform)withthemajorcomponents(compiler,kernel,andsoon)oftheoperatingsystemonwhichtheexecutableruns,unlessthatcomponentitselfaccompaniestheexecutable.
Ifdistributionofexecutableorobjectcodeismadebyofferingaccesstocopyfromadesignatedplace,thenofferingequivalentaccesstocopythesourcecodefromthesameplacecountsasdistributionofthesourcecode,eventhoughthirdpartiesarenotcompelledtocopythesourcealongwiththeobjectcode.
4.Youmaynotcopy,modify,sublicense,ordistributetheProgramexceptasexpresslyprovidedunderthisLicense.Anyattemptotherwisetocopy,modify,sublicenseordistributetheProgramisvoid,andwillautomaticallyterminateyourrightsunderthisLicense.However,partieswhohavereceivedcopies,orrights,fromyouunderthisLicensewillnothavetheirlicensesterminatedsolongassuchpartiesremaininfullcompliance.
5.YouarenotrequiredtoacceptthisLicense,sinceyouhavenotsignedit.However,nothingelsegrantsyoupermissiontomodifyordistributetheProgramoritsderivativeworks.TheseactionsareprohibitedbylawifyoudonotacceptthisLicense.Therefore,bymodifyingordistributingtheProgram(oranyworkbasedontheProgram),youindicateyouracceptanceofthisLicensetodoso,and
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allitstermsandconditionsforcopying,distributingormodifyingtheProgramorworksbasedonit.
6.EachtimeyouredistributetheProgram(oranyworkbasedontheProgram),therecipientautomaticallyreceivesalicensefromtheoriginallicensortocopy,distributeormodifytheProgramsubjecttothesetermsandconditions.Youmaynotimposeanyfurtherrestrictionsontherecipients'exerciseoftherightsgrantedherein.YouarenotresponsibleforenforcingcompliancebythirdpartiestothisLicense.
7.If,asaconsequenceofacourtjudgmentorallegationofpatentinfringementorforanyotherreason(notlimitedtopatentissues),conditionsareimposedonyou(whetherbycourtorder,agreementorotherwise)thatcontradicttheconditionsofthisLicense,theydonotexcuseyoufromtheconditionsofthisLicense.IfyoucannotdistributesoastosatisfysimultaneouslyyourobligationsunderthisLicenseandanyotherpertinentobligations,thenasaconsequenceyoumaynotdistributetheProgramatall.Forexample,ifapatentlicensewouldnotpermitroyalty-freeredistributionoftheProgrambyallthosewhoreceivecopiesdirectlyorindirectlythroughyou,thentheonlywayyoucouldsatisfybothitandthisLicensewouldbetorefrainentirelyfromdistributionoftheProgram.
Ifanyportionofthissectionisheldinvalidorunenforceableunderanyparticularcircumstance,thebalanceofthesectionisintendedtoapplyandthesectionasawholeisintendedtoapplyinothercircumstances.
Itisnotthepurposeofthissectiontoinduceyoutoinfringeanypatentsorotherpropertyrightclaimsortocontestvalidityofanysuchclaims;thissectionhasthesolepurposeofprotectingtheintegrityofthefreesoftwaredistributionsystem,whichisimplementedbypubliclicensepractices.Manypeoplehavemadegenerouscontributionstothewiderangeofsoftwaredistributedthroughthatsysteminrelianceonconsistentapplicationofthatsystem;itisuptotheauthor/donortodecideifheorsheiswillingtodistributesoftwarethroughanyothersystemandalicenseecannotimposethatchoice.
ThissectionisintendedtomakethoroughlyclearwhatisbelievedtobeaconsequenceoftherestofthisLicense.
8.Ifthedistributionand/oruseoftheProgramisrestrictedincertaincountrieseitherbypatentsorbycopyrightedinterfaces,theoriginalcopyrightholderwhoplacestheProgramunderthisLicensemayaddanexplicitgeographicaldistributionlimitationexcludingthosecountries,sothatdistributionispermittedonlyinoramongcountriesnotthusexcluded.Insuchcase,thisLicenseincorporatesthelimitationasifwritteninthebodyofthisLicense.
9.TheFreeSoftwareFoundationmaypublishrevisedand/ornewversionsoftheGeneralPublicLicensefromtimetotime.Suchnewversionswillbesimilarinspirittothepresentversion,butmaydifferindetailtoaddressnewproblemsorconcerns.
Eachversionisgivenadistinguishingversionnumber.IftheProgramspecifiesaversionnumberofthisLicensewhichappliestoitand"anylaterversion",youhavetheoptionoffollowingthetermsandconditionseitherofthatversionorofanylaterversionpublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.IftheProgramdoesnotspecifyaversionnumberofthisLicense,youmaychooseanyversioneverpublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.
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10.IfyouwishtoincorporatepartsoftheProgramintootherfreeprogramswhosedistributionconditionsaredifferent,writetotheauthortoaskforpermission.ForsoftwarewhichiscopyrightedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation,writetotheFreeSoftwareFoundation;wesometimesmakeexceptionsforthis.Ourdecisionwillbeguidedbythetwogoalsofpreservingthefreestatusofallderivativesofourfreesoftwareandofpromotingthesharingandreuseofsoftwaregenerally.
NOWARRANTY
11.BECAUSETHEPROGRAMISLICENSEDFREEOFCHARGE,THEREISNOWARRANTYFORTHEPROGRAM,TOTHEEXTENTPERMITTEDBYAPPLICABLELAW.EXCEPTWHENOTHERWISESTATEDINWRITINGTHECOPYRIGHTHOLDERSAND/OROTHERPARTIESPROVIDETHEPROGRAM"ASIS"WITHOUTWARRANTYOFANYKIND,EITHEREXPRESSEDORIMPLIED,INCLUDING,BUTNOTLIMITEDTO,THEIMPLIEDWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITYANDFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.THEENTIRERISKASTOTHEQUALITYANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEPROGRAMISWITHYOU.SHOULDTHEPROGRAMPROVEDEFECTIVE,YOUASSUMETHECOSTOFALLNECESSARYSERVICING,REPAIRORCORRECTION.
12.INNOEVENTUNLESSREQUIREDBYAPPLICABLELAWORAGREEDTOINWRITINGWILLANYCOPYRIGHTHOLDER,ORANYOTHERPARTYWHOMAYMODIFYAND/ORREDISTRIBUTETHEPROGRAMASPERMITTEDABOVE,BELIABLETOYOUFORDAMAGES,INCLUDINGANYGENERAL,SPECIAL,INCIDENTALORCONSEQUENTIALDAMAGESARISINGOUTOFTHEUSEORINABILITYTOUSETHEPROGRAM(INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITEDTOLOSSOFDATAORDATABEINGRENDEREDINACCURATEORLOSSESSUSTAINEDBYYOUORTHIRDPARTIESORAFAILUREOFTHEPROGRAMTOOPERATEWITHANYOTHERPROGRAMS),EVENIFSUCHHOLDEROROTHERPARTYHASBEENADVISEDOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFSUCHDAMAGES.
ENDOFTERMSANDCONDITIONS