EOY REVIEWContinued from Mid year Review

Barker 2015

ISLAM AND ARABIAN PENINSULA Geography

Red Sea Persian GulfArabian SeaMostly Desert travel by CamelNomads travel from Oasis to Oasis Isolation, lack of water source for farming

and transportation Irrigation for farmingUse of caravans (large amounts of people)

for trade routes and traveling

MUHAMMAD Connection between Makkah and

Judaism is (Abraham & Ishmael) Wealthy merchant Believed to have had a revelation from

Gabriel Prophet who taught about Allah Revelations form the basis of Islam Believed to be founder of Islam

ISLAM 5 Pillars of Islam- Statement of Faith,

Prayer, Almsgiving, Fasting & Hajj Holy Book- Qur’an Kabba- believed to be the stone that

God sent down to save Ismael Monotheistic Muhammad and his follows took over

Makkah removing the worship of idols from the Kabba and dedicated it to Allah

LAWS Shar’iah Law No separation of Church and state Women belonged to their husbands or

oldest male brother/son or father Split of the Sunni and shitties about who

should be caliph after Muhammad's death

RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE Umayyad Empire Abbasid Empire Religious intolerance of Byzantine and

Persian Empires caused people living under their rule to support Muslim invaders who were known to allow non-believers to continue their own practices and beliefs.

TRADE Religious tolerance helped increase

trade Traded along silk road Traded lead to larger expansion and

more wealth Helped spread islam

ACHIEVEMENTS Astronomy Cartography Math Medicine Philosophy Literature Architecture Calligraphy

AFRICA Nile, Niger, Congo, & Zambezi Rivers Sahara Desert- worlds largest making

trade difficult between the east and western states

· Great Rift Valley · Mt. Kilimajaro Lake Victoria · Rainforest · Desert · Savanna ·

Mediterranean/Chaparral

BANTU MIGRATION · Earliest groups lived in area around the

Niger River Importance of family primary social structure

(clan) Matrilineal heritage Women had larger roles/ advisors to men Polytheistic Cultural diffusion as Bantu encountered

groups farming techniques, iron making, language

Migrated South East to find better farmland

EAST AFRICA Adulus locate don Red Sea Access to Ocean made Adulus more desirable Merchants came to buy goods from African

interior Axum became a powerful kingdom because of

trade Minted their own coins Introduction of Christianity Bantu-speaking people mixed & intermarried

with the Arabs o Adoption of Islam o Swahili

GREAT ZIMBABWE

Availability of Gold and Copper Taxed goods passing through Decline due to soil exhaustion where it

could no longer support a large population

WEST AFRICA Located near large deposits of gold Mined the gold and traded with North

Africa for salt Taxed salt coming into and gold going

out of Ghana Taxes created great wealth Trade brought new ideas- Islam

introduced

MALI AND SONGHAIMali- Mansa Musa King Of Mali lead large caravan on pilgrimage to mecca Gave out gold, created libraries and

universities Caused price of gold to crash Brought scholars and architects to TimbuktuSonghai- Conquered Mali by Sunni Ali Sunni Ali wanted to control gold and salt

trade Taxed all Goods in and Out of Kingdom

CENTRAL AMERICAS Central America-isthmus Maya- Yucatan Peninsula, rainforest,

swamps, Aztec- “MesoAmerica” Lake Texcoco Inca- Andes Mountains Lake Titicaca

MAYA Availability of resources led to trade between

villages in the Yucatan Peninsula Trade led to wealth, sharing of resources and

exchange of ideas Group of city-states- each with its own king, who

believed to descended from the sun god Center of each city-state was a ceremonial

center consisting of temples, palaces for rulers/nobles, ball courts & markets

Small villages surrounded the ceremonial center and made up the city-state

Royal women married into royal families of other citystates to Increase trade & form alliances

MAYA SOCIAL STRUCTURE Social Structure-

Ruler & familyNobles & priests

Craftsmen, merchants, tradersFarmers, hunters

Slaves

RELIGION & ACHIEVEMENTSReligion Polytheistic Temple structure for human sacrifices

Games where losers were sacrificed,POWs also sacrificed

Achievements Architecture Astronomy Calendar Paper Mathematics

MAYAN DECLINENo one really knows- its theory Over-farming created a drop in food

production Attack from enemies fighting among

city-states Rebellion of peasants that overthrew

king and priests Drought

AZTEC Developed on island in Lake Texcoco legend of the eagle & cactus, floating gardens,

Tenochtitlan City- States paid tribute to emperor City states ruled by leader who answered to

Emperor Economics: Agricultural in origin Development of specialization of labor Trade grows as artisans & craftsmen sell their

goods Wealth from trade and tributes paid by

conquered peoples supported the empire

SOCIAL STRUCTUREEmperor- incarnation of sun godNobles-Nobility (appointed), warriors and priestsCommoners- Craftsmen, merchants, traders, farmersUnskilled Workers- Farmers

SlavesUpward mobility possible based on superior service in war

RELIGION AND ACHIEVEMENTSTemples Human sacrifices believed necessary to prevent gods from destroying the world;

victims captured in war were sacrificedAchievements

Chinampas- floating garden bedsArchitectureJewelrywritingCalendarArrows & use ofpoison

DECLINE OF AZTECS Tribute states joined forces with Spanish

explorers, led by Cortes’, to overthrow the Aztec emperor

Role of smallpox in weakening the empire Technology in warfare gives Spanish

upper hand

INCAS Began in Cuzco, high in the Andes

Mountain Land was divided into 4 provinces Strong central government need to

maintain large empire. Tributes were paid in the form of labor tax Lands were conquered & redistributedDecline: Spanish explorers came to conquer landsIncan swords were no match for Spanish guns

INCAN ECONOMY All people grew & created what they needed all excess was collected by the government

& stored in case of disaster/need Storehouses were located along the highways Everyone worked for the government as well

as for their own family’s needs Labor tax- everyone worked for the

government No trade because the government collected

and redistributed Command economy no money, no credit only small amounts of local bartering

SOCIAL STRUCTURE Emperor (incarnation of sun god) Head Priest & Head of army Regional army leaders Temple priests, local army leaders &

skilled workers Farmers, herders, soldiers Slaves- not as widely practiced

RELIGION AND ACHIEVEMENTSReligion Polytheistic Mummification Sacrifices- llamas, cloth, food, occasionally peopleAchievements Roads Temples Suspension bridges Quipu Jewelry Calendar Terrace farming Medicine Domestication/use of llamas

INDIA Physical features- is a peninsula Isolation- Hindu Kush, · Himalayas, ·

Western & Eastern Ghats · Indian Ocean · Indus River Ganges River · Brahmaputra River

monsoon winds bring yearly rain for crops

Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa Plumbing system- Sewage system &

Indoor bathrooms Trash collection system

ARYANSTheories on decline of Indus civilizations Conquest Migration due to drought Natural disasters- floods, earthquakes &

change in course of Indus River Aryans no longer nomadic settled Small kingdoms that fought with each

other Developed written language- Sanskrit

RELIGIONHinduism- no founder Main beliefs -· Vedas · Brahman · Karma

Dharma · Reincarnation · moksha Caste System- · Varnas · Brahmans · Kshatriya

Vaishya · Shudra · UntouchablesBuddhism- ·Founded by- Prince Siddhartha Gautama Buddha Practices- · 4 Noble Truths · Eightfold Path ·

Nirvana · Reincarnation · Meditation Asoka: · United kingdoms of Indian subcontinent

under his rule- Used Buddhist principles to rule; · Sponsored missionaries · Trade along the Silk Road

GUPTA EMPIRE Success of trade created a strong economy-

large amounts of wealth Trade brought new ideas Golden Age-

Architecture- temples &palaces ·Math- algebra, infinity, zero, numerals for 1-9,

decimal system Astronomy- Earth was round & rotated on axis,

Heliocentric Metalworking- iron Medicine- Dental, set broken bones, sew

wounds, surgeries Universities

CHINA Protected from invaders (isolated) by

natural barriers- mountains, deserts, plateaus

Yellow and haung he river Yu the great was first emperor,

controlled flooding of yellow river Dynastic cycle Mandate of Heaven 3 Chinese Philosophies – Legalism,

Daoism, Confucianism Invaded by the Mongols

TRADE/RESOURCE Silk major export Jade and porcelain Great Wall to protect farmland and travelers Buddhism comes to China by Silk Road Achievements

Grand CanalGunpowderPorcelainMoveable printingMagnetic compassSteelCoalShips & rudders

JAPAN Archipelago Catastrophic natural occurrences Shortage of arable land Shintoism- kami- focuses on this life,

family responsibilities Feudalism-

Emperor- figureheadShogunDaimyoSamurai warriors/noblesPeasants merchants

EUROPE Mediterranean Sea, peninsulas, rivers,

mountain ranges, plains British Isles Location of arable farmland & resources No protection from invaders lead to social

structure(feudalism)-system of loyalty in exchange for landKings & QueensNoblesKnightsPeasantsSerfs

MAGNA CARTA Barrons forced King John to sign in 1215 Gave people rights

Trial by juryEqual taxesConstitutional monarchy

Made to help the aristocracy(a form of government in which power is held by the nobility)

Barrons bartered their loyalty to protect the king in exchange for their rights