Contrast Effect

• Contrast Effect

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Green

1 Green is complementary to a purplish red or reddish purple color,

in both additive and subtractive mixtures, and in simultaneous

contrast effects and afterimages.


Phase contrast microscope - Working principle

1 However, the background light is affected to a much greater extent, which creates the phase contrast

effect.


Perception - Contrast effects

1 A common finding across many different kinds of perception is that the perceived

qualities of an object can be affected by the qualities of context. If one object is extreme

on some dimension, then neighboring objects are perceived as further away from that extreme. Simultaneous contrast effect is the term used when stimuli are presented

at the same time, whereas successive contrast applies when stimuli are presented

one after another.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-contrast-effect-toolkit.html

Perception - Contrast effects

1 The contrast effect was noted by the 17th Century philosopher John Locke, who observed that lukewarm water can feel hot or cold, depending on whether the hand touching it was

previously in hot or cold water


Self-knowledge (psychology) - The Contrast Effect

1 * Whether the assimilation or contrast effect prevails depends on the psychological

closeness, with people feeling psychologically disconnected with their social surroundings being more likely to show contrast effects. Assimilation effects occur when the subject

feels psychologically connected to their social surroundings.Brewer, M. B., Weber, J. G.

(1994). Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66,268-275


Interview - Interviewer's judgements

1 ;The Contrast Effect: How the interviewers evaluate a particular

applicant may depend on their standards of comparison, that is, the characteristics of the applicants they

interviewed previously.


Dislocations - Observation of dislocations

1 The less regular atomic structures of the grain boundaries and in the

strain fields around dislocation lines have different diffractive properties than the regular lattice within the

grains, and therefore present different contrast effects in the

electron micrographs


Ambivalence - Effects of attitudinal ambivalence

1 Haddock, G. (2003). Making a party leader less of a party member: The

impact of ambivalence on assimilation and contrast effects in

political party attitudes. Political Psychology, 24, 769-780. doi:

10.1046/j.1467-9221.2003.00353.x


Empirical theories of perception - Color

1 One way to test this idea is to see whether the frequency of co-

occurrence of light spectra predicts simultaneous color contrast effects

(see side image, Fig


Phase contrast microscopy - Working principle

1 However, the background light is affected to a much greater extent, which creates the phase contrast

effect.


Diederik Stapel - Various research

1 In 'Interpretation versus Reference Framing: Assimilation and Contrast

Effects in the Organizational Domain', a paper published in

November 1998, Stapel is studying whether the type of information

activated will get different judgments on the subject


Contrast effect

1 A 'contrast effect' is the enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of

perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately

previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus (physiology)|stimulus of lesser or

greater value in the same dimension. (Here, normal perception, cognition or performance

is that which would be obtained in the absence of the comparison stimulus—i.e., one based on all previous experience.)


Contrast effect - Domains

1 Contrast effects can shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness, but other kinds of

perception, including the perception of weight


Lightness - Relationship between lightness, value, and luminance

1 ;1944 : Saunderson and Milner introduce a subtractive constant in

the previous expression, for a better fit to the Munsell value. Later,

Dorothea Jameson|Jameson and Hurvich claim that this corrects for

simultaneous contrast effects.


Effort justification - Competing views

1 Preference for the outcome that follows a relatively aversive event:

Contrast or delay reduction? Learning and Motivation, 42, 255–271

Alessandri, Darcheville Zentall (2008) argue that the cause for these

findings, both in humans and animals, is the Negative (positive)

contrast effect|contrast effect


Discrimination testing - Disadvantages

1 Contrast effect and convergence error: The juxtaposition of two noticeably diverse

samples commonly causes the panellists to exaggerate the contrasts, hence the contrast

effect. But this can also incur the opposite effect, whereby the significant difference can camouflage the more minute unlikeness's—The convergence error. In order to correct and prevent these errors, there must be

randomized arrangements of samples for each panellist, so as to balance both effects. ·


Kikuchi line - Electron channeling patterns

1 The above techniques all involve detection of electrons which have passed through a thin specimen, usually in a transmission electron

microscope. Scanning electron microscopes, on the other hand, typically look at electrons kicked up when one rasters a focussed electron beam across a thick specimen. Electron channeling patterns are contrast effects associated with

edge-on lattice planes that show up in scanning electron microscope secondary and/or

backscattered electron images.


Kikuchi line - Electron channeling patterns

1 The contrast effects are to first order similar to those of bend contours, i.e. electrons which enter a crystalline surface under diffracting conditions tend to channel (penetrate deeper into the specimen

without losing energy) and thus kick up fewer electrons near the entry surface for

detection. Hence bands form, depending on beam/lattice orientation, with the now-

familiar Kikuchi line geometry.


Golem effect - Golem in group settings

1 It would be of significant value to the Golem research literature to see whether Golem effects are also

unaffected by interpersonal contrast effects through similar group study

designs.


Orphism (art) - Eugène Chevreul

1 Most famous for discovering margarine, Chevreul delved in dye

chemistry as well as the aesthetics of contrast effect|simultaneous contrast

of colors


Emerge! The Rise of Functional Democracy and the Future of the Middle East - Framing Middle Eastern political history through Memetics and values systems

1 Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change


Don Edward Beck - Influences

1 * Muzafer Sherif, his wife Carolyn Sherif, and Carl Hovland's

Assimilation Contrast Effect model[http://www.integratedsociopsy

chology.net/assimilation-contrast_effect.html Assimilation-

Contrast Effect], webpage is grounded in social judgment theory. This model diagrams the level of ego

involvement in information processing., video


Assimilation effect

1 Assimilation effects are different from contrast effects, where a negative

correlation between judgments and contextual information is observed.


Assimilation effect - Factors determining assimilation effects

1 The more specific or extreme the context stimuli are in comparison to the target stimulus, the more likely

contrast effects are to occur.


Assimilation effect - Factors determining assimilation effects

1 Assimilation and contrast effects in attitude measurement: An inclusion/exclusion model


Assimilation effect - The inclusion/exclusion model

1 When using the accessible information for constructing the representation of the target, an

assimilation effect results, whereas accessible information that is

constructed in the mental representation of the standard of

comparison leads to contrast effects.



1 Scandals and the public’s trust in politicians: Assimilation and contrast effects



1 This demonstrates a contrast effect, because the accessible information

was excluded from the representation of the target stimulus

(e.g



1 Consequently, the same accessible information can result in assimilation

or contrast effects, depending on how it is categorized.


Assimilation effect - Simultaneous assimilation

1 These studies also supported the Inclusion/Exclusion Model, showing

that contrast effects appeared if attractive faces were presented

successively before presenting an unattractive face; in this case the

unattractive face was rated as even more unattractive.Wedell, D


Assimilation effect - Examples of assimilation effects

1 Whenever researchers conduct attitude surveys and Questionnaire construction|design questionnaires,

they have to take judgment processes and the resulting

assimilation effects into account. Assimilation effects (as well as

contrast effects) may arise through the sequence of questions.

Previously asked specific questions may influence subsequent more

general ones:



1 Assimilation and contrast effects in part-whole question sequences: A conversational

logic analysis



1 The term Self-knowledge (psychology)#The Contrast Effect|assimilation effect appears in the

field of social comparison research as well. Complementary to the

previously stated definition, the term describes the effect of a felt

psychological closeness of social surroundings that influence the

current self-representation and Self-knowledge (psychology)|self-

knowledge.


Red states and blue states - Map interpretation

1 Finally, there are problems associated with human perception. Large areas of color

appear more saturated than small areas of the same color. A juxtaposition of differing

colors and shades can result in contrast misperceptions. For example, due to the

contrast effect|simultaneous contrast effect, the Bezold effect, and other factors, an area shaded light red surrounded by areas shaded

dark red will appear even lighter. Differing shades of red and blue compound this effect.


Norbert Schwarz - Gricean Maxims and Survey Response

1 (1991) Assimilation and contrast effects in part-whole question

sequences: A conversational logic analysis


Norbert Schwarz - Categorization and Judgment

1 Contrast effects occur when exposure to valenced information

influences judgments in a way that is incongruent with the valenced

information


Norbert Schwarz - Categorization and Judgment

1 Scandals and the public's trust in politicians: Assimilation and contrast effects


Diode gun Plumbicon - Dark halo

1 This effect was actually cultivated by tube manufacturers to a certain

extent, as a Unsharp masking|small, carefully controlled amount of the

dark halo has the effect of crispening the visual image due to the contrast

effect


Antares - Companion star

1 The companion is often described as green, but this is probably either a contrast effect or the result of the mixing of light from the two stars

when they are seen together through a telescope and are too close to be

completely resolved


Quilt - Block designs

1 Dramatic contrast effects with light and dark fabrics are created by

various layouts of the blocks when forming a quilt top


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Contrast Effect