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Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Module 4: Medical HistoryModule 4: Medical History
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Topic Overview: Medical History Topic Overview: Medical History
• How does the medical history protect the patient’s health?
• How can we obtain a medical history from a non-English-speaking patient?
• What does the information-gathering phase involve?
• How do we determine the medical risks of dental care?
• When do we consult with a physician?
• How can we reduce anxiety for an anxious patient?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Medical History AssessmentMedical History Assessment
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
There is a strong two-way relationship between
systemic health and oral conditions.
There is a strong two-way relationship between
systemic health and oral conditions.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Relationship Between Systemic and Oral HealthRelationship Between Systemic and Oral Health
• Systemic disease may have oral implications.
• Medications produce changes in oral health.
• Systemic conditions may require certain precautions prior to dental treatment.
• Oral manifestations may need to be checked by the primary care physician.
• Substances or drugs used in treatment may produce an adverse reaction
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Health History FormsHealth History Forms
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Medical History FormsMedical History Forms
• Used to gather subjective data about the patient’s:
– Past health problems
– Present health problems
– Medications
• Many different formats and lengths
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Multicultural ConsiderationsMulticultural Considerations
• Need to find a way to assess the health history of a patient who speaks another language
• Trained dental interpreter is ideal, but not practical
• Some medical history forms have identical “other language” forms
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Multilanguage Health History ProjectMultilanguage Health History Project
• University of the Pacific Dental School
• California Dental Association
• MetLife Inc.
The UOP health history form has been translated into more than 25 languages.
Available online at http://dental.pacific.edu
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Informed Consent and the Medical HistoryInformed Consent and the Medical History
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Informed Consent – Ethical ConsiderationsInformed Consent – Ethical Considerations
• Responsibility of clinician to provide complete and comprehensive information about assessment and treatment procedures
• Inform patient about expected successful outcomes and possible risks, unanticipated outcomes, and alternative treatments
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Capacity for ConsentCapacity for Consent
• Ability of a patient to fully understand the proposed treatment, possible risks, and alternative treatments
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Informed RefusalInformed Refusal
• Patient may decide to refuse one or more of the recommended assessment procedures
• Refusal may not be considered optimal choice by clinician, but patient has right to make any decision about treatment
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Patient ResponsibilitiesPatient Responsibilities
• Provide accurate responses on medical history
• Clinician can attempt to put patient at ease when filling out medical history
• Patient may need to reveal private or potentially embarassing medical details
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Information-Gathering Phase of the Medical History Assessment
Information-Gathering Phase of the Medical History Assessment
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Information-Gathering PhaseInformation-Gathering Phase
• A methodical plan for information gathering and review
• The goal is to obtain complete information about the patient’s past and present medical conditions/diseases and medications.
• A verbal interview provides an opportunity to clarify information and ask follow-up questions about information on the written questionnaire.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Information-Gathering Phase (cont.)Information-Gathering Phase (cont.)
• Thoroughly read the form completed by the patient.
• Prioritize. Pain takes priority.
• Research the patient’s medical conditions and diseases.
• Research the patient’s prescription and OTC drugs.
• Formulate questions to ask patient for additional info.
• Interview patient and ask questions to clarify info.
• Consult with patient’s physician, if appropriate.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Medical Alert BoxMedical Alert Box
The Medical Alert Box on the patient record brings attention to something that would require modifications to dental treatment.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
What Goes in the Box?What Goes in the Box?
Any medical condition or disease that:
• Alters dental treatment
• Alters drugs used during the course of dental treatment
• Places the patient at risk for a medical emergency
• Could result in postoperative complications
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Determination of the Medical Risks of Dental Treatment
Determination of the Medical Risks of Dental Treatment
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The information gathered from the patient
and the clinician’s research on the patient’s medical conditions and medications
are used to determine the need for precautionary measures before or during dental treatment.
The information gathered from the patient
and the clinician’s research on the patient’s medical conditions and medications
are used to determine the need for precautionary measures before or during dental treatment.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
American Society of Anesthesiologists American Society of Anesthesiologists
• The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) is one of the pioneers in the field of patient safety in medicine.
• The ASA status of the patient is used to determine the patient’s level of medical risk during dental treatment.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ASA Classification LevelsASA Classification Levels
• ASA 1—Normal
• ASA 2—Mild disease, anxious
• ASA 3—Severe systemic disease
• ASA 4—Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ASA Level 1 Health StatusASA Level 1 Health Status
• A normal healthy patient
• In addition to being healthy, an ASA 1 patient must have little or no anxiety about dental treatment.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ASA 1 Modifications for Safe CareASA 1 Modifications for Safe Care
• ASA 1 is a green flaggreen flag for dental treatment
• No treatment modifications are necessary
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ASA Level 2 Health StatusASA Level 2 Health Status
• A patient with mildmild systemic disease
• Or a patient who is healthy but who is anxious or fearful of dental treatment
• Examples: well-controlledwell-controlled diabetes, epilepsy, or asthma
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ASA 2 Modifications for Safe CareASA 2 Modifications for Safe Care
• Yellow flagYellow flag for dental treatment
• Employ stress-reduction strategies
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ASA Level 3 Health StatusASA Level 3 Health Status
• A patient with severesevere systemic disease that limits activity
• Examples: angina, stroke, heart attack, congestive heart failure
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ASA 3 Modifications for Safe CareASA 3 Modifications for Safe Care
• Yellow flagYellow flag for dental treatment
• Employ stress-reduction strategies
• Treatment modifications are neededTreatment modifications are needed, such as antibiotic premedication
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ASA Level 4 Health StatusASA Level 4 Health Status
• A patient with severesevere systemic disease that is a constant threat to lifeconstant threat to life
• Examples: heart attack or stroke within the past 6 months
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ASA 4 Modifications for Safe CareASA 4 Modifications for Safe Care
• Red flagRed flag for dental treatment at the current time
• ElectiveElective dental care should be postponed until the patient’s medical condition has improved to at least an ASA 3 classification.
• EmergencyEmergency dental care in a hospital dentistry setting
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Consultation with a PhysicianConsultation with a Physician
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Medical ConsultationMedical Consultation
• A consultation is simply a request for additional
information and/or advice about the medical implications
of dental treatment.
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Physician’s ConsultPhysician’s Consult
• If there is any question or doubt, consult the patient’s physician
• Request additional information
• Request advice about procedures
• Written requestWritten request and reply is ideal
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Written RequestWritten Request
• State medical condition
• Explain planned dental treatment
• Request additional information
• Include patient-signed release-of-information form
• Include dentist’s signature, address, phone and fax numbers
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CautionCaution
• Remember, a physician is a medical expertmedical expert who may
have little knowledge about dental procedures.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Explain Planned TreatmentExplain Planned Treatment
• Explain to physician:
– Procedures planned
– Length of time for appointment
– Specify surgical procedures (including periodontal débridement)
– Amount of anticipated blood loss
– Possible complications
– Medications or anesthetics that will be used
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Patient’s SignaturePatient’s Signature
• The patient must grant written consent for the physician
to release information about the patient’s medical
conditions.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Written RequestWritten Request
• The consult should be in triplicate:
– Clinic copy for patient’s chart
– Patient’s copy
– Copy faxed to physician
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
In Writing or Over the Phone?
• Telephone conversations do not hold up in court.
• If the initial request or discussion occurs over the phone, always follow up in writing.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Stress Reduction Protocol for Anxious Patients
Stress Reduction Protocol for Anxious Patients
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
An upcoming dental appointment causes considerable anxiety and stress for some patients.
For anxious patients, stress-reduction strategies are recommended.
An upcoming dental appointment causes considerable anxiety and stress for some patients.
For anxious patients, stress-reduction strategies are recommended.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Overview: Strategies for Stress ReductionOverview: Strategies for Stress Reduction
1. Good communication
2. Reduce anxiety
3. Scheduling
4. Suggestions for patient
5. Length of treatment
6. Pain control
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Strategy 1: Good Communication Strategy 1: Good Communication
• Use empathy and effective communication to establish
trust and determine the cause(s) of the patient’s anxiety.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Strategy 2: Reduce AnxietyStrategy 2: Reduce Anxiety
• Premedicate as needed with an anti-anxiety medication use:
– The night before appointment to help patient get a good night’s sleep
– The day of the appointment to keep patient calm
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Strategy 3: SchedulingStrategy 3: Scheduling
• Schedule appointments early in the day (so that patient
will not have all day to worry about the upcoming
treatment).
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Strategy 4: Suggestions for PatientStrategy 4: Suggestions for Patient
• Suggest patient eat a normal meal before appointment,
and allow ample time to get to dental office
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Strategy 5: Length of TreatmentStrategy 5: Length of Treatment
• Keep appointments short to avoid stressing the patient.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Strategy 6: Pain ControlStrategy 6: Pain Control
• Ensure good pain control beforebefore, duringduring, and afterafter the appointment.
• Good pain management includes, as appropriate, the use of pain medications, local anesthesia, and/or nitrous oxide sedation.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Recap: Medical HistoryRecap: Medical History
• Systemic disease may have oral implications.
• Systemic conditions may require certain precautions prior to dental treatment.
• Multilanguage health history forms are helpful in obtaining accurate information from a patient who does not speak or read English.
• A verbal interview provides an opportunity to clarify information and ask follow-up questions about information on the written questionnaire.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Recap: Medical History (cont.)Recap: Medical History (cont.)
• The patient’s ASA status is used to determine the patient’s level of medical risk during dental treatment.
• A medical consultation is a request for additional information and/or advice about the medical implications of dental treatment.
• Stress-reduction strategies are recommended for anxious patients.