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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

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Page 1: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 6

Emotional and Social Development inInfancy and Toddlerhood

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;

Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;

Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Page 2: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood This multimedia product

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Psychodynamic StagesAge Erikson’s Stage Freud’s Stage

First Year

Basic Trust

versus

Mistrust

Oral

Second Year

Autonomy

Versus

Shame and Doubt

Anal

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First Appearance of Basic Emotions

Happiness

Smile – from birthSocial smile – 6 to 10 weeksLaugh – 3–4 months

Anger

General distress – from birthAnger – 4–6 months

FearFirst fears – second half of first yearStranger Anxiety – 8–12 months

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Understanding Emotions of Others

Emotional Contagion Early infancy

Recognize Other’s Facial Expressions 7–10 months

Social Referencing

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Self-Conscious Emotions

Shame Embarrassment Guilt Envy Pride

Emerge middle of second year Need adult instruction about when to feel them

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Emotional Self-Regulation Young infants rely in

caregivers to soothe them.

Self-regulation grows over fist year, with brain development.

Caregivers contribute to child’s self- regulation style.

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Structure of Temperament

Easy – 40% Difficult – 10% Slow-to-warm-up – 15% Unclassified – 35%

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Biological Basis for Temperament

Inhibited, Shy

React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli

High heart rates, stress hormones, & stress symptoms

Higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity.

Uninhibited, Sociable

React positively, approach new stimuli

Low hear rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms

Higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity

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Genetics and Environment in Temperament

Genetic Influences

Responsible for about half of individual differencesEthnicity, gender

Environmental Influences

Cultural caregiving stylesBoys & girls treated differentlyParents emphasize sibling differences

Goodness-of-FitCombines genetics and environment

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Ethological Theory of Attachment

Preattachment phase Attachment-in-the-

making phase Phase of clear-cut

attachment Separation anxiety

Formation of a reciprocal relationship

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Measuring the Security of Attachment

Secure – 65% Avoidant – 20% Resistant – 10% Disorganized-

disoriented – 5–10%

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Cultural Variations inAttachment Security

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Factors that Affect Attachment Security

Opportunity for attachment

Quality of caregiving Interactional synchrony

Infant characteristics Family circumstances Parents’ internal working

models

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Multiple Attachments

Fathers Siblings Grandparents Professional

caregivers

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Attachment and Later Development

Secure attachment related to positive outcomes in: Preschool Middle childhood

Continuity of caregiving may link infant attachment and later development.

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Factors that Affect Attachment of Children in Child Care

Initial Attachment Quality Family Circumstances Quality of Child Care

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

Extent of Child Care

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I-Self and Me-Self

I-Self

Sense of self as agent Separate from

surrounding world Can control own

thoughts and actions

Me-Self Sense of self as object of

knowledge and evaluation Qualities that make self

unique: Physical characteristics Possessions Attitudes, beliefs,

personality

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Self-Control Ability to resist impulses Emerges around 18

months Improves through early

childhood Individual differences are

lasting: Gender Sensitive caregiving

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Compliance Understanding and obeying

caregivers’ wishes and standards

Emerges between 12 and 18 months

Toddlers assert autonomy by sometimes not complying

Warm, sensitive caregiving increases compliance

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Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self-Control Respond with sensitivity and support Give advance notice of change in activities Offer many prompts and reminders Reinforce self-controlled behavior Encourage sustained attention Support language development Increase rules gradually