1

Inside this Issue:University Profile: Deakin University

Project Profile: Cathodic Protection of a 1.2km long Harbour Tunnel

Technical Note: Copper Based Antifouling Coatings on Aluminium Hulls

Technical Note: Effect of Surface Roughness on the Corrosion of 316-type Stainless Steel

Research Paper: Shedding light on Corrosion

Research Paper: Underprotection of Mild Steel in Seawater, the Calcareous Film

O f f i c i a l P u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e A u s t r a l a s i a n C o r r o s i o n A s s o c i a t i o n • w w w . c o r r o s i o n . c o m . a u

Vol 36 No 6, December 2011ISSN 1326-1932

& M A T E R I A L S

Xtroll and Xtroll GlobalOver 25 years ago Ian Ashworth made his first product simply called Xtroll. Approximately 5 years later with more products being developed the name Xtroll was converted into a trademark for use on all his products. Xtroll Global was established in August 2000 to manufacture and market a range of products under the trademark Xtroll. The company manufactures a range of products under the categories of: Rust treatment and prevention, Paint and coatings, Concrete Masonry and Asbestos sealers and coatings, Timber sealers and coatings, and Cleaning products. The world class products give customers great value for money, due to a combination of high coverage rates, product excellence and the simple fact that they really work. Additionally the company provides customers with complete technical advice about the products and their many and varied applications.

As always the primary focus of the company will be to provide quality products that put simply, really do work. The extensive range of Xtroll products fits this bill, and of course this includes Xtroll’s amazing corrosion treatment and prevention products. Led by Xtroll’s flagship product Rust Conqueror and very well supported by products like Xtroll Silver, Xtroll Metalguard and Xtroll GP Primer, these products when used correctly can, will and do treat and stop existing corrosion on any metal. Additionally the products can be used to prevent the onset of rust on all new metals. Xtroll products are easy to use, normally only requiring basic preparation and being simple to apply correctly.

Rust Conqueror effectively uses the rust on the metal when being used to treat rust. To prepare the surface for treatment simply remove loose flaky material, degrease and rinse. Once dry apply Rust Conqueror in multiple light coats until a glossy varnish like finish is achieved. This system ensures that the product penetrates, saturates and encapsulates all of the rust, effectively binding the rust back to the material, while at the same time locking all air and moisture out. The completed system can be painted over with either solvent based or water based products so long as appropriate drying times have elapsed. Rust Conqueror is based on organic products and is safe and easy to apply. Rust Conqueror can be applied in a wide variety of environments and temperatures making it exceptionally versatile.

When used as part of a system with Xtroll Silver or Xtroll Metalguard, the life of aged materials can be significantly improved. This fact coupled with the ease of preparation and application, mean that you can really save money on maintenance costs. Simpler easy to achieve preparation saves you time, while ease of application means no special equipment or training is required. Add these facts to the excellent coverage rate offered by the products and the simple truth is that you will save time and money which is crucial in today’s economic climate.

Rust Conqueror is also an ideal rust preventative when used to protect new metals. Simply degrease and rinse the surface to which it is to be applied and once dry apply sufficient product to ensure a gloss varnish like finish. This ensures a non porous finish which effectively prevents air and moisture from contacting the surface therefore preventing rust. Being essentially a clear coating that will last more than 18 months in direct sunlight, with a coverage on new material of up to 30 square meters per litre, and being readily coated with either enamel or acrylic paints after a simple wash and rinse to remove any contaminants that may have settled on the surface, the product is ideal and economical for use as a protective coating on materials that may be prone to rusting while in storage or transport.

Air and moisture

Air and moisture

In the diagram above air and moisture are able to penetrate through the rust layer and make contact with the metal surface

which promotes yet more rust.

In the diagram above the Rust Conqueror has penetrated the rust layer and encapsulated it into the protective film. This process prevents air and moisture from being able to contact the metal surface, therefore treating both the existing rust and also preventing further rusting.

Metal substrate

Metal substrate

Layer of rust particles

Layer of rust particles that have been treated with Xtroll Rust Conqueror

For more information on Xtroll products or to find your nearest supplier please contact Global Paint Solutions via, email sales@xtrollglobal.com.au, Ph 02 6568 4040, Fax 02 6568 2971 or via Mobile 0488 438 438. Alternatively visit xtrollglobal.com.au to view the full Xtroll range of products on line.

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 3

Front Cover Photo Shell Todd Oil Services Maui Production Station Oaonui, New Zealand. The Maui Coating Refurbishment Project 2011. Pipe rack painting – Carboline Coatings.

4» President’sMessage

5» 2012ACAEventsCalendar

6» ChiefExecutiveOfficer’sMessage

8» News

17» ACABranchNews

18» ACAStandardsUpdate

21» UniversityProfile:Deakin University

24» ACACertifiedCorrosionTechnologistsandTechnicians

26» C&P2012CallforPapers

28» ACACorporateMembers

30» ProjectProfile:Cathodic Protection of a 1.2km long Harbour Tunnel

33» CoatingsGroupMemberProfile

34» TechnicalNote:Copper Based Antifouling Coatings on Aluminium Hulls

36» TechnicalNote:Effect of Surface Roughness on the Corrosion of 316-type Stainless Steel

38» ResearchPaper: Shedding light on Corrosion

44» ResearchPaper: Underprotection of Mild Steel in Seawater, the Calcareous Film

49» SuppliersandConsultants

The ACA is a founder member of the World Corrosion Organization

ISSN1326-1932Published by The Australasian Corrosion Association Inc. ABN: 66 214 557 257PublicationsDirectorMohammad Ali – GHD, MAli@ghd.com.auEditorBrian Cherry – Monash University, Brian.Cherry@monash.eduAssociateEditorsResearch: Bruce Hinton – Monash University, bruce.hinton@monash.eduProfessional Practice: Willie Mandeno – Opus International Consultants,

willie.mandeno@opus.co.nzNews: Ian Booth – Australasian Corrosion Association, ibooth@corrosion.com.auReviewersAndy Atrens – University of Queensland Nick Birbilis – Monash University Lex Edmond – Monash University Harvey Flitt – Queensland University of Technology Maria Forsyth – Monash University Rob Francis – Aurecon Australia Warren Green – Vinsi Partners Doug John – Curtin University of Technology Graeme Kelly – Corrotec Services Nick Laycock – STOS Grant McAdam – Defence Science and Technology Organisation David Nicholas – Nicholas Corrosion John Robinson – Mount Townsend Solutions Paul Schweinsburg – Queensland University of Technology Raman Singh – Monash University Graham Sussex – Sussex Material Solutions Tony Trueman – Defence Science and Technology Organisation Geoffrey Will – Queensland University of Technology David Young – University of New South WalesAdvertisingSalesWesley Fawaz - wesley.fawaz@corrosion.com.au Ph: 61 3 9890 4833, Fax: 61 3 9890 7866SubscriptionPrint Version: ISSN 1326-1932 Subscription rates to non members: Within Australia: A$72.60, incl GST, single copies A$16.50, incl GST Outside Australia: A$77, excl GST posted airmail, single copies A$22 incl GST On-Line Version: ISSN 1446-6848 Subscription rates to non members: A$22 incl GSTThe views expressed in Corrosion & Materials are those of the individual authors and are not necessarily those of the ACA. Publication of advertisements does not imply endorsement by the ACA. Copyright of all published materials is retained by the ACA but it may be quoted with due reference.AustralasianCorrosionAssociationIncPO Box 112, Kerrimuir Vic 3129, Australia Ph: 61 3 9890 4833, Fax: 61 3 9890 7866 Email: aca@corrosion.com.au Internet: www.corrosion.com.auPresident: Ian MacLeodChief Executive Officer: Ian BoothOperations Chairman: John GrapigliaFinance Director: Paul VinceSenior Vice President: Peter DoveJunior Vice President: Allan SterlingImmediate Past President: Roman DankiwTechnical Director: Graham SussexEducation Director: Geoffrey WillMembership Director: Fred SalomeCommunications Director: Bryan PikePublications Director: Mohammad AliNewcastle Representative: Matthew DafterNew Zealand Representative: John DuncanBranches&DivisionsAuckland Division: Sean Ryder 64 9 261 1400Newcastle: Karen Swain 61 0 418 854 902New South Wales: Denis Jean-Baptiste 61 0 404 646 272Queensland: Cathy Sterling 61 7 3821 0202South Australia: Alex Shepherd 61 8 8267 4744Tasmania: Grant Weatherburn 61 0 418 120 550Taranaki Division: Ron Berry 64 27 671 2278Wellington Division: Alistair MacKenzie 64 4 473 3124Western Australia: Gary Bennett 61 0 408 413 811Victoria: John Tanti 61 3 9885 5305TechnicalGroupsCathodic Protection: Bruce Ackland 61 3 9890 3096Coatings: Matthew O'Keeffe 61 437 935 969Concrete Structures & Buildings: Frédéric Blin 61 3 9653 8406Mining Industry: Peter Farinha 61 8 9456 0344Petroleum & Chemical Processing Industry: Fikry Barouky 61 402 684 165Research: Nick Birbilis 61 3 9905 4919Research: David Young 61 2 9385 4322Water & Water Teatment: David Mavros 61 419 816 783Welding, Joining & Corrosion: Graham Sussex 61 3 9495 6566Young Corrosion Professionals: Erwin Gamboa 61 8 8303 5473*all the above information is accurate at the time of this issue going to press.

& M A T E R I A L S

Xtroll and Xtroll GlobalOver 25 years ago Ian Ashworth made his first product simply called Xtroll. Approximately 5 years later with more products being developed the name Xtroll was converted into a trademark for use on all his products. Xtroll Global was established in August 2000 to manufacture and market a range of products under the trademark Xtroll. The company manufactures a range of products under the categories of: Rust treatment and prevention, Paint and coatings, Concrete Masonry and Asbestos sealers and coatings, Timber sealers and coatings, and Cleaning products. The world class products give customers great value for money, due to a combination of high coverage rates, product excellence and the simple fact that they really work. Additionally the company provides customers with complete technical advice about the products and their many and varied applications.

As always the primary focus of the company will be to provide quality products that put simply, really do work. The extensive range of Xtroll products fits this bill, and of course this includes Xtroll’s amazing corrosion treatment and prevention products. Led by Xtroll’s flagship product Rust Conqueror and very well supported by products like Xtroll Silver, Xtroll Metalguard and Xtroll GP Primer, these products when used correctly can, will and do treat and stop existing corrosion on any metal. Additionally the products can be used to prevent the onset of rust on all new metals. Xtroll products are easy to use, normally only requiring basic preparation and being simple to apply correctly.

Rust Conqueror effectively uses the rust on the metal when being used to treat rust. To prepare the surface for treatment simply remove loose flaky material, degrease and rinse. Once dry apply Rust Conqueror in multiple light coats until a glossy varnish like finish is achieved. This system ensures that the product penetrates, saturates and encapsulates all of the rust, effectively binding the rust back to the material, while at the same time locking all air and moisture out. The completed system can be painted over with either solvent based or water based products so long as appropriate drying times have elapsed. Rust Conqueror is based on organic products and is safe and easy to apply. Rust Conqueror can be applied in a wide variety of environments and temperatures making it exceptionally versatile.

When used as part of a system with Xtroll Silver or Xtroll Metalguard, the life of aged materials can be significantly improved. This fact coupled with the ease of preparation and application, mean that you can really save money on maintenance costs. Simpler easy to achieve preparation saves you time, while ease of application means no special equipment or training is required. Add these facts to the excellent coverage rate offered by the products and the simple truth is that you will save time and money which is crucial in today’s economic climate.

Rust Conqueror is also an ideal rust preventative when used to protect new metals. Simply degrease and rinse the surface to which it is to be applied and once dry apply sufficient product to ensure a gloss varnish like finish. This ensures a non porous finish which effectively prevents air and moisture from contacting the surface therefore preventing rust. Being essentially a clear coating that will last more than 18 months in direct sunlight, with a coverage on new material of up to 30 square meters per litre, and being readily coated with either enamel or acrylic paints after a simple wash and rinse to remove any contaminants that may have settled on the surface, the product is ideal and economical for use as a protective coating on materials that may be prone to rusting while in storage or transport.

Air and moisture

Air and moisture

In the diagram above air and moisture are able to penetrate through the rust layer and make contact with the metal surface

which promotes yet more rust.

In the diagram above the Rust Conqueror has penetrated the rust layer and encapsulated it into the protective film. This process prevents air and moisture from being able to contact the metal surface, therefore treating both the existing rust and also preventing further rusting.

Metal substrate

Metal substrate

Layer of rust particles

Layer of rust particles that have been treated with Xtroll Rust Conqueror

For more information on Xtroll products or to find your nearest supplier please contact Global Paint Solutions via, email sales@xtrollglobal.com.au, Ph 02 6568 4040, Fax 02 6568 2971 or via Mobile 0488 438 438. Alternatively visit xtrollglobal.com.au to view the full Xtroll range of products on line.

Corrosion & Materials4

Lookout!!!

AnothersuccessfulACAconferenceisover,orshouldIsayanInternational

CorrosionCongressthistime.OurcongratulationsandthanksgoestotheteaminWAandallthevolunteerswhoassistedputtingtogetheraphenomenaltechnicalprogrammeandaconferencetoberemembered.Itgoeswithoutsayingthesmoothrunningandprofessionalismofourconferencesdoesnothappenwithoutthosebehindthescenes,namelyIanBoothandhisteamattheACACentreaswellasnumerousvolunteerssupportingthelocalBranch.Sothankyou!

That’senoughoflivinginthepastasit’snowtimetolookforwardandgobacktowhereitallbegansome57yearsagotowheretheACAhelditsveryfirstconference.Melbourne!That’swhere,in2012thebestACAconferenceeverwillbeheld.SogetoutyouriPhone,AndroidorcomputerandlockinNovember11thto14th2012inyourLotusNotesorOutlook.TheVictorianBranchislookingforwardtowelcomingeveryonetoMelbourne!

Whatotherassociationshavememberswithsuchawidediversityofbackgroundsfromblastersandpainters,cathodicprotectiontechniciansanddesignersatthefrontlineofcorrosionmitigation,manufacturersandsuppliersofcorrosionmitigationproductsandequipment,tointernationallyrecognisedacademicsandresearcherswhoprovidetheinsightintocorrosionmechanismsanditsmitigation,allmeetingaspeerswithacommoninterest?

OurconferencesandBranchmeetingsfosterthiscommunitytobroadenourunderstandingofcorrosionissues,sogetoutofyourcomfortzoneandattendsomeBranchmeetingsasyou’renevertoooldtolearnsomethingnew!

Membershipisthelifebloodofourassociationandwithatargetofachieving2,000membersinourstrategicplanby2014wecanallhelppromotethebenefitsofmembershipofTheAustralasianCorrosionAssociationInctoourfriends,associatesandotherbusinessacquaintances.Notonlywillourassociationbestronger,butasindividualswecanincreaseournetworkofcorrosionistsandpossiblyfindashortcuttoacorrosionmitigationsolution.

SowhatistheACAabout?Ourconstitutionstatesourpurposeas“…anon-political,non-profitorganisationestablishedforpromotingtheco-operationofacademic,industrial,commercialandgovernmentalorganisationsinrelationtothemitigationanddisseminationofinformationonallaspectsofcorrosionanditspreventionbypromotinglectures,symposia,publications,trainingandotheractivities.”

Someoftheobjectivesfromthesameconstitutionare:Toimproveanddisseminateknowledgeoftheartsandsciencesofthepreventionandmitigationofcorrosionandalliedarts.Todevelopaco-operativespiritoffriendshipandmutualassistanceamongmembers.

Toconsultwitheducationalauthorities,teachersandotherstoimprovethestandardofeducationinthosebranchesofscienceinwhichtheAssociationisinterested.

Toinitiateandsustainresearch,holdmeetingsforthepresentationanddiscussionoftechnicalpapers;developpublishanddistributetechnicaltreatisesandpursueotherrelatedactivities.

Keepingtheseinmind,theyearaheadprovidessomechallengesaswecontinuetogrow.Therecentminorchangestotheconstitutionwillallowustoreview,updateandmoderniseittoreflectforourfuture

requirementsandtobetterservetheneedsofallourmembers.

Andnowisthetimeweshouldallstarttolookout!Lookingoutsidethemembershiptospreadthewordaboutthecorrosionproblemssocietyfacesandtoinformandeducateourcommunitieshowcorrosionmitigationbenefitssocietybotheconomicallyandenvironmentally.

SomeoftheongoingACAinitiativestoachievethisare(butnotlimitedto):UpgradingtheACAwebsiteforeasiernavigationwithongoingimprovements.

Uploadingpastconferencepapersinthemember’sloginsectionwiththeabstractsavailabletothegeneralpublic,allowingbetterresearchofcorrosiontopicandacknowledgingthecontributionbytheauthorsofthepapers.

UpdatingtheschoolcorrosioneducationwebsitetoreflectthenewnationalcurriculumforusebyscienceteachersinYears11and12.

AWorldCorrosionAwarenessdaytobescheduled.

TheYoungCorrosionGroup(YCG)wasre-launchedin2011withthefocusonengagingthosenewtotheindustry,particularlytheunder35demographic.Asteeringcommitteehasbeenformedtosupporttheseefforts,solookoutforYCGtargetedeventsincludingtechnicalnightsandnetworkingeventsineachBranch'scalendarnextyear.

IaskthatyouallsupporttheACAregularactivitiesin2012throughtheACACentre,yourlocalBranchandtechnicalgroupsandtospreadthewordtooneandalloftheneedtounderstandandmitigatecorrosionatalllevelsofourcommunity.

AsNeilYoung's1978concerttouralbumremindsus,“Rust Never Sleeps!”

PeterDove

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 5

TheACACentrealongwiththeACATechnicalGroupcommitteescanconfirmthelistedeventsbelowfor2012.ACAmemberswillreceivefurtherdetailsoneacheventasappropriatethroughout2012,butfornow,pleaseincludetheseinyour2012diary.

BranchEventsEachoftheeightACABrancheswillconductregulartechnicaleventsthroughout2012.Toenquire,youmaycontactyourlocalBranchatthefollowingemailaddresses:

2012 ACA Events Calendar

EventTitle EventType 2012Date LocationFutureLeadersForum YoungCorrosionGroupForum 22-23February Sydney

CorrosionandRiskManagement RoadShowSeminar 1May Darwin

CorrosionandRiskManagement RoadShowSeminar 3May Gladstone

CorrosionandRiskManagement RoadShowSeminar 8May Newcastle

CorrosionandRiskManagement RoadShowSeminar 10May Wollongong

CorrosionandRiskManagement RoadShowSeminar 15May Tasmania

CorrosionandRiskManagement RoadShowSeminar 17May Melbourne

CorrosionandRiskManagement RoadShowSeminar 22May Adelaide

CorrosionandRiskManagement RoadShowSeminar 24May Perth

CorrosionandRiskManagementintheMarineEnvironment

Seminar 29May Auckland

CorrosionandRiskManagementintheMarineEnvironment

Seminar 31May Wellington

Rust:ExplodingtheMyths!ExploringtheTruth.

Petroleum&ChemicalProcessIndustriesTechnicalGroup/Oil&GasIndustryMid-YearMeeting

30-31May Brisbane

CorrosionPreventionandCoatingDurability

CoatingsTechnicalGroupMid-YearEvent 6-7June Sydney

ConcreteRepairandProtection:SomeContemporaryIssues

ConcreteStructures&BuildingsTechnicalGroupMid-YearEvent

21June Newcastle

CorrosionIssues,PreventionandAssetRehabilitationintheWaterandWasteWaterIndustry

Water&WaterTreatmentTechnicalGroupMid-YearEvent

26June Adelaide

ACAResearchMatters ResearchTechnicalGroup1/2DayMeeting 5July Sydney

MeetingoftheAustralianElectrolysisCommittee

CathodicProtection/AustralianElectrolysisCommitteeMeeting

19July Adelaide

CorrosionandInfrastructureSustainabilityintheMiningIndustry

MiningIndustryTechnicalGroupMid-YearEvent

27July Mackay

CorrosionandInfrastructureSustainabilityintheMiningIndustry

MiningIndustryTechnicalGroupMid-YearEvent

17AugustSingleton/Muswellbrook

Welding&CorrosionMitigationinthePetroleum&ChemicalProcessingIndustry

Petroleum&ChemicalProcessIndustries/Welding,Joining&CorrosionTechnicalGroupsMid-YearEvent

28August Perth

Corrosion&Prevention2012 ACAConference 11-14November Melbourne

NewSouthWales:nsw@corrosion.com.auNewZealand:nz@corrosion.com.auNewcastle:ncl@corrosion.com.auQueensland:qld@corrosion.com.au

SouthAustralia:sa@corrosion.com.auTasmania:tas@corrosion.com.auVictoria:vic@corrosion.com.auWesternAustralia:wa@corrosion.com.au

Pleaserefertowww.corrosion.com.auforuptodatedetailsonallACAactivities.

Corrosion & Materials6

ThepastfouryearsofACA’shistoryhavebeeninsomewaysthemostturbulentandyetinotherstheyhaveseenaconsiderableamountofchange,consolidationandgrowth.

ACAmembersarefortunatethattheirinterestsarerepresentedatdifferentlevelsoftheassociation’sgovernancestructurebyacommittedgroupofvolunteerswhodevoteconsiderabletimeandexpertiseinguidingstaffonhowACAshoulddevelopandinparticularhowmemberbenefitscanbedelivered.Somewouldsuggestthatthecontributionalsoinvolvesblood,sweatandtheoccasionaltearandmayevenextendtotheoddpoundofflesh.

AnimportantinstrumentofpolicydevelopmentandmanagerialcontrolisACA’sOperationsCommittee(Board).TheBoardisledbyitsChairmanwhocanoccupythatpositionforamaximumoftwoterms,typicallyatotaloffouryears.Duringtheperiod2007to2011JohnGrapigliahasbeenChairmanofACA’sBoard.

Johnhaspresidedovermajorchangesinstaff–sixadditionalnewstaffmembershavebeenappointedsinceNovember2008,theconsolidationofACA’sfinances,theaccumulationofhealthyreserves,thepurchaseofadditionalofficepremises,thedevelopmentofarangeofnewpolicies,adramaticimprovementinthemanagementofACA’sconferenceactivities,anincreaseinthenumberoftechnicaleventsandtheexpansionofeducationandtrainingopportunitiesformembersandthewiderindustry.

CertainlythingshavenotalwaysbeenplainsailingbutJohnhasmanagedtofocustheBoard’sattentiononastrategicapproachwhichhasdeliveredgreatbenefits.

The2011combinedACAICCconference,thebiggestthatACAhaseverconductedwastheresultofabidmanagedandpresentedbyJohnbackinOctober2008.

ACA’sflagshippublication,Corrosion & Materialshasgrownsignificantly

initscontentandimpactduringJohn’stenure.

Johnwillbesucceededbyanotherhighlycapableandcommittedvolunteer.JustwhothatwillbeissomethingthatwillbeannouncedfollowingonfromtheCouncilmeetingconductedtowardstheendofNovember.John’ssuccessorwillhaveasolidbaseuponwhichhecancontinuetoguidethebuildingofACA’sfuture.

OtherkeyappointmentstoACA’sBoardwillresultfromthisyear’sCouncilmeeting.Allchangeswillbeannouncedinthenearfuture.ACA’s2010-2011President,IanMacLeodwillpassthebatonontoPeterDove.IamcertainPeter’scontributionandleadershipofaunifiedAustralasianassociationwillbeasexcitingasthatachievedbyIanduringhisterm.

Recognising tremendous personal contributions

From all the team at ACA, we wish you and your staff a Merry Christmas and a

prosperous New Year!

The ACA Centre will be closed on Friday 23rd December 2011 and will re-open on Monday 9th January 2012

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 7

CorrosionTechnologyCertificateMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $1922.73 $192.27 $2115.00AUNonMember $2254.55 $225.45 $2480.00NZMember* $1925.00 NZNonMember $2255.00Adelaide March 26th–30thPerth July 16th–20thSydney December 03rd–07th

IntroductiontoProtectiveCoatingsMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $500.00 $50.00 $550.00AUNonMember $618.18 $61.82 $680.00NZMember* $455.00 NZNonMember $620.00Adelaide May 01stNewZealand November 30th

ProtectiveCoatingsQualityControlMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $1286.36 $128.64 $1415.00AUNonMember $1568.18 $156.82 $1725.00NZMember* $1285.00 NZNonMember $1570.00Adelaide February 20th–22ndNewcastle June 13th–15thNewZealand July 25th–27thMelbourne November 26th–28th

CoatingsSelectionandSpecificationsMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $1286.36 $128.64 $1415.00AUNonMember $1568.18 $156.82 $1725.00NZMember* $1285.00 NZNonMember $1570.00Sydney March 05th–07thPerth July 18th–20thMelbourne November 08th–10th

CoatingsInspectionRefresherMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $500.00 $50.00 $550.00AUNonMember $618.18 $61.82 $680.00NZMember* $455.00 NZNonMember $620.00Sydney January 30thBrisbane June 15thPerth December 04th

IntroductiontoCathodicProtectionMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $500.00 $50.00 $550.00AUNonMember $618.18 $61.82 $680.00NZMember* $455.00 NZNonMember $620.00Brisbane February 06th

CathodicProtectionMonitoringMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $1286.36 $128.64 $1415.00AUNonMember $1568.18 $156.82 $1725.00NZMember* $1285.00 NZNonMember $1570.00Tasmania March 19th–21stSydney May 21st–23rdAdelaide October 22nd–24th

CathodicProtectionAdvancedMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $1922.73 $192.27 $2115.00AUNonMember $2254.55 $225.45 $2480.00NZMember* $1925.00 NZNonMember $2255.00Sydney May 28th–01stPerth August 06th–10th

Corrosion&CPofConcreteStructuresMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $918.18 $91.82 $1010.00AUNonMember $1150.00 $115.00 $1265.00NZMember* $920.00 NZNonMember $1150.00Sydney March 14th–15th

ACA/ACRACorrosion&ProtectionofConcreteStructuresMemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $918.18 $91.82 $1010.00AUNonMember $1150.00 $115.00 $1265.00NZMember* $920.00 NZNonMember $1150.00Wollongong March 14th–15thTasmania October 04th–05th

NACE-CoatingsInspectionProgramCIPLevel1MemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $3236.36 $323.64 $3560.00AUNonMember $3700.00 $370.00 $4070.00NZMember* $3235.00 NZNonMember $3715.00Brisbane Jan/Feb 30th–04thSydney March 19th–24thDarwin April 16th–21stAdelaide May 07th–12thNewcastle June 18th–23rdPerth August 13th–18thTasmania September 03rd–08thNewZealand October 08th–13thMelbourne Oct/Nov 29th–03rdPerth December 03rd–08th

NACE-CoatingsInspectionProgramCIPLevel2MemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $3236.36 $323.64 $3560.00AUNonMember $3700.00 $370.00 $4070.00NZMember* $3235.00 NZNonMember $3715.00Brisbane February 06th–11thSydney March 26th–31stAdelaide May 14th–19thMelbourne July 02nd–07thPerth August 20th–25thNewZealand October 15th–20thMelbourne November 05th–10thPerth December 10th–15th

NACE–PeerReviewCIPLevel3MemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $1271.82 $127.18 $1399.00AUNonMember $1493.64 $149.36 $1643.00NZMember* $1272.00 NZNonMember $1494.00Melbourne November 11th–13th

Resits

NACE–CoatingInspectorProgramLevel1&2MemberStatus Fee GST TotalFeeAUMember $863.64 $86.36 $950.00AUNonMember $1090.91 $109.09 $1200.00NZMember* $865.00 NZNonMember $1110.00ExaminationTestswillbeconductedtocoincidewithscheduledprograms–contactACAfordetails

Tocheckthecurrencyofthisinformationpleaseviewthelatestinformationatwww.corrosion.com.au

*AllNZcoursesareGSTfree

TheACAhasrecentlyupdateditswebsite.Thereisanewmember’sareawherememberscanaccesstheirmembershipinformationaswellasACAmemberonlybenefits.Tologon,ACAmemberswillneedtoregistertoreceiveaspecialusernameandpasswordwhichwillbeemailedtoyou.Toregister,youwillneedyourfivedigitmembernumber.Toregisterforthememberloginsectiononthewebsite,gotowww.corrosion.com.auandclickontheMembersLoginbuttononthehomepage.

Thefunctionalityofthememberareawillincreaseinthefutureasnewmodulesareadded.WeaimtohaveonlinepaymentofACAmembershipfeesandonlineregistrationforeventsoperationalin2012.

SearchingconferenceproceedingsTheACAareveryexcitedtoannouncethatallACAmemberscannowsearchthelast15years(1996-2010)ofACAconferencepapersonline.Fullpdfdocumentscanbeselectedandprintedasrequired.PleasenotethatapdfviewersuchasAdobeReaderorsimilarisrequiredtoviewpdfdocuments.

Tosearchtheconferencepapers,ACAmemberscanenterthetitle,

ACA website update

1800-RentDH (736 834) Melbourne Sydney Adelaide Perth Brisbanewww.rentdh.com ddawson@rentdh.com 24 hours a day / 7 days a week on-call service

Battling with Excessive Humidity?We have the solution.Dehumidification Technologies offers rental & sales of desiccant and refrigerant dehumidifiers. We have a wide range of dehumidification, cooling and heating equipment available to create any environment for our customer. Our innovative techniques, a wealth of knowledge and experience, and dependable service help customers achieve a successful project – on time and under budget.

Carboline has been global leader in the High Performance Coatings industry for over 63 yrs. For corrosion solutions and coating systems that are cost effective, talk to the Protective Coatings Professionals.

authororkeywordsofthepaperstheyarelookingforandclickonthetitlelinktoseetheentirepaper.Thesystemisdesignedtomakefindingwhatyou’relookingforaseasyaspossibleandifthesearchyouareusingdoesn’tgenerateanyresults,itwillcheckforsimilarwordsandbuildalistofsuggestions.Ifyouaresearchingforsomethingextremely

specificyoucansearchforanexactphrasebyenclosingthewordsbetweendoublequotes.

NonmemberswillbeabletosearchtheabstractsoftheACAconferencepapersinthenearfuture;howeverthefullcontentsofallpaperswillbeavailabletomembersonly.

Ifyouhaveanyqueries,pleasecontacttheACAon+61(0)398904833orviathe“ContactUs”formonthewebsite,orviaemailataca@corrosion.com.au

Wewouldwelcomeallfeedbackaboutthenewwebsite.

Corrosion & Prevention 2004 Paper 054 Page 3

The % gloss retention data of a coating tabulated after exposure to atmospheric UV light is an indication of the coatings resilience to thermal and/or photooxidative degradation reactions (as described above). White pigmented coatings are traditionally chosen for testing purposes as white pigmentation (rutile TiO2) upon absorption of UV light converts oxygen to superoxide and hydroxide ions to hydroxyl radicals. The photoactivity of TiO2 is thus used by coatings chemists to further accelerate the UV induced degradation of the polymers under test. QUV data has been used by many coatings chemists to simulate what would happen to a coating in the ‘real world’. Many papers have been published on this subject, whilst QUV studies offer a comparative guide to exterior performance they cannot replicate ‘real data’. As we will see from this study QUV B is NOT a good indicator of real world performance (refer to the gloss retention data extracted from 5 degrees North , Allunga and QUV B studies for the New Generation 420 g/l Siloxane. <refer Figures 1 and 2>).

Figure one: ‘Real data’ – Gloss/ colour retention data from Allunga exposure site northern queensland. Figure two details the % gloss retention of the same coatings as experimentally determined in QUV studies.

Allunga Weathering(5 degrees North)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Months

Retention o

gloss, %

Epoxy Siloxane New Generation PSX 420 g/L (5° N) PU NISO

Discoloration Allunga Weathering

0

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60Months

∆

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New Generation PSX 420 g/L (5° N) PU NISO

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Corrosion & Prevention 2004 Paper 054 Page 2

The need to reduce VOC has meant that most formulations have focused on: 1. waterborne coatings 2. solvent free coatings (eg polysiloxane variants) 3. powder coatings 4. UV and/or hot melt technologies

Each of these chemistries has its own problems but in general liquid, ambient cure technologies generally use low molecular weight, highly functionalised diluents which generally create durability problems for the formulator/ end user. Polysiloxane coatings offer a unique ‘fix’ to this problem as highly skilled organic chemists have been able to hybridize low viscosity organic polymers with solvent free silicon functional diluents and oligomers. This paper will focus on some properties and attributes of a new generation of siloxane coatings which have rapid cure, excellent corrosion resistance, low VOC and extreme durability. This dissertation will compare and contrast the properties of this class of coatings with conventional coatings and other siloxane coatings which are present in the marketplace. 3 WHY ARE SILOXANE COATINGS UNIQUE? The energy content of one mole (one quanta) of UV light is sufficient to destroy the covalent bonding network prevalent in most polymeric materials. Free radicals are generated by the photophysical processes of adsorbed UV light. The nett result is generation of hydroperoxides and peroxides i.e. the polymer ends up being photo oxidized (refer scheme one). (3) Initiation step UV light Polymer P• (i) Propagation step P• + O2 POO• (ii) POO• + PH POOH + P• (iii) Termination step P• + P• P-P (iv) 2 PO• POOP (v) P• + PO• POP (vi)

Scheme One: Photooxidation induced by UV light The combined effects of photolysis and photooxidation of polymers leads to chain scission and/or crosslinking reaction of the UV degraded polymer. The nett effect of these processes is obvious to all coatings chemists i.e. chalking, cracking, checking, reduction in tensile and mechanical property strength and change in glass transition temperature. In simple words the coating fails.

Silicon based polymers are uniquely resistant to photolysis and photo oxidation. This can easily be rationalized when one considers that:

1. The Si-O bond is already oxidized in an oxidized state and unlike Carbon-Carbon bonds cannot be oxidized further. 2. The bond strength or bond dissociation energy for a C-C bond is 145 Kcal/mole cf. a Si-O bond which is 193.5 Kcal/mole (measured at 298K) (4)

In addition siloxane chemistry is also extremely resistant to thermal oxidation reactions to use an analogy one needs only to look at the chemistry of everyday glass (a giant siloxane polymer network). Glass for example melts at 1400oC and upon cooling yields an extremely chemically resistant and thermally resistant material. To use a coatings analogy one could utilize common inorganic zinc or heat resistant siloxane coatings which are capable of providing long term heat resistance at 760oC or greater.

4 GLOSS RETENTION OF SILOXANE COATINGS CF. ORGANIC COATINGS Figure one details the gloss retention (60 degree) and colour retention of a good quality polyurethane coating, two commonly used NISO coatings, an epoxy siloxane (VOC 120 g/L) and a new generation rapid cure siloxane coating. This data is ‘real data’ as transcribed from the Allunga exposure station in Northern Queensland.

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Corrosion & Prevention 2004 Paper 054 Page 1

RECENT ADVANCES IN POLYSILOXANE COATINGS

LHP Gommans* S Yi Chu* K Constable* E. Hemmings** and L. Bailey** *Ameron (New Zealand) Limited **Ameron (Australia) Pty

Summary:. This publication briefly describes the performance and mechanical property attributes of a newly patented polysiloxane technology. The technology manifests itself as a low VOC, rapid curing technology, curing quickly at VOC’s as low as 120 g/l. Two technologies of differing VOC’s are described in this paper, one at 120 g/l and the other at 420 g/l. These technologies have been compared and contrasted with conventional, non compliant polyurethane and NISO technologies.

Keywords: Polysiloxane, VOC, Durability, Rapid Cure, Isocyanate Free 1 INTRODUCTION Polysiloxane coatings (1) are unique class of coating as they offer the coatings formulator some outstanding attributes, some of the key features of this technology are:

1. Extremely low VOC (as low as 100 g/L depending upon the formulation route taken). 2. Outstanding (breakthrough) colour and gloss retention (again dependant upon the unique blend of inorganic-organic resin componentry utilised). 3. Extremely good abrasion, dirt pickup and graffiti resistance properties (again formulation dependant). 4. Better corrosion resistance at lower dft’s when used in combination with inorganic zinc, epoxy zinc and surface tolerant epoxies.

Most polysiloxane technology is based on 2K chemistry but 1K siloxane coatings can be formulated as well. Ameron originally developed its siloxane technology (Epoxy Siloxane) for structural steel and concrete to replace the conventional 3 Coat Coating system (2 epoxy coats/1 P/U coat). The advantages of siloxane chemistry are well documented, and as Ameron has pioneered in this area there exists a wealth of literature for the interested reader to delve into (1). This paper discusses some new generation polysiloxane coatings which have been developed with the OEM and new projects markets in mind. OEM and new project markets, of course , have differing requirements to the Maintenance/PC/Marine area- namely rapid cure speeds and improved flexibility. This new siloxane chemistry has been compared with conventional urethane and NISO (Acrylic/Acrylic or Acylic/Epoxy) technologies. Mechanical property attainment, durability (real world and laboratory), corrosion resistance and an environmental perspective relating to the VOC’s that can be attained through formulation of IPN siloxane chemistries will be presented. Polyurethane coatings have been offered up as the doyen of coatings on a global basis for many, many generations. This is because polyurethanes offer an excellent all around range of properties to the applicator, architect and specifier alike. However, in recent years polyurethane coatings have come under a health and safety cloud as this technology has issues with worker safety (respiratory sensitisation) and compliance (dropping below 250 g/l in VOC is an extremely difficult task for this technology). Polysiloxanes, as we will see from this paper may offer a solution as a safer, more durable, faster drying and lower VOC technology.

2 THE WORLD, GREENHOUSE GASES, VOC EMMISSIONS AND THE FUTURE The need to conserve energy is no more apparent than when one looks to the language used in the preamble to the Kyoto protocol and also continued pressure on fuel and gas prices. To state the obvious, burning fossil fuels for energy generation creates greenhouse gases, including of course CO2. (2) Unfortunately, greenhouse gases have a lifespan in the stratosphere of many hundreds of years, thus generation of greenhouse gases is a problem which will have ramifications for many generations. From a coatings perspective then the message is simple- develop coatings with long lifetimes to first maintenance, that contain low levels of solvent (to reduce generation of tropospheric low level ozone/smog) and that do not need external heat sources to cure them.

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Corrosion & Materials10

TheACAhasappointedaBranch&MembershipSupportOfficertoworkwithkeyACAstaff,BranchOfficersandotherstakeholderstoimprovethedeliveryofexistingACABranchsupportandmembershipservices,toassistinthedevelopmentanddeliveryofanenhancedrangeofBranchandmembershipservicesandorganisationalresponsesacrosstherangeofACAactivities.

SolongeBravestartedtheroleattheACAonthe1stDecember2011.SolongehasrelevantassociationexperienceafterworkinginasimilarroleoverthepasttwoyearsattheConcreteInstituteofAustralia.Sheisfamiliarwithassociationnationalandbranchstructuresandisexperiencedinmanyofthedutiesproposedforthenewrole.

ThenewlycreatedroleeventuatedfromstrategicplanningconductedduringtheyearbyACAstaffand

theOperationsCommitteeandisrequiredtoachieveobjectivessetoutintheACA’s2012-2014strategicplan.Therolewillinclude(butnotlimitedto)dutiessuchas:

BranchSupportDevelopaBranchOperationsManual

AssisttodevelopBrancheventreportsforOperationsCommittee

DistributeinformationbetweenBranches

DistributeinformationbetweenAustralasianofficeandBranches

DistributionofBranchNewsletters

SupporttoBranchesforevents

SupportforBranchesforeventregistrations

AssistwithBranchlevelsurveystomembers

MembershipProcessnewmemberapplicationsandassociatedcorrespondence

Receiveandrespondtoroutinemembershipenquiries

Conductmembershiprecruitmentandretentionprograms

Actasfirstpointofcontactforbasiccomplaintsfrommembers

Administeramemberrecognitionprogram

Prepareregularmembershipanalysisreports

WhenyoureceiveanemailorphonecallfromSolonge,pleasemakeherfeelwelcome.

ACA appoints Branch & Membership Support Officer

TheACA’sYoungCorrosionProfessionalsgroupformedin2007recentlyre-establisheditselfasthe‘YoungCorrosionGroup’steeringcommittee.

ACAstafffacilitatedanextensiveplanningdayheldinAdelaideinAugustthisyearwithallmembersofthenewsteeringcommittee.Anewframeworkwasestablishedalongwithanoperationalplantoimplementtheobjectivessetoutintheframework.

MissionTheYoungCorrosionGroupservesthepurposeoforganisingandimplementingeventsofvaluetoyoungandthosenewtothecorrosionindustryandtoprovideaplatformofaccesstoinformationandnetworkswhichareofbenefittopersonal,professionalorbusinessdevelopment.

TargetMarketUnder35,newtothecorrosionindustryand/orinterestedinthecorrosionindustry.

2012ActivitiesTheYCGsteeringcommitteeaimtoachievein2012:

AFutureLeadersForum–atwodayprofessionaldevelopmentworkshop(seepage9forfurtherdetails)

Afulldaysitevisitexcursionineachoftheirlocalcities

Acorrosiontrivianightineachoftheirlocalcities

Twobasiccorrosion101technicalnightsineachoftheirlocalcities

MembersoftheYCGsteeringcommitteeinclude:DeanFergusonofGHDinVictoria

ErwinGamboaoftheUniversityofAdelaideinSouthAustralia

GilesHarrisonofExtrinConsultantsinWesternAustralia

SeanRyderofGHDinNewZealand

JamesWuofJemenainNewSouthWales

TheACAhopestoincludeaYCGsteeringcommitteememberfromeachBranchinthefuture.

ForfurtherinformationregardingtheYCG,itseventsortobeaddedtoitsdatabase,pleaserefertotheYCGwebpageatwww.corrosion.com.au,emailycg@corrosion.com.auorfindusonFacebook.

YCP turns into YCG

NEWS

ApplicationsareopenforfutureleadersofthecorrosionindustrytoattendanACAFutureLeadersForuminSydneyonthe23-24February2012.

TheforumisanACAfundedinitiative(allflights,accommodation,etctobecoveredbytheACA)andislimitedto20delegates.

Thetwodaypersonalandprofessionaldevelopmentforumaimstodrawtogetheryoungprofessionalsacrossthespectrumofthecorrosionindustryfocusingondeveloping

competenciesinhowtopresenttechnicalpapers,chairtechnicalsessions,conductgroupdiscussionsanddeveloptheartofexpressivenessandcommunicationinaprofessionalandfriendlyenvironment.

ApplicationDetailsApplicationscloseThursday15thDecember2011

ApplicantsmustbeeithermembersofTheAustralasianCorrosionAssociationIncorbecurrentlyemployedbyoneoftheassociationscorporatemembers

Applicationsmustbesupportedbyemployersbyprovidingaletterfromimmediatemanagers

Applicantsmustbecurrentlyworkingfulltimeintheindustry

Applicationsforms,termsandconditionsandfurtherinformationisavailableontheACAYCGwebpageatwww.corrosion.com.au

Future Leaders Forum

Ifyouarea‘youngcorrosionprofessional’eitherworkingorstudyinginacorrosionrelatedfieldwithinAustraliaorNewZealandandhavealwayswantedtoattendtheannualACAconferencebutneverhadtheopportunity,thismaybeyourchance.

Startingin2011,theACANewcastleBranchhasbeensponsoringaYoungCorrosionProfessionalAward,withtheaimtofosterinvolvementintheACAbyemergingindustryprofessionals.ThisawardsubsidisesattendanceattheannualACAconferencetoavalueofuptoAU$3,500.

Theawardisopentoundergraduatestudents,post-graduatestudentsandthoseworkinginthecorrosionindustryfromacrosstheACAmembershipthatmeetthecriteriaofyoungprofessionalstatus(undertheageof35)intheACA.

Applicantsarerequiredsubmitanapplicationoutliningtheirtechnicalbackgroundandincludingashortabstractoftheirresearchorareaofinterest.Thismaybebasedon(butisnotlimitedto)aresearchorfieldproject,itemofparticularlocalorhistoricalrelevanceorindustrialcasestudy.Selectedapplicantswillbeinvitedtopresent

theirworktothejudgingpanel(15—20minutes)fromtheACANewcastleBranchcommittee.

ApplicationswillbeopenduringFebruary-April2012.TheNewcastleBranchwilladvisethoseapplicantsinvitedtospeaktotheNewcastlejudgingpanelduringMay—August2012.

Furtherdetailsregardingpresentationcriteria,awarddetailsandapplicationprocedurescanbeviewedontheACAwebsiteorobtainedbyemailingaca@corrosion.com.au

Newcastle Branch to again fund young corrosion professionals to ACA annual conference

Corrosion & Materials12

NEWS

CorporateMembers

3CCorrosionControlCompanywww.3ccc.netBasedinSweden,3CCorrosionControlCompanyisacathodicprotectioncompanydevotedtoworkwithcorrosioncontrolincoolingwatersystems.Thecompanyhasproductssuchasaseriesofrectifiermodulesrangingfrom1Ato500A,arangeofspecialanodesmadeofMMOcoatedTitaniumandtheworldwideresponsibilitytomarketanewpatentedcorrosionprobe,theLCprobe.

TAFENSW-SydneyInstitutewww.sit.nsw.edu.auTAFENSW–SydneyInstituteisAustralia’slargestVETproviderinAustralia.Theyenrolmorethan70,000studentsin800coursesandtrainingprogramsofferingflexiblestudyoptions,workplacetraining,onlineanddistancelearningacrosssevencolleges.Theyworkcloselywithemployers,industryskillscouncils,schoolsanduniversitiestoensurecoursesofferseamlesspathwaysforstudentsseekingemploymentortertiarystudy,andothersseekingretrainingopportunities.

AustralianMaritimeSystemswww.maritime-system.comTheprimaryobjectiveofAustralianMaritimeSystems(AMS)istoassisttheprovidersofmaritimeserviceswithengineeringsupporttoprovidehighqualityinnovativeandcosteffectivesystemsofmaritimeservicedelivery.AMShasworldwideexperienceinthespecialisedareasofmaritimetechnologyenablingittoefficientlyandeffectivelymanage,constructandmaintainaidstonavigationnetworks,maritimeinformationsystemsandassociatedmaritimeassetsvaryingincomplexityandsize.

IndividualMembersJustinBatterbeeofAGC

NealBennofArgyleSpraypainting

TomButtonofRobayneDistributors

ScottdeGrootofQAInspectionServicesPtyLtd

RodneyDeWorsop

DarrenHawkes

TheodorPaulLyloofKaeferIntergratedServices

TerryMason

JasonMulligan

VengateshNaiduofImpsa(Malaysia)SdnBhd

DhineshNarayanofAucklandAbrasiveBlasting&Coatings(2005)Ltd

DanielNeagoieofShellRefining(Australia)PtyLtd

CraigOliverofELLISPlantequipmentPainters

JeffPritchardofDuoguardAustraliaPtyLtd

JuliaRatnayakeofRTA,SHBAlliance

KimRiseboroughofRiseboroughInspectionServices

AnthonyScottofWorleyParsons

DamianSmithofDelmarkConsulting

LexStolkofFloor-ItServices

DavidTawfikofTawfikGroup

AndrewTomlinson

SemiUeleofAucklandAbrasiveBlasting&Coatings(2005)Ltd

JojiUppanofAMMSGroup

UrsZaugg

ACA welcomes new members

RecentlyrelocatingfromJotun'sHeadquartersinNorwaytojoinJotunAustralia'sProtectiveCoatingsteaminMelbourneisAnetteWalleasISM&MiningConceptManagerAustralia.EducatedinInternationalBusiness&Marketing,fromBINorwegianSchoolofManagementandChina'sFudanUniversity,AnettejoinedJotunin2007asonethecompany'sfirstglobaltrainees.

InhertimewithJotun,Anettehasworkedwithglobalkeyaccountsandworldwideprojects,handlingboth

accountsaswellassupportingonthestrategicdevelopmentofJotun'skeyaccountteam.InAustralia,Anettewillcontinuetofocusonglobalkeyaccountsandtheirprojects,butalsotakingtheresponsibilitytodevelopJotun'sactivitiesintheMiningarea.

Anette’sappointmentcomplementssomeotherrecentadditionstotheJotunAustraliateamasaresultofsustainedstronggrowth.ChristophePiquard(ProtectiveSalesManagerWA&NT)andDaveSimpson(MarineSalesManagerWA&NT)

havejoinedJotuninPerthbringingsignificantexperiencefrompreviousemploymentintheregion.DeanWallhasjoinedJotuninTasmaniaandwillalsoprovidesupporttotheactivitiesinNewZealandandiswellknowntothecoatingsindustryinAustraliawithextensiveinvolvementovermanyyears.

AlloftheseappointmentsreflecttheroleplayedbyJotuninthevigorouscoatingsindustryinAustralia.

New appointments at Jotun Australia

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 13

TheGalvanizersAssociationofAustraliaSorelAwardwinnerfor2011wasannouncedattheAssociation’sAnnualConferenceheldinShoalBay,NSW.TheSorelAwardcommemoratesStanislausSorel,aFrenchcivilengineer,whofiledapatenton10May1837foramethodofprotectingironfromrust-theparentofthehotdipgalvanizingprocess.

TheoverallSorelAwardwinnerfor2011wasHartwayGalvanizersNavalBase,fortheirworkindeliveringahot-dipgalvanizedsolutionforamajorconveyormoduleprojectintheNorth-WestofAustralia.Hartwaydevelopedasuperiorengineeredsolutionforprotectionofthesteel

frombothdamageandcorrosion,incorporatingexceptionalcustomerserviceandspecialisedlogisticsmanagementtoenableacost-effective,on-time,damagefreedeliveryoftheproductdirecttosite.

PaulEdmondson,WorksManagerofHartwayGalvanizersNavalBaseplantsaidtheSorelAwardwasafantasticrecognitionofthestaffatHartwayforidentifyinganopportunitytoprovideasolutiontothecustomerthatdeliveredfarmorevaluethanjusttheprotectionofthesteelfromcorrosion.MrEdmondsonalsosaidthatnowthathot-dipgalvanizedsteelhadbeenproventobeacost-effectivesolutionfortheminingindustryinWA,heexpectedmoreprojectswould

takeadvantageofthecapabilityofthelocalindustrytodeliverbothsolutionsandservice.

Alsoreceivinghighcommendationsfromthejudgesweretwooutstandingarchitecturalsolutions;AustralianProfessionalGalvanizingfortheirworkontheFutsalStadiuminCairns,FarNorthQueenslandandKorvestGalvanisersfortheManueleEngineersHeadOfficeinAdelaide,SouthAustralia.

FurtherdetailsoneachoftheawardwinnersareavailabledirectlyfromtheGAAatwww.gaa.com.auorbyphoneon0396541266.

Sorel Award Winners 2011

Hartway:Conveyortrestlelegsupto23minlengthwerehot-dipgalvanizedfortheconveyormodules.

AustralianProfessionalGalvanizing:Hot-dipgalvanizingprovidedtheperfecttropicalsolutionfortheFutsalStadiuminCairns,FarNorthQueensland.

KorvestGalvanisers:TheManueleEngineersHeadOfficewithahighqualityhot-dipgalvanizedandpaintsolution.

Corrosion & Materials14

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INDUSTRIALCOATINGS

The Journal of Protective Coatings & Linings(JPCL)hasannouncedtheCliveHareHonors,auniqueawardthatrecognisesthedistinguishedachievementsof24thoughtleadersworldwidewhohaveadvancedthetechnologyofprotectiveandmarinecoatingsinthepastdecade.

TheCliveHareHonorsalsorecognisesandcelebratestheenormouscontributionsoftheseindividualsthroughoutthepublication’s28-yearhistory.

CongratulationstoACAmemberRobFranciswhohasmadethelistof24forhisresearchandextensivefieldexperiencetochallengetheindustry’sstatusquoincriticalareas.

TheTopThinkerawardwinnerswillbeprofiledinaspecialissueofJPCL

in2012,andtheirworkwillappearthroughouttheyearinJPCLarticles.

“Thedesignation‘TopThinkers’isreservedforexpertswhohaveadvancedtheprotectiveandmarinecoatingsindustrybytheirwords,actionsorbothduringthepastdecade,”saidHaroldHower,founderofJPCLandCEOofTechnologyPublishingCo.

HowerdescribedaTopThinkeras“first,awriterwhosewordsandideashaveinfluencedhisorherpeers.ButTopThinkersmayalsocreatemeaningfulworksinmediaotherthanwords,”headded.

“We’rethinkingofleaderswhohaveorganisedandmotivatedtheirpeerstocreatestandardsortoorganiseothermeaningfulefforts,

suchasseminarsandsymposiatodisseminateknowledgeaboutgoodpracticeinthetechnology.”

Howercalledthegroup“bothcontemplativesandpersonsofaction,writersandleaders—butmostdistinctively,personsinlovewiththeirworkandburningwithideastoimprovetheindustry.”

JPCL’sTopThinkerswereselectedthroughamulti-layeredprocessthatbeganwithnominationsfromthepublisherandeditorsofJPCL,industryexpertswhoworkcloselywithJPCL,andSSPC.Fromtheoriginallistof68nominees,thecommitteeselected24individualsrepresentingmostofthedifferentmarketsanddisciplinesthatJPCLserves.

JPCL to honour Rob Francis as an industry top thinker

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 15

TheMinisterforDefenceScienceandPersonnel,WarrenSnowdon,haswelcomedthearrivalofanhistoricWWIISpitfireaircraftfoundinnorthernFranceinNovember2010totheRAAFMuseumatPointCook,forextensiveconservationtreatment.

TheSpitfireaircraftwasflownbyFlightLieutenantHenry‘Lacy’SmithfromSydney,NSW,whenitwasshotdownbyanti-aircraftfireon11June1944.

“TheSpitfireMJ789crashedintotheRiverOrne,nearCaen,innorthernFrance,whereitwasrecoveredalmost70yearslater,”MrSnowdonsaid.

“ThewreckageoftheaircraftwillnowundergoextensiveconservationbeforebeingplacedondisplayattheRAAFMuseumatPointCook,Victorianextyear.”

AteamofRAAFMuseumtechnicalandcuratorialpersonnelwillmechanicallycleanallitemsoftheaircraft,toensuremaximumdesalinationoftheengineandfuselage,aprocesswhichisexpectedtotakemorethansixmonths.

"Itlooksfairlygoodforsomethingthat'sbeenlaidinthesaltwatersince1944,"museumdirectorDavidGardnersaid.

"It'llbeconservedinitscurrentformandthewayweputitondisplaywilltellthestoryoftheRAAF'scontributiontothewareffortinEurope.

Theconservationeffortwillinvolvecleaningtheaircraft,thenhoistingitintoatankoffreshwaterforbetweensixandeightmonthstodesalinateitbeforeitispreservedforthelongterm.

"We'vegottogetridofthesaltsowecanstopthecorrosionandcorrosion'sthebiggestkiller,"MrGardnersaid.

Historic WWII Spitfire wreckage arrives in Australia for preservation

ConserverGaryWalshworksontheSpitfire'sMerlinV12engine.©CommonwealthofAustraliaandDepartmentofDefence.

Corrosion & Materials16

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pipelinesisgeographicallylayeredontothemap,includinglinkingphotographs,reportsandotherrelevantfilestofeaturesofthepipeline.Thesoftwarefeaturesareextensiveandincludeautomatedreporting,historicalanalysisanddataqueries.

ContactSavcoratsydney@savcor.comformoreinformation.

Savcor introduces GIS services for pipeline management

NEWS

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 17

South Australia Branch

ACA Auckland Division

OntheThursday13thOctober2011KorvestGalvaniserskindlyhostedtheSouthAustralianACAmembersforaTechnicalMeetingandSiteTour.StevenEvans(GeneralManager),PeterFreeth(TechnicalAccountManager)andJohnForrest(ProductionManager)providedthememberswithanoverviewofthegalvanisingprocess.Theyexplainedtheeffectofthematerials,surfacepreparation,alloyingprocessanddesignconsiderationsrequiredtosuccessfullygalvaniseaproducttoprovidelongtermcorrosionprotection.Afterthepresentationthememberstouredtheplantobservingthevariousjigsandhangingdevices,pre-treatmentdippingtanksandthe14metrelongkettleofliquidzincatheldat450degrees.Memberswitnessedalargeornategateandalargestructuralmemberbeinggalvanisedwhichwasexcitingtobothsee,hearandfeel.Memberswereabletogetupcloseandwatchastheashlayerwasremovedfromtheliquidzincwhilethefreshlygalvaniseditemswereliftedfromthekettle.Thisdemonstrationwas

followedbyatourofthestate-of-the-artceramickettlewhichhasabasketwhichcanspinsmallitemswhichhavebedippedtoremovetheexcesszincbyspinningit.Korvestalsoprovidedthememberswithashowbagcontainingtechnicalinformationonthegalvanisingprocess,

advantagesandacomprehensiveCDproducedbytheGalvanizersAssociationofAustralia.AfterthetourdrinksandnibbleswereprovidedattheCountryComfortAdelaideManortoprovideanetworkingopportunitywhichwaswellreceived.

TheAucklandNovembermeetingwasheldon2ndNovemberatTheLandingHotel.ThespeakerwasLesBoulton(PrincipalConsultant,Les Boulton & Associates Ltd)addressingthesubjectof“Corrosion of building assets – problems and prevention”.

Lescommencedbynotingthatprematurecorrosionofbuildingservicesissometimesattributedtocost-cuttingbythebuildingowner,thebuildingconstructor,orthebuildingservicesdesigner.Lackofpropermaintenanceisanothercontributingfactortobuildingcorrosionproblems.Also,lackofa

properwatermanagementand/orincorrectwaterpipecommissioningpracticesinnewbuildingsarefactorsthathaveresultedintheinitiationofmicrobiologicalinfluencedcorrosion(MIC)inbuildingwatersupplylines.

Anotherissuehighlightedwasthepracticebybuildingserviceengineerstospecifydissimilarmetalcontactsinheating,ventilationandairconditioningsystems(HVAC)watersystems.TheperformanceofHVACequipmentcanbecompromisedfromnewbytheuseofdissimilarmetalcontactsthatincreasetheriskofgalvaniccorrosionintheplant.

Buildingownersareoftenunawarethatcorrosioncontrolmeasuresarereadilyavailablethatarealotmorecost-effectivethanreplacingbuildingserviceequipmentthathasfailedinserviceduetocorrosion.AnumberofcasestudieswerethenpresentedoncorrosionofbuildingassetsincludingHVACplant.Finallyanoutlinewasgivenofstandardindustrypractices,suchaspropermaterialsselection,toavoidcorrosionthatistoooftenencounteredinbuildingservices.

AfteranextensiveQ&Asession,ACAAucklandChairmanMichaelWilliamsthankedLesforhispresentation.

GalvanisingSiteVisit

NovemberMeetingReport

Structuralsectionsbeingextractedfromthe14mlongkettleatKorvestGalvanisers.

Corrosion & Materials18

ACAStandardsOfficerArthurAustinhaspreparedascheduleofthelatestStandardsdevelopments.Thisreportwillcomprisetwoparts;asearchofSAIGlobalpublicationsathttps://infostore.saiglobal.com/storefornewstandards,amendmentsanddrafts,andasearchforallcurrentpublicationsandstandardsrelatingtooneoftheACATechnicalGroups.ThisissuewillhaveajointfocusfortheWater&WaterTreatmentandWelding,Joining&Corrosiongroups.ResultsofthesearchforeachofthesecanbefoundinTables1and2,respectively.

AsearchofSAIGlobalathttp://www.saiglobal.com/online/fornewStandards,amendmentsordrafts

ofAS,AS/NZS,EN,ANSI,ASTM,BSI,DIN,ETSI,JSA,NSAI,andStandardsandamendmentsofISO&IECpublishedfrom10Septemberto1November2011wasconductedusingthefollowingkeywordsandkeywordgroups:

durability

corrosionorcorrosivityorcorrosive;butnotanodizingoranodize(d)

paintorcoating;butnotanodizingoranodize(d)

galvanizeorgalvanizedorgalvanizing

cathodeorcathodic

anodeoranodic

electrochemicalorelectrolysisorelectroplated

corrosionandconcrete,orconcreteandcoatings

Thesearchresultsshowing37newStandardsDraftsandAmendmentscanbefoundinTable3.

AcopyofthefullreportcanbedownloadedfromtheACA’swebsitewww.corrosion.com.au

Table1.Titlesearchbypublisherwithkeywords‘water&wastewater&corrosion’–6citations

ASTMF1150-06 StandardSpecificationforCommercialFoodWastePulperandWaterpressAssembly

DIN50930-6(2001-08)Corrosionbehaviourofmetallicmaterialsincontactwithwater-Part6:Effectsondrinkingwaterquality

NACESP0100:2008CathodicProtectionToControlExternalCorrosionOfConcretePressurePipelinesAndMortar-coatedSteelPipelinesForWaterOrWasteWaterService

ONORMB5013-2:1990CorrosionProtectionByOrganicCoatingsForWaterAndWasteWaterEngineeringInResidentialAreas;AssessmentOfCorrosionProbabilityAndProtectionOfCement-boundMaterials

ONORMB5013-3:1994CorrosionProtectionByOrganicCoatingsForWaterAndWasteEngineeringInResidentialAreas-TestingOfProtectiveMaterialsAndRequirements

ONORMB5013-4:1997CorrosionProtectionByOrganicCoatingsForWaterAndWasteWaterEngineeringInResidentialAreas-TestingOfCorrosionProtectionAndRequirements

Table2.Titlesearchbypublisherwithkeywords‘welding&corrosion’–123citations

AS2205.10.1-2003Methodsfordestructivetestingofweldsinmetal-Corrosiontestforweldedausteniticstainlesssteel

Toseeremaining122titles,logontohttps://infostore.saiglobal.com/storeandentersearchphrase“Welding&Corrosion”.

Table3.NewStandards,amendmentsordraftsforAS,AS/NZS,EN,ANSI,ASTM,BSI,DIN,ETSI,JSA,NSAIandStandardsoramendmentsforISO&IECpublished10September–1November2011

Keywordsearchon‘durability’-3citationsfound;nonefromASorAS/NZS

ISO/DIS16204 Durability-Servicelifedesignofconcretestructures

11/30238893DCBSISO16204

Durability.Servicelifedesignofconcretestructures

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 19

DINEN16014(2011-10) Hardwareforfurniture-Strengthanddurabilityoflockingmechanisms

Keywordsearchon‘corrosion’or‘corrosivity’or‘corrosive’;butnot‘anodizing’or‘anodize(d)’-5citationsfound;nonefromASorAS/ASNZ

ISO7539-6:2011Corrosionofmetalsandalloys-Stresscorrosiontesting-Part6:Preparationanduseofpre-crackedspecimensfortestsunderconstantloadorconstantdisplacement

ISO/DIS16701Corrosionofmetalsandalloys-Corrosioninartificialatmosphere-Acceleratedcorrosiontestinvolvingexposureundercontrolledconditionsofhumiditycyclingandintermittentsprayingofasaltsolution

ISO/DIS7539-1Corrosionofmetalsandalloys-Stresscorrosiontesting-Part1:Generalguidanceontestingprocedures

11/30251779DCBS6SP4AMD3

Pinsheaded,plainshank,drilled,steelalloyandcorrosionresistingsteelwithastrengthclass880/1080MPa

DINENISO10271(2011-10

Dentistry-Corrosiontestmethodsformetallicmaterials(ISO10271:2011)

Keywordsearchon'paint’andor‘coating’;butnot‘anodizing’or‘anodize(d)’orcorrosion–29publicationsfound;1ASorAS/NZSpublications

AS1397-2011Continuoushot-dipmetalliccoatedsteelsheetandstrip-Coatingsofzincandzincalloyedwithaluminiumandmagnesium

ISO/FDIS12670 Thermalspraying-Componentswiththermallysprayedcoatings-Technicalsupplyconditions

ISO/FDIS13123Metallicandotherinorganiccoatings-Testmethodofcyclicheatingforthermal-barriercoatingsundertemperaturegradient

ISO/DIS13826Metallicandotherinorganiccoatings-Determinationofthermalconductivityofthermallysprayedceramiccoatingsbylaserflash

ISO/FDIS17186 Leather-Physicalandmechanicaltests-Determinationofsurfacecoatingthickness

ISO/DIS9211-4 Opticsandphotonics-Opticalcoatings-Part4:Specifictestmethods

I.S.EN16105:2011PaintsandVarnishes-LaboratoryMethodforDeterminationofReleaseofSubstancesFromCoatingsinIntermittentContactWithWater

I.S.ENISO4628-6:2011PaintsandVarnishes-EvaluationofDegradationofCoatings-DesignationofQuantityandSizeofDefects,andofIntensityofUniformChangesinAppearance-Part6:AssessmentofDegreeofChalkingbyTapeMethod(iso4628-6:2011

11/30208992DCBSISO13826

Metallicandotherinorganiccoatings.Determinationofthermalconductivityofthermallysprayedceramiccoatingsbylaserflashmethod

11/30248441DCBSEN927-1.

Paintsandvarnishes.Coatingmaterialsandcoatingsystemsforexteriorwood.Part1.Classificationandselection

BSEN16105:2011Paintsandvarnishes.Laboratorymethodfordeterminationofreleaseofsubstancesfromcoatingsinintermittentcontactwithwater

BSENISO4628-6:2011Paintsandvarnishes.Evaluationofdegradationofcoatings.Designationofquantityandsizeofdefects,andofintensityofuniformchangesinappearance.Assessmentofdegreeofchalkingbytapemethod

DINENISO21809-1(2011-10)

Petroleumandnaturalgasindustries-Externalcoatingsforburiedorsubmergedpipelinesusedinpipelinetransportationsystems-Part1:Polyolefincoatings(3-layerPEand3-layerPP)(ISO21809-1:2011);EnglishversionENISO21809-1:2011

DINENISO6158(2011-10)

Metallicandotherinorganiccoatings-Electrodepositedcoatingsofchromiumforengineeringpurposes(ISO6158:2011)

Corrosion & Materials20

ISO12137:2011 Paintsandvarnishes-Determinationofmarresistance

ISO1518-2:2011 Paintsandvarnishes-Determinationofscratchresistance-Part2:Variable-loadingmethod

ISO/FDIS11127-1Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts-Testmethodsfornon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives-Part1:Sampling

ISO/FDIS11127-2Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts-Testmethodsfornon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives-Part2:Determinationofparticlesizedistribution

ISO/FDIS11127-3Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts-Testmethodsfornon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives-Part3:Determinationofapparentdensity

ISO/FDIS11127-4Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts-Testmethodsfornon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives-Part4:Assessmentofhardnessbyaglassslidetest

ISO/FDIS11127-5Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts-Testmethodsfornon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives-Part5:Determinationofmoisture

ISO/FDIS11127-6Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts-Testmethodsfornon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives-Part6:Determinationofwater-solublecontaminantsbyconductivitymeasurement

ISO/FDIS11127-7Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts-Testmethodsfornon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives-Part7:Determinationofwater-solublechlorides

I.S.EN16105:2011PaintsandVarnishes-LaboratoryMethodforDeterminationofReleaseofSubstancesFromCoatingsinIntermittentContactWithWater

I.S.ENISO4628-6:2011PaintsandVarnishes-EvaluationofDegradationofCoatings-DesignationofQuantityandSizeofDefects,andofIntensityofUniformChangesinAppearance-Part6:AssessmentofDegreeofChalkingbyTapeMethod(iso4628-6:2011)

11/30229688DCBSENISO1524

Paints,varnishesandprintinginks.Determinationoffinenessofgrind

11/30248441DCBSEN927-1

Paintsandvarnishes.Coatingmaterialsandcoatingsystemsforexteriorwood.Part1.Classificationandselection

BSEN16105:2011Paintsandvarnishes.Laboratorymethodfordeterminationofreleaseofsubstancesfromcoatingsinintermittentcontactwithwater

BSENISO4628-6:2011Paintsandvarnishes.Evaluationofdegradationofcoatings.Designationofquantityandsizeofdefects,andofintensityofuniformchangesinappearance.Assessmentofdegreeofchalkingbytapemethod

Keywordsearchon'galvanize'or‘galvanized’orgalvanizing’–0Standardspublicationsfound.

Keywordsearchon'corrosion'and'concrete'or‘concrete’and‘coatings’–0Standardspublicationsfound

Keywordsearchon‘cathode’or'cathodic'–0Standardspublicationsfound

Keywordsearchon'anode'or‘anodes’or‘anodic’–0Standardspublicationsfound–NonefromAS/ANZS

KeywordSearchon'electrochemical'or‘electrolysis’or‘electroplated’–0Standardspublicationsfound

KeywordSearchon'anodize'or‘anodized’–0Standardspublicationsfound

ACAStandardsUpdate

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 21

Ourpeople

AlthoughDeakinhashadalonginvolvementincorrosionactivities,itsmajorprogramsincorrosionresearchandteachingwereinitiatedbytherecentappointmentofProfessorMariaForsythasChairinElectromaterials&CorrosionSciencesinAugust2010.ProfessorForsythhasbeenrecognisedasoneofAustralia’sleadingresearchersthroughaprestigiousnationalaward,anAustralianLaureateFellowship,thatisawardedbytheAustralianResearchCouncilandsupportsoutstandingresearchleadersinsolvingtheworld’sbiggestproblemsandpassingontheirskillstothenextgenerationofresearchers.ProfessorForsythhasadiverserangeofresearchinterestsandleadsateamfocusingontheareasofEnergyStorageandCorrosionMitigation.Inparticularherteamareattheforefrontof

developingnewmaterials,advancedcharacterisationtoolsandsupportinginnovativetechnologiesinthesetwofields.ForexampleProfessorForsythandherteamhavebeendevelopingandcharacterisingnewenvironmentallyfriendlymethodstocontrolchargetransferatreactivemetalinterfacessuchasaluminiumandmagnesium;hergrouphavepioneeredthedevelopmentofnovelcorrosioninhibitorsbasedonrareearthmetal-organiccompoundsandmorerecentlytheuseofIonicLiquidpre-treatments.Theteam’sworkhasbeenwellrecognisedthroughmanyinvitationstopresenttheirworkatprestigiousinternationalconferences.ProfessorForsythispassionateabouteducationandinparticularrelatingtoareasofnationalandinternationalsignificancesuchassustainabilityandcleanenergy.ManyofProfessorForsyth’spaststudentsfromherpreviouspositionatMonashUniversityarenowthemselvesinleadershippositionseitherinacademiaorindustry.

ProfessorHodgsonwasalsohonouredwithanARCAustralianLaureateFellowshipin2009reflectinghisleadershipintheareaofMetallurgyandMaterialsEngineering.OneofthefirstARCLaureate’sannouncedandthefirstinanyVictorianUniversity,ProfessorHodgson'sresearchincludessteelprocessingandthedevelopmentofnewalloys,anddownstreamferrousandnon-ferrousmanufacturingprocessesassociatedwiththeautomotiveindustry.HecurrentlyholdsseveralARCDiscoveryandLinkagegrants,allrelatedtometalprocessing.In2004hewasmadeanAlfredDeakinProfessoroftheUniversityforoutstandingcontributionstoresearchandawardedanARCFederationFellowshipbytheAustralianResearchCouncil.TheUniversityofValenciennesawardmadehimanHonorisDoctorisCausain2005forcontributionstometalformingresearch,whilein2006AGHinPolandawardedhimanHonoraryMedalforcontributionstomaterialsscience.PeterisalsoverystronglyconnectedtoindustryandsolutiontorealworldproblemshavinghimselfcomefromaleadershippositioninBHPsteel.

University Profile

Deakin University

ProfessorMariaForsyth

ARCLaureateFellow,ChairinElectromaterial&CorrosionScience

Major research areas:

Chemicalmethodsforcorrosioninhibitionandsurfacepretreatment(includingnovelionicliquids)

Corrosionoflightmetals(Mg&Al)

Advancedelectrochemicalandsurfacecharacterisationtechniquesincorrosionapplications

phone:+61392446821email:maria.forsyth@deakin.edu.au

ProfessorPeterHodgson

ARCLaureateFellow

DirectorInstituteofTechnologyandResearchInnovation

Major research areas:

Metallurgyandmaterials

Developmentofnewalloys

LightweightingandSustainability

email:peter.hodgson@deakin.edu.au

AdjunctProfessorBruceHinton

Major research areas:

Corrosioninhibition

StressCorrosionCracking(SCC)

Corrosionfatigueandhydrogenembrittlement

email:bruce.hinton@deakin.edu.au

Corrosion & Materials22

UniversityProfile

DeakinUniversityisprivilegedtohaveProfessorBruceHintonasanadjunctprofessorintheInstituteofTechnologyandResearchInnovation.HeworkscloselywithProfessorForsyth’steamandco-supervisorsseveralDeakinstudents.ProfessorHintongraduatedfromtheDepartmentofMiningandMetallurgicalEngineeringattheUniversityofQueenslandin1968.HejoinedAeronauticalResearchLaboratoriesatFishermensBendinMelbournein1969andwasaPrincipalResearchScientistandHeadoftheAircraftCorrosionControlGroupattheAeronauticalandMaritimeResearchLaboratoryinMelbourne.Brucehasbeeninvolvedforover30yearsinresearchandproblemsolvinginthefieldofcorrosionpreventionandcontrolinaircraftstructures.Hehasco-authored3Patentsanddeliveredandpublishednumerouspapersoverhiscareer.Hehasreceivedmanyawardsoverthepast25yearsincludingbestpaperawards,IMMAFlorenceTaylorMedal,ACACorrosionMedalandthe2009FrankNewmanSpellerAward.OneofthemostsignificantcontributionsmadebyBruceandhisresearchteamatDSTOwastheirpioneeringuseofpreventativecompoundsfortreatingexistingcorrosion,savingmanymaintenancehours,decreasingaircraftdowntimeandcontributingtooverallaircraftsafety.SinceBruceofficiallyretiredfromDSTOhehasbecomepartoftheDeakinUniversityCorrosionteamaswellascontributingtocorrosionresearchatMonashUniversityandCSIRO.Hispassionforunderstandingcorrosionprocessesandmethodstocontrolcorrosionisinfectiousandagreatassetforallstudentsandyoungerresearcherswithwhomhehascontact.

ThemostrecentadditiontotheDeakinUniversityCorrosionteamisAssociateProfessorMikeTan.HeisappointedwithinITRIandtheSchoolofEngineeringasanAssociateProfessorinAppliedElectrochemistryandCorrosionTechnologies.MikehasbeenanactiveresearcherinthefieldsofCorrosionandAppliedElectrochemistryduringthepast20years.Overhiscareerthusfar,hehasmadethreemajorcontributionstoelectrochemistryandcorrosionresearch:(i)theinventionofthewirebeamelectrode(WBE)methodanddevelopmentofalocalisedcorrosionprobe(USpatentNo.6132593).Thismethod,orothersimilarmethods,hasbeenutilisedbyatleast20R&Dgroupsaroundtheworld.Hehasauthored/co-authoredsome40refereedjournalarticlestoreportcontinuedadvancementsintheWBEtechnology.(ii)contributedtoelectrochemicalnoiseanalysistechniques,proposedthestatisticallinearpolarisationtheorytoexplainelectrochemicalnoiseresistanceandextendedtheapplicationofthismethod.(iii)contributedtounderstandingofnoisesignatures

andhasauthored/co-authoredsome30journalarticlesrelatedtothisareaofresearch.AssociateProfessorTanhasalsotaughtandcoordinatedundergraduate,postgraduateandindustrialcorrosionengineeringcourses.Inadditiontohisacademicresearchandteachingcareer,heworkedonindustryconsultancyandcommercialisationprojectsandcontributedtosome30industryR&Dandconsultancyreports.Onecontributionwasthedevelopmentofahighperformancethin-filmrustproof-lubricatingoilasaleadingresearcher.Afteranextensivepeer-reviewprocess,DrTanhasbeenawardedapublicationcontractfromJohnWiley&Sonstoauthora350pageresearchbookentitled'HeterogeneousElectrodeProcessesandLocalisedCorrosion'.

Dr.HowlettisanappliedelectrochemistwithresearchinterestsinEnergyStorageandnovelchemicalpretreatmentofmetalssurfacestoimprovecorrosionresistanceofengineeringalloys.Heisalsoinvolvedinthedevelopmentofin-situadvancedcharacterisationmethodsbasedonSynchrotrontechniques.

continued over…

Dr.PatrickHowlett

SeniorLecturer,ITRI

Major research areas:

IonicLiquidtreatmentsofreactivemetalsurfaces

Advancedelectrochemicalandsurfacecharacterisation

email:Patrick.howlett@deakin.edu.au

Assoc.ProfessorMikeYongjunTan

Major research areas:

Corrosiontestingandmonitoringtechniques

Electrochemicalcorrosionmethods

Localisedcorrosionanditsmeasurement

Corrosioninhibitortestinganddevelopment

email:mike.tan@deakin.edu.au

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 23

Other senior staff with corrosion interests:Dr. Marianne Seter (inhibitorresearchandMIC)

Dr. Jim Efthimiadis & Dr. Paul Collins (Industryliaisons)

Dr. Angel Torreiro (ionicliquidsandelectrochemistry)

Mr. Anthony Somers (advancedsurfacecharacterisationandtribology)

Prof. Matthew Barnett (lightalloydevelopment)

OurcurrentresearchandfuturedirectionsTheSchoolofEngineeringatDeakinUniversityiscurrentlyimplementingnewcoursestructuresandfacilitiesunderthe“InfrastructureTheme”–anareainwhichitisalreadybuildingareputation–andsittinginsidethiswillbeastrongcorrosionandreliabilityengineeringelement.ThiswillbeastrongcontributortotheeducationofthenextgenerationofcorrosionandmaintenanceengineersforAustraliaanditsdevelopmentwillbeguidedinpartnershipwithmajorindustriesbothlocallyinAustraliaandinternationally.

DeakinUniversitycontinuestogrowitsresearchactivityincorrosion

scienceandengineeringwithparticularemphasisatpresentinthefollowingareas:

Developmentofnewcorrosioninhibitorsandnovelsurfacetreatmentsforapplicationinvariousindustrialenvironmentsincludingdefence,oilandgas,aerospace.

Developmentofinnovativecorrosiontestingandmonitoringtechniques,withparticularfocusonlocalisedcorrosiondetectionandprediction,andtheirapplications.

Understandingcriticalcorrosionprocessesinthedesalinationindustryanddevelopingsmartnewmaterialsandmonitoringtechniqueswhichwillleadtogreaterreliabilityandcostsavingsforthisindustry.

Understandingcriticalcorrosionprocessesintheoil&gasproductionandrefineryindustriesanddevelopingofnewtechnologiesforthepredictionandpreventionofthese.

Developmentofnewtechnologiesforthepredictionandpreventionofcorrosioninmarineenvironments,withparticularfocusondefenceequipment.

ResearchfacilitiesandrelatedresearchcapabilitiesatDeakinUniversity

OurResearchFacilitiesCorrosionresearchatDeakinUniversityissupportedbyvariousstateofthearttestingandcharacterisationfacilities.Surfacecharacterisationequipmentincludingscanningelectronmicroscopes,OpticalProfilometry,ATR-FTIRspectroscopyareavailableinResearchCentreswithintheInstituteforTechnologyResearchandInnovation(ITRI).Advancedelectrochemicalfacilitiesincludeseveralmultichannelpotentiostats,ascanningelectrochemicalmicroscopy,electrochemicalimpedanceandelectrochemicalnoiseinstrumentsandamultielectrodearraysystem(WBEinstrument).Theteamisalsowellequippedwithgeneralcorrosiontestingfacilitiesincludingautoclavesandpressurevessels.Deakinisintheprocessoffurtherexpandingitfacilitiesforcorrosionresearchwithrecentappointments.

ITRIDeakin

Corrosion & Materials24

The Australasian Corrosion Association Inc

Work experience and work in responsible chargeWork experience in corrosion or corrosion related field is defined as practical experience in corrosion mechanisms, causes, control and monitoring. It covers the investigation, design or

implementation of corrosion control. The work must be technical in nature (not sales for example) and in the corrosion field. Metallurgy, welding inspection, Non Destructive Testing (NDT) etc, are not acceptable, except when directly related

to corrosion.Work in responsible charge in corrosion or a corrosion related field is, work experience as defined above, which includes a level of responsibility requiring technical judgement. The applicant must be in technical control and have technical responsibility. Work such as design, specification,

and failure analysis etc are considered responsible work in charge, as opposed to routine testing or application of corrosion control measures, ie painting or installing anodes.

Affect on ACA MembershipACA accreditation as a Corrosion Technician/Technologist will have no affect on a member’s privileges including their right to vote, hold any office or participate in any associated activity.

Application procedureA completed application form with accompanying payment and documentation should be sent to the ACA Certification Scheme, PO Box 112, Kerrimuir VIC 3129 or faxed to +61 3 9890 7866. Your application will be initially assessed and you will be contacted if any further information is

required. The ACA will contact your referees and then forward your application to the Certification Review Board (which meets periodically - approx every 3 months) for assessment. You may be contacted by the ACA or one of the Certification Review Board members if further information is

needed to properly assess your application. Once reviewed, you will receive notification by letter as to the Certification Review Board’s decision.For further information on the Certification Rules,

Application Form or the Complaints Process, please visit our website at www.corrosion.com or call the ACA on +61 3 9890 4833.

CERTIFICATIO

N P

RO

GR

AM

Working tow

ard Professional Developm

ent in Corrosion

100mm

99mm

98mm

297 x 210 6PP DL ROLL FOLD

FRONT COVER

BACK COVER

ACA Certified Corrosion Technologists and TechniciansTheACA’sCertificationprogramforACACorrosionTechniciansandTechnologistsrecognisesthosewitheducationandexperienceinthecorrosionindustry.ACorrosionTechnicianhasatleast4yearsworkexperienceandhasattendedanumberofformaltrainingcourses,whilstthoseawardedCorrosionTechnologisthaveatleast10yearsworkexperienceandhaveobtainedfurthertraining.Foramoredetailedexplanationoftheeligibilitycriteria,pleaseconsultourACACertificationProgram

brochurewhichisavailableonourwebsitewww.corrosion.com.au.AscheduleofcurrentACACorrosionTechniciansandTechnologistsappearsbelowandwillbepublishedinCorrosion & MaterialsinfulleachAprilandDecemberandwillbecontinuouslyupdatedontheACA’swebsite.AllcurrentACATechniciansandTechnologistshavebeenissuedawalletcardwiththeircertificationnumberandmembershipdetails.

CorrosionTechnicians

Name CertNo: ExpiryDate

GaryBarber 248 30/06/2012

StephenBrown 263 4/02/2012

ThomasByrne 91 14/07/2012

DaveCharters 261 21/01/2012

PasqualeChiaravalloti 274 6/06/2012

RodneyClarke 206 20/12/2011

CraigClarke 246 26/03/2012

RossDarrigan 174 14/07/2012

GlennDean 280 20/01/2012

DavidFairfull 179 30/06/2012

GeoffFarrant 253 30/06/2012

RobertGentry 114 30/06/2012

DavidHarley 291 30/06/2012

StephenHolt 207 28/02/2012

BradleyJones 258 18/04/2012

BorisKrizman 169 18/02/2012

GaryMartin 57 1/06/2012

IanMcNair 163 30/06/2012

TerenceMichaelMoore 125 9/06/2012

DavidMorgan 234 16/02/2012

RegOliver 223 30/06/2012

DavidParravicini 296 2/09/2012

RafaelPelli 164 30/06/2012

KeithPerry 139 31/01/2012

SeanRyder 262 21/11/2012

IanSaunders 251 24/06/2012

BrianSmallridge 201 30/06/2012

JustinTanti 238 14/02/2012

GavinTelford 244 30/06/2012

JohnTomlinson 53 28/02/2012

MarkWatson 186 30/06/2012

DerekWhitcombe 123 30/06/2012

CorrosionTechnologists

Name CertNo: ExpiryDate

BruceAckland 82 30/06/2012

FredAndrews-Phaedonos 153 30/06/2012

RossAntunovich 214 30/06/2012

ArthurAustin 106 30/06/2012

DerekAvery 295 19/08/2012

DineshBankar 264 22/02/2012

DineshBankar 264 22/02/2012

DonBartlett 15 29/06/2012

StuartBayliss 236 7/11/2012

PeterBeckford 187 28/02/2012

TonyBetts 74 1/01/2013

RobBilling 12 30/06/2012

HarveyDavidBlackburn 10 1/01/2013

MichaelBoardman 30 12/07/2012

LesBoulton 43 1/01/2013

JohnBristow 107 1/01/2013

GaryBrockett 215 30/06/2012

KingsleyBrown 257 27/09/2012

PhilipBundy 209 30/06/2012

WayneBurns 100 1/01/2013

BrianByrne 27 1/01/2013

BryanCackett 70 30/06/2012

RobertCallant 103 30/06/2012

NeilCampbell 38 30/06/2012

GrahamRobertCarlisle 281 17/11/2012

AntonioCarnovale 203 30/06/2012

LuisCarro 260 30/06/2012

RegCasling 11 1/01/2013

DylanCawley 224 29/06/2012

IanClark 255 30/06/2012

PeterClark 80 30/06/2012

StanCollins 128 30/06/2012

GeoffCope 71 29/06/2012

LeonCordewener 44 30/06/2012

RobertCox 14 30/06/2012

PeterCrampton 8 29/06/2012

KerryDalzell 28 30/06/2012

RomanDankiw 208 29/06/2012

ReneD'Ath 197 11/03/2012

RobertdeGraaf 154 14/07/2012

MikeDinon 5 30/06/2012

BradleyDockrill 241 15/07/2012

PeterDove 210 29/03/2012

GaryDoyle 294 2/08/2012

AdrianDundas 250 1/02/2012

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 25

LucasEdwards 273 6/06/2012

BernardEgan 20 30/06/2012

GaryEvans 271 30/06/2012

WayneFerguson 242 4/09/2012

PeterFerris 195 30/06/2012

GavinForrester 282 10/02/2012

RobFrancis 23 29/06/2012

DaleFranke 199 30/06/2012

MaxFraser 283 17/03/2012

RobertFreedman 147 1/01/2013

JimGalanos 254 17/12/2011

BarryGartner 2 30/06/2012

BillGerritsen 18 30/06/2012

IanGlover 129 30/06/2012

FrederickGooder 141 30/06/2012

ChrisHargreaves 292 26/07/2012

PhilHarrison 145 8/05/2012

PeterHart 200 30/06/2012

FrankHewitt 67 1/01/2013

BrianHickinbottom 138 30/06/2012

BrettHollis 88 30/06/2012

MarshallHolmes 293 25/08/2012

PeterHosford 216 1/01/2013

PaulHunter 62 30/06/2012

JeffreyHurst 202 30/06/2012

CraigHutchinson 249 26/10/2012

LucianoIoan 228 6/06/2012

BruceJewell 245 30/06/2012

MichaelJohnstone 230 18/04/2012

MichaelJukes 90 3/03/2012

JohnKalis 166 17/12/2011

GraemeKelly 102 1/01/2013

JohnKilby 193 30/06/2012

JohnBarryLane 188 30/06/2012

BillLannen 111 1/01/2013

HarryLee 19 30/06/2012

KeithLichti 133 30/06/2012

VerneLinkhorn 39 30/06/2012

GarryLuskan 117 2/02/2012

WillieMandeno 13 30/06/2012

BrianMartin 60 1/01/2013

WilliamMcCaffrey 142 30/06/2012

JohnMcCallum 59 30/06/2012

DarylMcCormick 1 17/12/2011

MurryMcCormick 196 28/06/2012

MichaelMcCoy 109 14/04/2012

BradMcCoy 178 14/07/2012

BillMcEwan 32 1/01/2013

VicMcLean 237 30/06/2012

JimMcMonagle 56 1/01/2013

JohnMitchell 115 30/06/2012

ElioMonzu 159 30/06/2012

GregMoore 97 1/01/2013

JanetMorris 256 5/07/2012

RobertMumford 33 30/06/2012

TonyMurray 134 30/06/2012

DavidNicholas 94 1/01/2013

CalvinOgilvie 17 19/01/2012

DeanParker 108 5/07/2012

DavidPettigrew 297 17/12/2011

SteveRichards 110 30/06/2012

DennisRichards 180 1/01/2013

GavinRichardson 48 30/06/2012

TonyRidgers 36 30/06/2012

GeoffRippingale 37 30/06/2012

GeoffRobb 124 30/06/2012

BerndRose 252 1/05/2012

JohnRudd 243 21/06/2012

FredSalome 231 1/01/2013

IanSavage 259 30/06/2012

RonScaddan 272 5/02/2012

PhilipSchembri 198 30/06/2012

D.PaulSchweinsberg 34 1/01/2013

DavidScott 173 29/06/2012

MikeSlade 175 7/06/2012

JimSteele 119 17/12/2011

AlanSteinicke 9 1/06/2012

AllanSterling 191 31/03/2012

IanStewart 155 18/06/2012

GordonStewart 68 1/01/2013

GrahamSussex 136 30/06/2012

TanSweeHain 189 30/06/2012

Yongjun(Mike)JunTan 194 30/06/2012

PeterThorpe 144 1/01/2013

PeterTomlin 120 30/06/2012

NicholasVanStyn 229 25/02/2012

PeterWade 190 30/06/2012

BrianWalterWalsh 157 14/02/2012

JohnWaters 121 30/06/2012

JohnWatson 239 10/06/2012

RichardWebster 69 30/06/2012

MarkWeston 149 1/01/2013

GeoffreyRWhite 182 1/07/2012

PaulAshleighWilson 290 19/04/2012

RodneyWubben 46 30/06/2012

MorrisYoung 217 30/06/2012

CERTIFICATION PROGRAMWorking toward Professional Development in Corrosion

Listcurrentattimeofprinting

corrosion &prevention

Proudly presented by:Major sponsor:

Crown Conference Centre • Melbourne, Victoria, Australia • 11–14 November 2012

Call for PapersSubmissions are now welcome on all aspects of corrosion and corrosion control for Corrosion & Prevention 2012. Papers are subject to peer review and if accepted will be published in the Conference Proceedings. Critical dates for acceptance of abstracts and papers are:

Close of Abstracts: 30th March 2012

Acceptance of Abstracts: 13th April 2012

Receipt of Papers: 29th June 2012

Submit an AbstractPlease refer to www.corrosion.com.au to submit a 200-300 word summary of your proposed paper by the close of abstracts (30th March 2012).

Waldron Smith Management, a professional conference management company based in Melbourne will be managing the abstract and paper submission process for Corrosion & Prevention 2012.

Guide to SubmissionPapers submitted to the Corrosion & Prevention 2012 Conference must be unpublished works. It is the responsibility of the author to obtain necessary clearance/permission from their organisation. Copyright of the paper is assigned to the ACA. Abstracts should include the names of all authors, an appropriate title and a brief summary. All authors whose papers are accepted are required to attend the conference to present.

The DestinationConsistently voted one of the world’s most livable cities, Melbourne is a lively and cosmopolitan city that combines a fanatical love for the creative arts and good living with a state-wide sports addiction to make a city like no other. Set around the shores of Port Phillip Bay, the central business district is located on the northern banks of the picturesque Yarra River.

But it is within Melbourne’s hidden laneways where the city truly comes to life, where mainstream culture takes a back seat to allow for one-off boutiques, unique galleries, tiny cafés and hidden bars. With an eclectic dining scene that offers a startling array of the world’s great cuisines, from popular favourites to the truly ground breaking.

Although Melbourne is celebrated as Australia’s home to the arts, sport and shopping, just one hour’s drive from the city takes you a world away from the urban frenzy. With destinations like the Yarra Valley, The Great Ocean Road and Victoria’s Goldfields region you can take your pick from 100 local vineyards, rest and relax at award winning day spas, tee off at world class golf courses or even enjoy a swim with the dolphins.

Melbourne is a creative, exciting, ever-changing city with extraordinary surprises to be discovered in every basement, rooftop and laneway. The possibilities are endless, so forget what you think you know. Take a chance, lose yourself in Melbourne.

First Announcement & Call for Papers

Corrosion Management for a Sustainable World:Transport, Energy, Mining, Life Extension and Modelling

Technical TopicsPapers for the Conference are expected to cover a wide range of topics relating to all aspects of the corrosion industry. This will span the spectrum of fundamental research and science, to large-scale engineering and industrial implementation of corrosion technology. This will include an understanding of corrosion mechanisms, corrosion prevention, and management of corrosion issues, along with computational and modelling aspects. The following topics will be considered:

Corrosion Science and Research

Corrosion Engineering and Industrial Implementation

Corrosion Modelling

Case Studies

Corrosion in Energy Systems and Distribution Networks

Contractor Perspectives

Advances in  Corrosion Prevention and Cathodic Protection

Corrosion Management

Protective Coatings

Industry SectorsThis conference will have material of value to those working within the following industries:

Civil Infrastructure

Defence

Mining

Oil and Gas

Energy Transmission

Education and Research

Power

Water

Manufacturing

Maintenance

Government

Transport

Marine Engineering

Materials Engineering

Coating Inspection and Surveillance

Asset Managers, Corrosion Specialists and Consultants

Conference ConvenorIan Godson

Technical ChairsNick Birbilis

Bruce Hinton

Neil Campbell

CommitteePeter Dove

Sarah Furman

Dean Ferguson

Sponsorship and ExhibitionSponsorship will enable your company to make a significant contribution towards the success of Corrosion & Prevention 2012. In return, the conference offers strong branding and exposure in a focussed and professional environment. As with every Conference, the exhibition will be an integral part of the activities. It provides an opportunity for organisations to come face to face with the delegates; providing a marketplace to increase your organisation’s visibility and to showcase and demonstrate your products and services.

For further information, please contact the Australasian Corrosion Association on +61 (0)3 9890 4833 or conference@corrosion.com.au

Your HostsThe Australasian Corrosion Association Incorporated (ACA) is a not-for-profit, industry association, established in 1955 to service the needs of Australian and New Zealand companies, organisations and individuals involved in the fight against corrosion.

The mission of the ACA is to promote the co-operation of academic, industrial, commercial and governmental organisations in relation to corrosion and its mitigation and for disseminating information on all aspects of corrosion and its prevention by promoting lectures, symposia, publications and other activities.

ACA CentrePO Box 112 Kerrimuir, Victoria, Australia, 3129

Ph: +61 3 9890 4833, Fax: +61 3 9890 7866,

Email: conference@corrosion.com.au Website: www.corrosion.com.au

Corrosion & Materials28

ACA Corporate MembersCORPORATE PLATINUM

CORPORATE GOLD

CORPORATE SILVER

3CCorrosionControlCompany

AECOMAustraliaPtyLtd

AssetFacilityManagementPtyLtd

AustralasianIndustrialWrappings&CoatingsPtyLtd

BureauVeritasAssetIntegrity&ReliabilityServicesPtyLtd

CorrosionControlEngineeringPtyLtd

Denso(Australia)PtyLtd

DuluxAustralia

Hempel(Australia)PtyLtd

Incospec&AssociatesAustraliaPtyLtd

InternationalProtectiveCoatings

Jemena

JotunAustraliaPtyLtd

PPGIndustriesAustraliaPtyLtd

SAWaterCorporation

SantosLimited

SavcorARTPtyLtd

WatercareServicesLtd

WattylAustralia

ZintecCorrosionSolutions

A&ESystemsPtyLtd

ALSIndustrialPtyLtd

AustralianTankMaintenance

CentralSystemsPtyLtd

CenturyYuasaBatteriesPtyLtd

CoreGroupLtd

EptecPtyLtd

GHDPtyLtd

GMAGarnetPtyLtd

NewcastlePortCorporation

NorthAustralianCentreForOil&Gas

ORONTIDE

PeerlessIndustrialSystems

QuestIntegrity

SMECAustraliaPtyLtd

SteulerIndustrialCorrosionProtection

TarongEnergyCorpLtd

TBSCorporation

ActionAllianceGroup

AltexCoatingsLtd

AnodeEngineeringPtyLtd

ApplusRTDPtyLtd

ArupPtyLtd

AustralianPipelineTrustManagementServicesPtyLtd

BakerHughesAustraliaPtyLimited

Cape-Australia

CTIConsultantsPtyLtd

CurtinUniversityofTechnology

EngineeredSurfacePreparation

ExtrinConsultants

FavcotePtyLtd

Geopave/VicRoads

Hydro-ChemPtyLtd

KaeferNovacoat(WA)PtyLtd

MelbourneWater

OlympusAustralia

OpusInternationalConsultantsLtd

PetroCoatingSystemsPtyLtd

RhinoLiningsAustralasiaPtyLtd

RKFEngineeringServices

RosenAustraliaPtyLtd

RPGAustralia

ScientificSolutionsPtyLtd

SouthCoastSurfaceProtection

SpecialisedPipeSpoolingPtyLtd

TelstraCorporation

TranspacificIndustrialSolutions

VeoliaEnvironmentalServices

VinsiPartnersPtyLimited

WoodGroupIntegrityManagement

WorleyParsonsLtd

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 29

A S Harrison & Co Pty LtdAB and P Abrasive Blasting & PaintingABSAFE Pty LtdACTEW AGL DistributionAction Painters Auckland (2007) LtdAdtech FRP Pty LtdAdvanced Aqua BlastingAirservices AustraliaAlbany Port AuthorityAlfabs Protective Coatings Pty LtdAlloy Yachts International LtdAllunga Exposure LaboratoryAmaC Corrosion Protection Pty LtdAP Kempe EngineeringAPA GasNet OPS Pty LtdAPT AM Holdings Pty LtdARC West Group Pty LtdArmor GalvASC Pty LtdAsset Integrity Australasia Pty LtdATTARAurecon Australia Pty LtdAurecon PPIAurora EnergyAusblastAuscor Pty LtdAustral Wright MetalsAustralian Maritime CollegeAustralian National Maritime MuseumAustralian Paper ManufacturersBachalani Constructions Pty LtdBAE Systems AustraliaBASF Australia LtdBayer Material Science Pty LtdBCMG Pty LtdBCRC (NSW) Pty LtdBianco Structural SteelBlastcorp Pty LtdBP Refinery (Bulwer Island)BP Refinery (Kwinana) Pty LtdBRANZ LimitedBredero Shaw Australia Pty LtdBrisbane Abrasive BlastingBuel Pty LtdBundaberg Sandblasting Pty LtdCaltex Australia Petroleum Pty LtdCaltex Refineries (QLD) LtdCameleon PaintsCameron Applied Research and Developments Pty LtdCathodic Diecasting (QLD) Pty LtdCEA Australia Pty LtdCEM International Pty LtdCentreport LimitedChampion TechnologiesChevron Australia Pty LtdChiron ChemicalsCity West WaterClarkes Painting ServicesClavon Pte LtdCommercial Industrial Painting Services Pty LtdContract Resources Pty Ltd

CORE Water Management Solutions Pty LtdCorrocoat Engineering (Aust) Pty LtdCorrosion Electronics Pty LtdCorrosion Specialists Pty LtdCostin Roe ConsultingCouplertec Electronic RustproofingCox Coating Pty LtdCradle Mountain WaterCrest Restoration Services Pty LtdDepartment of Transport and Main RoadsDept of Infrastructure, Energy & ResourcesDept of Planning and InfrastructureDiagnostech Pty LtdDimet Anti-Corrosion Pty LtdDoito Pty LtdDukes Painting Services Pty LtdDuratec Australia Pty LtdEM&I (Australia) Pty LtdEnergex LtdEnergy Safe VictoriaEnergyworks LtdEsso Australia LtdFirma IndustriesFremantle PortsFremantle Sailing ClubFreyssinet Australia Pty LtdGalvanizers Association of AustraliaGanellen Asset ServicesGermanischer Lloyd (Australia) Pty LimitedGiovenco Industries (Aust) Pty LtdGippsland Cathodic ProtectionGippsland WaterGladstone Ports Corporation LtdGORODOK Pty LtdGPR Electrical (WA) Pty LtdGrange Resources (Tasmania) Pty LtdGreater Wellington Regional CouncilHalcrow Group LimitedHamersley Iron Pty LtdHERAHolmes Consulting GroupHoriso Pty LtdHunter Water Australia Pty LtdHydro Flow Pty LtdHydro Tasmaniaidec Protective Coatings Pty LtdIndustrial Composite ContractorsIndustrial Galvanizers Pty LtdInnovative Corrosion Management Pty LtdInspection & Consultancy Services LtdInternational Corrosion Services Pty LtdInvensys Rail Pty LtdIonode Pty LtdIPCQITW AAMTECHITW BuildexJacobsen Colourplus LtdKeppel Prince Engineering Pty LtdKGB Protective CoatingsKorvest Ltd - Galvanising DivisionKulin Group Pty LtdLinetech ConsultingLinkWater

Liquigas LtdLongmont EngineeringLordco NZ LtdLothway-TBS Pty LtdLoy Yang Power LtdLyttelton Port of ChristchurchM Brodribb Pty LtdM Waters Abrasive Blasting ServicesMahaffey Associates Pty LtdMaintenance Systems Pty LtdMarden Corrosion Services P/LMcCoy Engineering Pty LtdMcElligott Partners Pty LtdMcElligotts (Tas) Pty LtdMcKechnie Aluminium Solutions LimitedMetal Spray Suppliers (NZ) LtdMethanex New Zealand LtdMetrocorp TechnologiesMetz Specialty Materials Pty LtdMills Sign & Painting ServiceMobil Refining Australia Pty Ltd (Altona Refinery)MTK ConsultingNalco Australia Pty LtdNanmah Pty LtdNDT Equipment Sales Pty LtdNew Zealand Aluminium SmeltersNew Zealand Steel LtdNewcastle City CouncilNMT Electrodes (Australia) Pty LtdNorblast Industrial Solutions Pty LtdNorth Queensland and Bulk Ports CorporationNorthport LtdNPC Industries Pty LtdNZ Refining Co LtdOrigin EnergyOrrcon Operations Pty LtdOsborne CogenerationOutokumpu Pty LtdPacific Resins Pty LtdPaint N ColourParchem Construction SuppliesPCCS TrustPCWI International Pty LtdPhillro Industries Pty LtdPolymer Group LtdPort Kembla Port CorporationPPG Performance Coatings (M) Sdn BhdPrendos New Zealand LtdPreservation TechnologiesPrimary Industries & Resources of South AustraliaPro-Fast Protective CoatingsProkote Pty LtdPumpline Pty LtdQLD Dept Main Roads - Structures DivisionQLD Painters & Maintenance Services Pty LtdQueensland Alumina LtdQueensland Nickel Pty LtdQueensland Sugar LimitedQueensland Urban Utilities

Rail CorporationReinforced Earth Pty LtdRema Tip Top Industrial Pty LtdReno BlastResene Paints LtdRheem Australia Pty LtdRightway Industrial Pty LtdRM Watson Pty LtdRoads & Traffic Authority of NSWRTA Weipa Pty LtdRust-oleum Industrial CoatingsSea Coatings Australia Pty LimitedSGS NZ LtdShell Refining AustraliaShoreguard MarineSika (NZ) LtdSika AustraliaSilver Raven Pty LtdSLH Contracting (2008) LtdSouth East Water LimitedSpecial Metals Pacific Pte LtdStanwell CorporationStructural Systems (Remedial) Pty LtdSubspection Pte LtdSulco LimitedSummit FertilizersSunWater LimitedSVT Engineering ConsultantsSyntech Distributors LtdTAFE NSW - Sydney InstituteTandex Pty LtdTas Gas NetworksTas Protective CoatingsTasmanian Ports Corporation Pty LtdThe Valspar (Australia) Corporation Pty LimitedThomas Contracting Pty LtdThyssenKrupp VDM Australia Pty LtdTitanium Anode Corporation Pty LtdTitanium Electrode Products (Australia) Pty LtdTotal Corrosion ControlTotal Paint ProtectionTotal Surface ProtectionTownsville Port AuthorityTranscote Pty LtdTransend Networks Pty LtdTransfield ServicesTranspower New Zealand LtdTri-Star Industries Pte LtdTropical Reef Shipyard Pty LtdTyco FCPTyco Water TechnologiesUndersea Construction LtdValicote Pty LtdVector Gas LimitedWAG Pipeline Proprietary LtdWannon Region Water CorporationWater Corporation of Western AustraliaWillall Industries Pty LtdWoodside Energy LtdYarra Valley Water

CORPORATE BRONZE

Listaccurateat7/11/11

Corrosion & Materials30

Cathodic Protection of a 1.2km long Harbour Tunnel A1.2kmlong4.35mdiametercross-harbourtunnelwasconstructedin1996foranironoreconveyor.Thisused5,154reinforcedconcreteliningsegmentsboltedtogetherbymildsteelboltslocatedwithinboltpockets.Sinceearlyinitsconstructionthetunnelexperiencedseawaterleakagethroughsegmentsealsandgroutports.Duetothewaterpressure,leakageoftunnelsunderaharbourisnotuncommonandregularwashdownandmaintenancewouldberequired.However,withaconveyorthatoperatescontinuously,itisonlypossibletoundertakeminimalmaintenance.Overtimesaltwateringresscausedseverecorrosionoftheexposedmildsteelboltassemblies.Thiscorrosionhasledtosurfacecrackingandspallingoftheconcrete(Figure1).Thesaltencrustationfromleakshadresultedindiffusionofchloridesintotheconcretetherebyinitiatingreinforcementcorrosion.Concreteremediationandinstallationofanimpressedcurrentcathodicprotection(ICCP)systemwasrequiredinordertoachievethedesiredlifeof50yearsforthis15yearoldasset.

ConcreteRemediationWorksAurecondevelopedamethodologytoremediatethecorrodingsteelboltsandmitigatefurthercorrosiononmildsteelcomponentsandreinforcement.Thiswouldallowthetunneltoachieveitsrequiredlifewithminimalongoingmaintenance.Thisinvolvedtherepairofdamagedconcrete,encapsulationofmildsteelboltsandapplicationofcathodicprotection(Figure2,3).

Duringascheduledshutdownperiod,extensiverepairworkswereundertakenutilisingspraygrouting.Theseworkswereperformedbymultiplecrewsmovingalongthetunnelunderrestrictedaccessconditionsduetothepresenceoftheconveyorstructureandthewalkway.

Theserepairsaddresseddamagevisibleatthetime.

ICCPSystemDesignConsiderationDuringthedesignconsiderationhadtobegivento:

Resolvingthelackofcontinuitybetweenindividualreinforcedconcretesegments

Achievingevencurrentdistributionalongthestructure

MonitoringoftheperformanceoftheICCPsystembymeasuringpolarisationlevelsalongthetunnel

Thepresenceofavastnetworkofburiedandimmersedmetallicstructuressurroundingthetunnelsuchaspipelinesandwharfs,manyofwhichwiththeirownhighcurrentoutputICCPsystemsinstalled

Requirementsbytunneloperationssuchasshortshutdownperiods,limitedaccessandotherworksinthevicinitye.g.theconstructionofmultiplenewberthsincludingpilingstraddlingthetunnel.

DesignOptionsfortheCathodicProtectionSystemVariousdesignoptionstoprovidecathodicprotectiontothetunnelreinforcementwereconsidered.Thethreemainoptionswere:

a)Ribbon/discreteanodesinslots/drilledholesintheconcrete.

b)Adistributedanodesystemalongthefulllengthofthetunnel.

c)Installationofremoteanodegroundbedsatthetwoendsofthetunnel.

Optionc)stoodoutduetosimplicityoftheapproach,lowerrisksandcomparablylowcostandwasconsequentlyselectedaspreferredoption.Atrialwasperformedtoassessthesuitabilityofthisapproach.

Basedonpositiveresultsfromthetrialthisoptionwasselectedforafeasibilitystudyandsubsequentlyfordetaileddesignandimplementation.

DetailedDesignTheICCPsystemwasdesignedwithremoteanodegroundbedslocatedonshoreatthetwoendsofthetunnelinordertoinjectcurrentintothesteelreinforcementviathesoil/seawater/concretemedium.(ReferFigure4forSchematic).Thelocationswerechosentominimisetheriskofstraycurrentinterferenceeffectsuponburiedorimmersedmetallicstructuresinthevicinityofthetunnel.TheICCPpowersupplyandmonitoringcontrolunits(PSMCU)areintegratedintoanextensivemonitoringsystemwhichfeedsintotheclient’sSCADAsystem.ThePSMCUsarelinkedwithafibreopticcommunicationcableandhave3Gmodemswhichallowremotediagnosticsandsoftwareupgrades.

AcontinuitysystemwasinstalledalongthetunneltointerconnectthesegmentsandprovideareturnpathfortheCPcurrent.

Platinumcoated,coppercoredniobiumanodeswereselectedforthegroundbeds.Theseanodesofferalongservicelife,highcurrentoutputdensityandhighpermissibledrivingvoltageinachlorideenvironment.Thetotaloutputcapacityis450ampswitha50yeardesignlife.Theanodesarelocatedinacalcinedcokebackfill.

CPSystemmonitoringisperformedusingembeddedsilver/silverchloridereferenceelectrodes.Atotalof44monitoringstationswereinstalledalongthetunnel.Eachmonitoringstationconsistsof5referenceelectrodes,distributedatvariouslocationsaroundthecircumferencereflectingvariationsincircumferentialexposureconditions.MonitoringcanbeundertakenatthePSMCUunitsateitherendofthetunnelorremotelyviathesiteSCADAsystem.

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 31

ConstructionThegreatestchallengeduringconstructionwasinstallationoftheanodegroundbedswithcokebackfillwithintidalareas(Figure5and6).Challengesinvolved:

1.Groundbedtrencheswouldfillwithwaterforasignificantportionofthe

day,withhightidesfullyimmersingthelocations.

2.Trenchwallsduginsandywatersaturatedsoilwouldeasilycollapse.

3.Anydamagetomangrovespresentatthelocationswouldhavetobeenvironmentallyapproved,hence,hadtobeminimised.

JB

C

NR NR NR NR NR NR

Anode Groundbed

Fibre Optic Link

Island PSMCU

Mainland PSMCU

Anode Groundbed

Continuity Bond Cable

Negative Return Box

Negative Continuity Box

JB

Figure1:Saltwaterleakthroughpanelsealandheavilycorrodedsteelplateandbolt

Figure4:CPSystemoverview

Figure2:Spray-groutingofboltpockets

Figure3:Tunnelaftercompletedrepairs

Corrosion & Materials32

4.Cokebackfillcouldbewashedoutoftrenchduringtidemovement.

Toovercomethesechallengescanisterisedanodesweremanufacturedconsistingof5.0mlongsteeltroughs.Theentirecanisterwaswrappedingeotextilefabrictopreventwashingoutofthecoke.One2.0mlonganodewasplacedcentrallyinthecoke.Thesecanisterswereliftedintothetrenchandjoinedwiththepreviouscanistertoobtainacontinuousgroundbed.

Thismethodologyensured:

Fastprogressoftheinstallation

Nocokewaswashedoutduringconstructionorcanbewashedoutduringtheoperation

Theriskfortrenchwallcollapsewasminimised

Trenching/installationcouldcontinueduringthesubsequentlowtidewithoutsignificantpreparation.

CommissioningandOperationCommissioningwasperformedinaccordancewithAS2832.5toachieveinternationallyacceptedcriteriaforprotection.

After12weeksdepolarisationtestingfoundthat>98%ofthereferenceelectrodeshadachievedsatisfactorylevelsofprotection.AdditionalpolarisationwouldcontinuewithtimewithatotaloutputfromthePSMCUsof260amps.AnexampleofthedepolarisationtrendsisshowninFigure7.

Interferencetestingwasconductedaspartofthecommissioningprocess.Someadverseeffectswerenotedonnearbyburiedpipesandwharves.Tomitigatetheseeffectsbondingsystemsweredesigned.CableswererunfromtheinterferencemitigationterminalsprovidedateachPSMCUtoeachaffectedassetwheretheadverseeffectwasmostprominentandconnectedviablockingdiodes.

Thisprojectdemonstratedthatalongreinforcedconcretesegmentedtunnelstructurecanbeprotectedbycathodicprotectionutilisingremoteexternalanodegroundbeds.ConstructionandsiteissuesprovidedchallengestothedevelopmentandimplementationofthisICCPsystemduetodenseheavyinfrastructureandongoinginfrastructureexpansionactivities.However

theseweremitigatedbyflexibility,communicationandinnovativedesignduringallstagesofthework.Straycurrentissueswereencounteredbuthavebeenreadilymitigatedasearlyconsiderationwasgiventothisduringthedesign.Aprojectofthisnaturerequiresclosecoordinationamongstthedesigners,theowner,manufacturers,andinstallersaswellasstakeholderstoachievethedesiredoutcome.

(Editors Note: For more information about this project

refer to 18ICC Proceedings, Paper No. 357.)

U.Kreher,I.Solomon,A.VinnellAureconAustraliaPtyLtd

ProjectProfile

Figure5:Groundbed

Figure6:Groundbedinstallation

Figure7:ExampleofdepolarisationtrendsasproducedbytheSCADASystem

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 33

Inwhatyearwasyourcompanyestablished?

IDEC Protective Coatings was established in 2007.

Howmanyemployeesdidyouemploywhenyoufirststartedthebusiness?

Approximately 35.

Howmanydoyoucurrentlyemploy?

Approximately 35.

DoyouoperatefromanumberoflocationsinyourhomestateorinotherstatesofAustralia?

We have a large blasting and painting facility in Hemmant, on the south side of Brisbane. We do work for projects that are located all over Australia and overseas, however our operation is focused here at our facility. We do offer limited on-site services to our existing clients.

Whatisyourcorebusiness?(e.g.blastingandpainting,rubberlining,waterjetting,laminating,insulation,flooringetc.)

Our core business is Blasting and Painting. We have 2 metal shot rooms and a garnet room.

Whatmarketsdoyoucoverwithyourproductsorservices?eg:oil&gas,marine,chemicalprocess,generalfabrication,tanklining,offshoreetc.

We specialise in:

Oil and Gas

Pipework (including internal blasting and painting)

Fuel Tank Plates

Tanks

Structural Steel.

Isthebusinessyardbased,sitebasedorboth?

We are yard based and offer limited site based services, usually to existing clients on projects that we have done the yard based work for.

Whatisyourmonthlycapacityortonnagethatyoucanblastandprime?

We do a wide variety of different jobs so it is difficult to measure the tonnage. We have quite a large capacity and currently have 2 of our 3 rooms running full time, including a small crew on night shift. We are not running at full capacity and hope to build this up over the next 12 months.

Doyouofferanyspecialtyservicesoutsideyourcorebusiness?(eg.primaryyardbasedbutwilldositetouchupetc.)

We are focused on our core business.

Whatisthemostsatisfyingprojectthatyouhavecompletedinthepasttwoyearsandwhy?

We recently completed a difficult project for ACLAD, which included odd shaped and twisted fins for the external of the new ABC premises in Southbank. This project was pleasing because we established specialised hangars in order to paint the fins without having to turn them. The building looks amazing and it is pleasing to drive past and know that we contributed to the completion of the project.

WhatpositiveadvicecanyoupassontotheCoatingsGroupfromthatsatisfyingprojectorjob?

Where possible, research the job before it arrives and establish a materials handling solution which will help save time and increase quality assurance outcomes.

Doyouhaveaninternaltrainingschemeordoyououtsourcetrainingforyouremployees?

We do both internal and external training for our staff. We are lucky enough to have some industry veterans in our company who are willing to train some of the younger employees on the tricks of the trade.

IDEC Protective Coatings

ContactDetails:JasonDukesGeneralManager

(07)33967155jasond@idec.com.auwww.idec.com.au

Corrosion & Materials34

Copper Based Antifouling Coatings on Aluminium HullsTraditionallycopperbasedantifoulingcoatings(mostlyCuprousOxide)havenotbeenusedonaluminiumhullsduetheconcernthatcorrosionofthehullwilloccurduetotheelectrochemicalpotentialdifferencesbetweenthecuprousoxideandthealuminiumhull.Recentlaboratoryinvestigationandareviewoffieldexperiencehasshownthatthereareotherfactorsthatareimportanttobeproperlycontrolledtoavoidcorrosion.

IntroductionTheuseofcopperbasedantifoulingcoating(typicallybasedonredcopperoxide)onsteel-hulledvesselshasbeenwidelyusedandthetraditionalpracticeforaluminiumhullswastouseeithernon-copperbasedactiveingredients(egtributyltincompounds)orlowcoppercontentmaterialssuchasCuprousThiocyanate.

TheavoidanceofCoppermaterialsonaluminiumhullsisdrivenbytheactionofthedissimilarmetalsandthegreaterpotentialforaluminiumtocorrodewhencoupledwithcopper.Theuseofcoppercompoundsratherthanmetalliccopperisadifferencethatneededtobeinvestigated.Metalliccopperaswellasthetwomostprominentcoppercompounds

(CuprousOxideandCuprousThiocyanate)wereusedintheexperimentalwork.

AlthoughtheyprovideexcellentlongtermantifoulingefficacytributyltinmaterialsarenolongeracceptableunderInternationalMaritimeOrganisationregulationsandthematerialscurrentlyusedonSteelhullswereinvestigatedtoassesssuitabilityforaluminiumhulls.TheuseofCuprousOxide(Cu2O)basedantifoulingcoatingsprovidesignificantlylongerperiodsoffoulingcontrolthanthelowcopperoptionofCuprousThiocyanate(CuSCN)andsotherewerecompellingcommercialandpracticalreasonsforevaluatingCuprousOxidebasedproductsonaluminiumhulls.

ExperimentalSamplesofcommonlyusedmaterialsforvesselconstruction–aluminiumplate(AA5083-4mmx40mmx100mm)andcarbonsteel(St37-3mmx40mmx100mm)–wereobtainedandaseriesoftestswerecarriedoutinquadruplicate.

Atestsolutionof3%SodiumChloridewasinoculatedwithcoppercompoundsasperTable1.

ThedifferinglevelsofthevariouscompoundswerecalculatedtoprovidethesamefinalCoppercontentinthetestsolution.Alloftheselevelsaresignificantlyinexcessofthesolubilityofthematerialssoasaturatedsolutionwilloccur.

ThemetalsampleswerefullyimmersedinthedifferentsolutionsandallsamplesweretestedasduplicateswithdifferentcontainersusedforeachTestandmagneticstirrersfittedtoprovideuniformexposureduringthetest.Theduplicatespecimensweresupportedbyplasticclipstomaintainseparationandverticalorientationintheliquid.

PriortotestingtheedgesofeachsamplewasabradedwithSiCpapertominimiseany“edgeeffects”,rinsedinfreshwater,degreasedinacetone,driedandweighed.Thetestpanelswerenotblastcleanedorspeciallypreparedpriortotest.

Thetestprocedurewascarriedoutat20–23°Candthedurationofthetestwas28days.

AfterthetestperiodthreeofthequadruplicatesamplesfromeachsolutionwererinsedanddriedandstrippedofcorrosionproductaccordingtoASTMG1.

ResultsAveragecorrosionratesweredeterminedfromthecalculatedweightloss.AswouldbeexpectedthecorrosionrateforaluminumwasmuchlowerthanforsteelandtheresultsareshowninTable2.

Theresultsonlyprovideaveragecorrosionratesanddonotindicatethesusceptibilitytopittingwhichcanbemuchmoreserious.ThisisdifficulttorankquantitativelyanddescriptionsoftheobservationsareshowninTable3.

Technical Note

TestNoCucontent

(ppm)

AmountofCucontainingcompound(mg/l)

MetalSampleType

Cu1 Cu2O CuSCN Aluminium Steel

1 0 0 0 0 X

2 10 10 0 0 X

3 10 0 11.3 0 X

4 10 0 0 19.1 X

5 0 0 0 0 X

6 10 10 0 0 X

7 10 0 11.3 0 X

8 10 0 0 19.1 X1Metalliccopperaddedasfinelydividedpowder.

Table1

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 35

DiscussionEventhoughthereisalargerpotentialforgalvaniccorrosionofaluminiumthanforsteelinthepresenceofcoppertheperformanceoftheTestsamplesshowsthatthereisnotasignificantdifferenceintheaveragecorrosionrateforallthreecoppercompoundsassessedonthedifferentsubstrates.Theincidenceofpittingisalsonotsignificantlydifferentbetweenthethreecompoundsoneachofthesubstrates.

Eventhoughthedifferencesarenotsignificanttherearesomeunusualresultsinthevaluesobtained.CuSCNshowsthehighestaveragecorrosionrateonsteelandtheCu(metal)Testisthelowestresultforallsteelsamples(includingthe“blank”sample).

ThesuitabilityofCu2Obasedantifoulingcoatingsforaluminiumhullsisthereforedependentonotherfactorswhichincludesufficient

thicknessofanonconductiveprotectivecoatingappliedtothehullandasuitablyinstalledcathodicprotectionsystem.ThereisanincreasinguseofCu2Obasedantifoulingcoatingsonaluminiumvesselsonaglobalscaleandtheovercautiousapproachofthepastisnotvalid.

ByE.RidingJotunAustralia

Table2

Table3

TestNoCucontent

(ppm)AmountofCucontainingcompound(mg/l) MetalSampleType AverageCorrosionRate

(µm/year)Cu1 Cu2O CuSCN Aluminium Steel

1 0 0 0 0 X 1.29

2 10 10 0 0 X 35.70

3 10 0 11.3 0 X 43.91

4 10 0 0 19.1 X 29.50

5 0 0 0 0 X 240.7

6 10 10 0 0 X 191.3

7 10 0 11.3 0 X 272.7

8 10 0 0 19.1 X 302.3

TestNo Substrate Largestpitdepth(µm) Comments

1 Aluminium (90)1 3pitsintotalidentified–alldeeperthan50µ.Locatedclosetodamageareas/edges.

2 Aluminium 65Numerouspitsallofsimilardepth–greaterpitdensitythanTest4butlessthanTest3.

3 Aluminium 60Moderatevariationinpitdensityfromdifferentsamplefacesandgreatestnumberofpitsingeneralonaluminiumsamples.

4 Aluminium (100)1 Mostlyshallowpitswithveryfewdeeperpits.Locatedclosetodamageareas/edges.

5 Steel - Onlyveryshallow–micro-pits.

6 Steel 80Mostlyshallowpits(<50µm)andalsowithvariationbetweenfacesofthesamples.LesspitsintotalthanTest7andTest8.

7 Steel 110Mostpittingisbelow50µmandwithsomethatappeartobeaggregatedpits–alsovariationbetweenthesamplefaces.GreatestnumberofpitsforsteelTests.

8 Steel 110SimilartoTest7butwithlesspits–althoughstillmorepittingthanTest6.

1Pitslocatedindamageareasornearedges.

Corrosion & Materials36

Technical Note

Effect of Surface Roughness on the Corrosion of 316-type Stainless SteelIntroductionCorrosionwasdetectedonanumberofwiresof3mmdiametermadefromstainlesssteelasshowninFig.1.Itwasfoundthatthecorrosionhadoccurredevenbeforethewireswereexposedtoservice.TheserviceenvironmentwasnearneutralpHwaterwhichwasslowflowing.AchemicalanalysisofthewireshadshownthatthewiresmettherequirementsofASTMA314specificationsfor316-typestainlesssteels.TheseresultsindicatedthattheCrcontentofthewireswasclosetothelowerlimitingvaluesforspecificationas316-typestainlesssteel.Significantly,Ccontentwas0.04%andScontentabout0.01%.Itiswellknownthat316-typestainlesssteelshave2-3%Moaddedspecificallytoresistpittingcorrosioninchlorideenvironments.Stainlesssteelsarealsogenerallypassivatedbeforetheyareusedinservice.Corrosioninthisinstancewasnoteasilyexplained.

Anumberoftestswereundertakentoinvestigatethecausesofcorrosion.

ExperimentalObservationsAsmallnumberofcorrodedandnon-corrodedsampleswererandomlyselectedfromthematerialfortesting.Thetestsincludedatest(ASTM967)tolocateanycarbonsteelpresentonanyofthewires.Carbonsteelhasbeenknowntocausecorrosionifstainlesssteelmaterial

isnotsufficientlypassivated.Inordertodetermineifthewireswerecontaminatedbyfree-ironparticles,asolutionofpotassiumferricyanideandnitricacidsolutionwaspreparedasspecifiedinASTMA967andthesamplesareswabbedwiththissolution.

Anotherlineofinvestigationwastoidentifyifthesampleshadreceivedappropriateheattreatment.Stainlesssteelswhenimproperlyheattreatedcanproducechromiumcarbidesandsigmaphasesandthesearedetrimentaltocorrosion.Forthis,opticalandScanningElectronMicroscopy(SEM)examinationofthesampleswasperformed.Microscopicexaminationofthewireswasexpectedtogiveavaluableinsightintotheheatandmechanicaltreatmentsusedduringandsubsequenttomanufacture.

Sampleswerealsosubjectedtoimmersionin10%FeCl3solutionfor72hoursinordertoidentifyissuesofcorrosioninthepresentsamples.TheASTMG48testwaschosenbecauseitisquickandsensitivetochangesinpittingresistanceofstainlesssteels.Weightlossinthistestgivesacomparisontoratematerialswithdifferentcorrosionresistances.Thesampleswerealsotestedinhorizontalandverticalpositionstoinvestigatepossibleeffectsofattitude.

ResultsandDiscussionIron contamination Thetestsforironcontaminationdidnotshowanypresenceofiron.Normallyswabbingwithasolutioncontainingpotassiumferricyanideandnitricacidgivesabluecolourinthepresenceoffreeiron.Nobluecolourationfromcorrodedareaswasobserved.

MicrostructuresTheopticalmicroscopypictureofbothcorrodedanduncorrodedsamplesshowedthatmicrostructures,asinFig2,consistedoftwinningandstepstructuretypicalofannealedstainlesssteels.Thedarkspotsareetchpits.Therewasnothingtosuggestthattherewerecarbideorsigmaphases.TheSEMEnergyDispersiveSpectroscopy(EDS)analysisshowedthattherewaschlorinepresentinthecorrosionproduct.

Surface inspectionVisualexaminationofthesamplesshowedthatthosewithpreviouscorrosionstainsexhibitedmechanicaldamageonitssurfaceasshowninFig.3.Foldsandspirallingfeatureswerevisibleonthesurface.Thesampleswithoutpreviouscorrosionalsoshowedsomemechanicaldamagebut,significantly,didnotexhibitanyspiraldefectsasshowninFig.4.

Corrosion testsTheresultsofthetestafterimmersionin10%FeCl3indicatedthatthesamplewithpreviouscorrosionsufferedexcessiveweightloss(30%).Thesamplesthathadnopreviouscorrosionstainsshowedmuchlowerweightloss(1-3%).Incomparison,atypical316-typestainlesssteelhadshowedacorrosionrateof1.5%in6%FeCl3[1].Ingeneral,allthesampleshadexhibitedgreaterweightlossthanthatexpectedfromexistingliterature.Fig.1Corrosionhadoccurredonsome

wiresevenbeforebeingputtoservice.Fig.2Microstructurestypicalofbothcorrodedanduncorrodedwireswithtwinningfromcoldworking.

50 µm

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 37

Bothcorrodedanduncorrodedsamplesexaminedunderamicroscopeexhibitedpittingbutthedegreeofpittingdiffered.ThesamplewiththegreatestweightlossexhibitedmoreextensivepittingandspiralmarksonitssurfacealsocontributedtopittingasshowninFig5.Incontrast,thesamplethatdidnothavecorrosionstainshadfewerpitsandtheminorscuffingonitssurfacedidnotincreasepitting.

Theuppersample,Fig.5a,hadpitsalongthespiraldefectaswellaspitsinotherareas.Pittingismuchlessinthelowersample,Fig.5b,(whichwastakenfromawirewithoutcorrosionstains).Bothsamplesshowlocalisedpitting,althoughmuchofthelowersampleappearstobegenerallyingoodcondition.

Corrosiononsomewiresappearstobetheresultofsurfacedefects,particularlythespiraldamagewhichproducedexcessivecorrosionrates.Wireswithcorrosionstainshadmechanicaldamagethatwentaroundandalongthewireinaspiralpattern.Defectsproducedbytheprocessofwiredrawinghavebeensubjecttointensestudy[2],butspecificationsforsurfacequalityarestillindevelopment.Surfacequalityofwireaffectsfatigueandcorrosioninbio-medicalapplications.Surfacefoldsarethoughttobetheresultofmechanicaldamageduringtheprocessofwiredrawing,probablyduetoincompleteorincorrectcleaningofdies[3].Existingliteratureindicatesthatsurfaceconditionshaveasignificanteffectonresistancetocorrosion[4].Significantly,corroded

wireshadspiraldamage,probablyresultingfromwiretwistingasitpassedthroughthereductiondie.Thiscouldhavealsoproducedsmearingandfoldingofthewires[3].

ConclusionsCorrosiononsomewiresappearstobetheresultofsurfacedefects.Wireswithcorrosionstainsshowedspiralmarkingsandsurfacefolds,andexhibitedexcessivepitting.

Wireswithoutvisiblecorrosionstainsalsoproducedpitting,buttheirlossinweightwasmuchless.

Defectsinthewirearethoughttohavebeenproducedduringmanufacture,probablyduetodefectivedies..Spiraldefectswereprobablyasaresultoftwistingofthewireasitpassedthroughthereductiondie.

References[1] MarsG.Fontana,Corrosion

Engineering,3rdedition,TataMcCrawHill,2005.

[2] ShinoharaTandYoshidaK,Deformationanalysisofsurfaceflawsinstainlesssteelwiredrawing,JournalofMaterialsProcessingTechnology162–163(2005)579–584.

[3] RentlerRMandGreeneND,CorrosionofSurfaceDefectsinFineWires,JournalofBiomedicineMaterialResearch,955(1975)597-610.

[4] ASMMetalsHandbook,OnDialogDVD,Corrosion,Volume13,MaterialsPark,Ohio,1998.

KrishnanKannoorpatti1,DavidMLilley1andGrahameWebb2

1NorthAustralianCentreforOilandGas,SchoolofEngineeringandIT,2ResearchInstitutefortheEnvironmentandLivelihoods,CharlesDarwinUniversity,Darwin,NTAustralia,2WildlifeManagementInternational,Berrimah,NTAustralia

Fig.3Spirallingdefectseenonsamplesthathadpreviouslyexhibitedcorrosionstains.Insetshowsuniformyellowstains.

Fig.4Somemechanicaldamageonthewirethatdidnothavepreviouscorrosion.Insetshowslocalisedyellowstains.

Fig.5Pittingafterimmersionin10%FeCl3solution.(a)hadpreviouscorrosionstainsshowingpitsalongspiralmarks.(b)nopreviouscorrosionstains.

Corrsem 1

Nocorrsem 1

a.

b.

Pattern of mech damage

Spiral mech damage Uniform yellow Stains

Localised yellow Stains

Corrosion & Materials38

SheddinglightonCorrosion

A.J.Davenport

UniversityofBirmingham,UK

SummaryHighlyintensesynchrotronX-raysareidealprobesforstudyingcorrosionprocessessincetheycanpenetratewaterandmetalsurfaces,andofferawiderangeoftechniquesfordeterminingthetime-dependentmorphologyandchemistryofsiteswithmicronresolution.X-raymicrotomographyandradiographycanshowtheevolutionofcorrosiondamagein3Dor2D,X-rayabsorptionspectroscopygiveschemicalinformationinsidegrowingcorrosionpits,andX-raydiffractioncanbeusedtoidentifythesaltfilmsthatforminsideartificialpits.Thesetechniqueshavebeenappliedtostudylocalisedcorrosionofstainlesssteelandnickel,atmosphericcorrosionofaerospacealloys,andlocalisedcorrosionofTiforbiomedicalapplications.

1.IntroductionLocalisedcorrosionsitesareparticularlydifficulttostudyastheydevelopinwetenvironmentsandmanyofthemosteffectivecharacterisationmethodsmustbecarriedoutinavacuum.However,thereisavarietyofphoton-basedtechniquesthatcanallowcharacterisationofthechemistryandmorphologyoflocalisedcorrosionprocesses.SynchrotronX-raybasedtechniquesofferaparticularadvantage,sincethehighlyintenseX-raysarereadilyabletopenetratewaterand,insomecases,metal.Furthermore,thehighlytuneablenatureofthebeamsmeansthatarangeoftechniquesareavailableincludingimaging,diffraction/scatteringandspectroscopy.

SynchrotronX-raymethodshavebeenusedtostudycorrosionandpassivationofmetalssincethe1980s.Muchoftheearlierworkinvolvedcharacterisationofpassiveoxidefilmsonalloyssuchasiron,stainlesssteelandcopperwithX-rayabsorptionspectroscopye.g.[1-6]aswellastheeffectofcorrosioninhibitorse.g.[7,8].Insitusinglecrystaldiffractionhasalsobeenusedtostudythepassivefilmoniron[9]andnickel[10],andX-rayfluorescencehasbeenappliedtostudytheeffectofcompositionthresholdsondealloyingprocesses[11]aswellasthecompositionofthesolutioninlocalisedcorrosionsites[12,13].Morerecentworkhasinvolvedtheapplicationofmanyofthesetechniquestothecorrosionofarchaeologicalartefacts,e.g.[14,15],oilandgascorrosion[16,17],corrosionofMginthebody[18],stresscorrosioncracking[19]andmicrogalvanicprocesses[20].However,relativelylittleworkhasfocusedonthemorphologyandchemistryoflocalisedcorrosionsites.

Inthispaper,theuseofarangeofmethodsforexploringthecharacteristicsoflocalisedcorrosioninstainlesssteel,nickel,aluminiumandtitaniumsystemsisexplored,with

applicationsrangingfromnuclearwastestorageandairframealloysthoughalloyswithbiomedicalapplications.

2.X-RayImagingofLocalisedCorrosionofStainlessSteelX-raymicrotomographyisamethodforstudyingtheevolutionofcorrosionin3D.Itinvolvesusingasamplewithrod-likegeometryandtakingaseriesofmany2Dimagesasthesampleisrotatedaroundtheaxisoftherod.Theseriesof2Dimagescanthenbemathematicallyreconstructedtogivea3Dstructure.Thisapproachhasbeenusedtostudycorrosionofmagnesium[18,21],aluminium[22-25],andstainlesssteel[19,25,26].Figure1showsatomographicimageofastainlesssteelpin0.5mmindiameterontowhichamicrocapillarycellhasbeenlowered(usingadevicedevelopedbySuter[23,26]).(ThemeasurementwasperformedattheTOMCATbeamlineoftheSwissLightSourceusingtheexperimentalsetupdescribedinReference[26].)Thepiniseasilyvisibleowingtothedifferenceindensitybetweenthestainlesssteelandthesurroundingair(absorptioncontrast),whereasthelowerdensityglasscapillaryandsiliconecoatingcanberesolvedowingtophasecontrastenhancementifthedetectorisplacedatsomedistance(afewcm)fromthesample.Usingthisdevice,thegrowthofacorrosionpitcanbeobserved.

Figure2showsaverticalsectionthroughthereconstructedtomogramofthemetalpincontainingacorrosionpitthatisgrowingundergalvanostaticcontrol.Theupperimageshowsthepitfollowinggrowthfor1minute.Itshowsthecharacteristic“lacycover”thatformsonpitsinstainlesssteelgrowninsaltsolutions[27].Thelowerfigureshowsthesamesectionofthepitfollowinggrowthfor6minutes.Itisevidentthatthemorphologyofthecentralpartofthepitcoverhasnotchanged,butthatfurtherpitgrowthhastakenplacethroughthegrowthofsidelobes,confirmingthemechanismproposedbyErnstetal.[27].

Research Paper }

silicone coatingglass capillary

metal pin

solution inside in contact with

metal

Figure 1X-raymicrotomographyimageofamicrocapillarycellonthetopofa0.5mmdiametermetalpin.

Figure 2Verticalsectionofa304stainlesssteelpinthroughapitgrowngalvanostaticallyin1MNaClat500µAfor(a)1min,and(b)6min(afterexposureatOCPfor5minduringthepriorimagecollection).

1 min

6 min

Thispaperwasoriginallypublishedinthe18thInternationalCorrosionConferenceProceedings.

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 39

Thetomographyexperimentsarerelativelyslow(datacollectiontimesare5-10minutes),makingitdifficulttocapturethedetailedkineticsofpitgrowth.Thiscanbeachievedusingfastradiographyof2DpitsgrowingattheedgeofmetalfoilsfollowingtheapproachusedbyErnstetal.[27].Figure3showsanX-rayradiographyimagefromavideosequenceofapitgrowingattheedgeofa304stainlesssteelfoil.Againthecharacteristiclacycovercanbeobserved,andinthiscasethegrowthofasidelobeontherightsideofthepitcanbeobserved.

Figure4showsthecurrent/voltagecharacteristicsasafunctionoftimeforthegrowthofthepitshowninFigure3.Thisallowscorrelationoftheelectrochemicalbehaviourofthepitwithitsgrowthmorphology.Thelocalrateofpitgrowthateachpointalongthepitboundarycanbemeasuredfromthevelocityoftheinterfacedeterminedfromthepitgrowthvideosequence.ThisexperimentalapproachisbeingusedtoextractpitgrowthkineticparametersinordertorefineapitgrowthmodelthatisbeingdevelopedbyGhaharietalforpredictionofpittingcorrosionofnuclearwastecanisters[28].

3.AtmosphericCorrosionofAluminiumAlloysAtmosphericcorrosionofaluminiumalloysisaconcernfortheintegrityofaircraft,andthedevelopmentofcorrosionpredictionmodelsrequiresknowledgeofthemorphologyandkineticsofcorrosion.X-raymicrotomographyisanidealmethodforstudyingatmosphericcorrosion[24].

Figure5showsasimplecellthatcanbeusedtomonitoratmosphericcorrosioninsitu.Adropofsaltwaterisplacedonthetipoftherod,andthesampleiscoveredwithaplastictubecontainingfilterpapersaturatedwithasaltsolutionthatgivesadesiredrelativehumidity(RH).Thesaltdropletonthepinequilibrateswiththehumidityoftheenvironment,reachingthesamewateractivityasthesolutioninthefilterpaper.Theeffectofsaltloadingdensity(averageconcentrationofchlorideionsperunitarea)onthepinandRHcanthereforebecontrolledindependently,sothattheeffectofdropletheightcanbeinvestigated.Preliminaryresults(notshown)foratmosphericcorrosionofAA2024,anAl-Cu-Mgaerospacealloy,suggestthatforafixedRH,ahighersaltloadingdensitywillgiveahigherdropletheight,whichwillleadtogreaterlocalisedcorrosionbydecreasingtheresistancebetweenanodeandcathode.Thisisconsistentwithobservationsofatmosphericcorrosionofstainlesssteelunderdeliquescedsaltpatchesdepositedwithaninkjetprinter[29].

Figure6showsaverticalsectionofthetomogrammeasuredfollowingcorrosionofAA2024inamixedsolutionofNaClandMgCl2initiallyathighhumidityanddriedout.Thecorrosionmorphologyisintheformofintergranular

25 µm

Pit

solution

Figure 3 X-rayradiographyimageofapitattheedgeofa20µmfoilof304stainlesssteelin0.1MNaClat650mV(Ag/AgCl).

Figure 4 CurrentandvoltageasafunctionoftimeforthepitshowninFigure3(voltageisshownrelativetoAg/AgCl).

Figure 5Experimentalcellusedformeasuringatmosphericcorrosionofaluminiumalloys.

30 600

400

200

0

-200

-400

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µA) Voltage (m

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filter paper saturated with salt solution to control relative humidity

salt-water droplet: size controlled by salt content and relative humidity

1 mm diameter

silicone tubing

AA2024 AI aerospace alloy

3 mm rod

Figure 6VerticalsectionofatomogramofasampleofAA2024thathasbeencorrodedinamixtureofNaClandMgCl2solutionfor23hoursat90%RHandthendriedoutfor2hoursat30%RH.

salt crystals likely to be NaCl

intergranular corrosion fissures appear to develop under NaCl crystals

200 µm

Corrosion & Materials40

fissuresparalleltotherollingdirectionofthealloy;thesecanreadilybeseenviaabsorptioncontrast.Inaddition,saltdepositsareseenonthesurfacetogetherwithafilmofliquid,whicharevisiblethroughamixtureofabsorptioncontrastandphasecontrast.ThesaltcrystalsarelikelytobeNaCl,sincethisundergoesdeliquescenceataconsiderablyhigherRHthanMgCl2.Itappearsthatmajorlocalisedcorrosionsitesareoftenlocatedundersaltcrystals,whichmayactascreviceformers.

ThesemeasurementsweremadeattheTOMCATbeamlineattheSwissLightSource,whichhasanroboticsample-changer,sothatasetofsamplescanberepeatedlymeasuredatintervals(eachtomogramtakesalittlelessthan10minutestocollect)todeterminetheevolutionofcorrosiondamagewithtimeaswellastheresponsetowettinganddryingcycles.Akeyquestionforcorrosionpredictionmodelsiswhether,afteradryingandre-wettingcycle,existingcorrosionsitesre-initiateornewonesinitiate.PreliminaryresultssuggestthatwiththoroughdryingofexposedsurfacesatlowRH(~30%),newsitesinitiateand“old”sitesdonotcorrodefurther.However,itmaybedifficulttodryoutdeepfissuresorcrevices,sofurtherworkisrequiredtoexplorethis.

4.SaltFilmsinArtificialPitsForacorrosionpitformedinchloride-containingenvironmentstobestable,itisnecessarytomaintainanaggressivehighlyconcentratedacidicmetalchloridesolutionadjacenttothedissolvingmetal.Ifmetalionsareabletodiffuseaway,thenthesolutionwillbecomemorediluteandthepitcanrepassivate.Thusstablepitstendtohavelocallyhighmetalchloridecontents,whichmayreachsupersaturationleadingtoprecipitationofasaltfilm.Thepresenceofthesaltfilmcanchangethepitgrowthkineticsandalterthepitshape.However,relativelylittleisknownaboutthenatureofthesesaltfilmssincetheycanonlybestudiedinsituondissolvinginterfaces.

Studiesoftheformationanddissolutionofsaltfilmsaregenerallycarriedoutin1Dartificialpitsformedbyembeddingeitherawireorfoilinepoxyresinanddissolvingthemetalbacktoformthepitcavity.Whiletherehavebeenquiteextensivestudiesoftheelectrochemistryofsaltfilmformation(e.g.[30-33]),characterisationoftheirchemicalnaturehasbeenconfinedtoRamanspectroscopy(e.g.[34])andsynchrotronX-rayfluorescencemapping[12,13].WehaverecentlydemonstratedthefeasibilityofstudyingthecrystallographyofsaltfilmsusingmicrofocussynchrotronX-raydiffractionusinganartificialpitconstructedfromametalfoil[35].Usingthisapproach,wearenowabletoresolvethechemistryofthefilmthroughitsthickness.

ThenatureofthesaltfilmsformedinaNiartificialpitisillustratedinFigure7,aradiographtakenfromavideosequenceshowingtheformationofasaltfilmfollowingapotentialstepmeasuredattheSwissLightSource(TOMCATbeamline).Inordertomeasurethechemistryofsuchasalt

filmthroughitsthickness,diffractionmeasurementshavebeenmadeatBeamlineI18attheDiamondLightSourcewithabeam~3µmhighand~5µmwide.Measurementsweremadeinitiallywiththebeampassingthroughthesolutionabovethefilmandthesamplewasraisedinsmallincrementsuntiltheonlydiffractioncamefromthemetal.Figure8showsdiffractionpatternsfromthesolution,alocationinthesaltfilmclosetothesolution,alocationinthesaltfilmclosetothemetalsurface,andinthemetal.ThemainsaltfilmhasapowderpatternconsistentwithNiCl2.6H2O,thephaseidentifiedwithRamanbySridharandDunn[34].However,variationinthediffractionpatternclosetothemetal(notshown),suggeststhatthesaltfilmmaynotbehomogeneousthroughitsthickness.

SheddinglightonCorrosion

10 µm solution

salt film

Ni foil

Figure 7 Radiographshowingformationofasaltfilmfollowingapotentiostaticsteponarapidly-dissolvingNifoilinanartificialcorrosionpitgrownin1MHCl.The“false”coloursrepresentrelativeabsorptionofX-rays(bluefordensemetal,green/yellowforthesaltfilmandorangeforthelowerdensitysolution).

Figure 8 NormalisedTiKedgeXANESinsideatitaniumartificialpitgrownat7V(Ag/AgCl).Thespectraarecomparedwithstandardspectraforanatase,rutile,9mMTiCl4in0.55MHCl,andTifoil.

1.6

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Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 41

5.ChemistryofMolybdenuminPitsInStainlessSteelX-rayabsorptionspectroscopyisanothersynchrotrontechniquethatcanyieldvaluableinformationonthechemistryoflocalisedcorrosionsites.Kimuraetal.[36]usedX-rayabsorptionspectroscopytoaddressthelong-standingquestionastotheroleofMoinimprovingthecorrosionresistanceofstainlesssteels.Theycarriedoutmeasurementsinsideartificialpitsandattributedthespectrathattheyfoundto“[MoO4(H2O)2]2-octahedra”,andproposedthattheseactascorrosioninhibitorsviatheformationofamolybdatenetworkwithinthepits.However,morerecently,wecarriedoutsimilarmeasurementswithhigherspatialresolutionandalargerrangeofstandardcompounds[37],findingspectrathataremoreconsistentwithMo3+,thespeciesexpectedonthermodynamicgrounds[38].AsMo3+isnotlikelytoactasacorrosioninhibitor,weinferredfromthisthatMoismorelikelytoblockanodicdissolutionthroughtheformationofamonolayerspeciesonthedissolvinginterface,whichhasbeenproposedbyanumberofpreviousauthors(e.g.[39,40]).

6.ChemistryofTitaniumInsideLocalisedCorrosionSitesTitaniumiscommonlyusedforthemanufactureofbiomedicalprosthesesasitishighlycorrosionresistantowingtotheformationofaninertpassivefilmofTiO2.However,despitethis,therearereportsofcorrosionfailuresofTiinthebody,particularlyforcementedhipprostheses[41,42],andTispecieshavebeenobservedintissuearoundimplants[43,44].InordertoshedlightonthespecieslikelytobegeneratedbycorrosionofTiinthebody,wehavecarriedoutpreliminarycharacterisationofthespeciespresentinTiartificialpitsusingX-rayabsorptionnearedgestructure(XANES).

ArtificialpitsinTiwillonlygrowatrelativelyhighpotentials[45]:weused7V(Ag/AgCl)inthiscase.Thepitscontainsomesolidprecipitatedmaterial.Figure8showsatypicalspectrumfromaregionoftheartificialpitcontainingbothsolidandliquidcomponents(blackline).AcomparisonwiththestandardspectrasuggeststhatthedominantsolutionspeciesisTiCl4,whichhydrolysestoformaspeciessimilartoanatase(TiO2)inthepitsolution.Furtherworkisongoingtorelatethespeciesfoundinartificialpitstothosefoundinhumantissuearoundimplants.

7.ConclusionsSynchrotronX-raymethodsofferavarietyofprobesforcharacterisingthemorphologyandchemistryoflocalisedcorrosionsitesthatcanprovidefundamentalmechanisticinformationforapplicationssuchasnuclearwastestorageandairframecorrosion.

8.AcknowledgmentsTheauthorwouldliketoacknowledgethecontributionsofhercollaborators:ProfTrevorRayment(DiamondLightSource),MajidGhahari,MehdiMonir,JoshHammons,Jean-PhilippeTinnes,NaMi,AndrewduPlessis,DrOwenAddison,SonamKalra,(U.Birmingham),DrRichard

Martin(U.Aston),ProfBobNewport(U.Kent),ProfFredMosselmans,DrPaulQuinn,ProfAndyDent(DiamondLightSource),ProfMarcoStampanoni,DrFedericaMarone,DrPeterModregger(SwissLightSource),DrSteveKnightandDrTonyTrueman(DSTOAustralia),DrCristianoPadovani(NDA)DrThomasSuter(EMPA).ThisworkwassupportedinpartbyEPSRC,NDA,andDSTO/DMTC.

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Corrosion & Materials44

UnderprotectionofMildSteelinSeawater,theCalcareousFilm

D.Scantlebury,YFYang,E.Koroleva

TheCorrosionandProtectionCentre,UniversityofManchester,UK

SummaryInthesituationofunderprotectionofmildsteelinseawater,weareinthesituationbetweenthecorrosionpotentialandtheprotectionpotential.Wewilldescribeanexperimentalinvestigationtolookatthissituation.Constantcurrentandconstantpotentialmethodshavebeenemployedtogetherwithweightloss,impedanceanalysisandSEM/EDX,tolookatcalcareousfilmgrowth.Modelsexplainingthebehaviourinavarietyofsituationswillbepresented.

1.IntroductionThispaperismainlydrawnfromthePhDthesisofYang.Fromthisworkonepaperhasbeenpublished[1],thesecondhasbeenacceptedforpublication[2]andthethirdhasbeensubmitted[3].Thesituationwearestudyingiswheresteeliscathodicallyprotectedinseawaterandwearevaryingtheappliedcurrentdensityfromtypicalprotectioncurrentdensitiesdowntozero,namelytheregionofunderprotection.Itiswellknownthatduringcathodicprotectionofsteelinseawater,acalcareousfilmisformed.Indeed,thisfilmwasfirstobservedbyDavy[4].ThemajorpreviousstudyonunderprotectionwastheearlyandseminalworkbyHumble[5].HisweightlossdatawasafteroneyearexposureatKureBeachNCandarereplottedinFigure2.AswellascarryingoutweightlossexperimentssimilartoHumble,Figure2,wealsodecidedtoattempttomodeltheelectrochemicalprocessesoffilmgrowth,morphologyandcompositionusingelectrochemicalimpedanceandSEM/EDX.

Ouropencircuitweightlossof0.09mm/yagreessurprisinglywellwiththedatafromHumble[5]atKureBeachwhomeasured105g/ft2(0.072mm/y)after1yexposureandthatofHudson[6]whosecuredsteelpanelstothefloatingGosportFerrypierinPortsmouthHarbourandmeasuredanoftquotedaverageof0.13mm/yafter442daysexposure.

Ithasalwaysbeenassumedthatthissocalledcalcareousfilmconsistedofcalciumcarbonateandmagnesiumhydroxideandthatthecalciumformedfirstandthemagnesiumformedlast.ThisstemsfromtheHumble’swork[8]wherehequotedtheanalysisofthecalcareousfilmasafunctionofappliedcurrentdensityandshowedhowtheratioofcalciumtomagnesiumchanged.Wewilldisputethisevidencelaterandweattempttoexplainwhy.

2.ExperimentalObservationsInourstudy,[1]wefirstimmersedpolishedsteelpanelsatvariouscurrentdensitiesandPlate1-4showshowthepanelslookafter7dimmersion.Theyareupsidedown.

Research Paper Thispaperwasoriginallypublishedinthe18thInternationalCorrosionConferenceProceedings.}

0.07

0.06

Wei

ght L

oss (

mm

/y)

Current Density (mA/m2)

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 1.Weightlossversusappliedcurrentdensity(replottedfromHumble[5]).

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

Corr

osio

n Ra

te (m

m/y

)Current Density (mA/m2)

Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Figure 2.Weightlossversusappliedcurrentdensityfrom[1].

Plate 1.Opencircuitfor1week. Plate 2.Appliedcurrentdensity50mA/m2for1week.

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 45

Asecondparallelseriesofspecimenswereexposedunderidenticalconditionswheretheirpotentialsweremeasuredeverysixhoursuptosevendays.ThesespecimensweresubjectedtoimpedanceanalysisdailyatthepotentialspreviouslymeasuredusinganACMGillImpedanceAnalyserandthedatawasanalysedusingZview.Theequivalentcircuitchosenwasnotarbitrarybutarosefromthedataandwillbediscussedlater.Athirdseries,againwasexposedunderidenticalconditionsofsevendaysandwassubjecttosurfaceanalysisusingSEMwithEDX.

3.DiscussionPlates5-9arethecorrespondingSEMmicrographsandEDXmapsofMg,Ca,FeandOeachrecordedfromthesameareaandatthesamemagnification.Plate5isatopencircuitandshowsmainlyrustnodulesonthesurfaceandmagnesiumdepositsoverlayingonthesurfacebutcalciumisnotdetectedbeingbelowthelimits(lessthan0.5%).Plate6cathodicallypolarisedat50mA/m2showsasimilarmorphologybutwithanincreaseinthemagnesiumlevel(Table1)andthefirstsignofacalciumcontainingprecipitate.Plate8atappliedcurrentdensity150mA/m2showinganobviousandlargecalciumcontainingprecipitate.

TheequivalentcircuitmodelfromwhichwegeneratetheinterpretationofourimpedancedatahastotakeintoaccountthisSEMdata.OurmodelwasbasedpartlyonthemodesproposedbyDeslouis[8],[9]andChung[10],andisgiveninFigure3.

Plate 3. Appliedcurrentdensity100mA/m2for1week.

(a) Secondaryimagetakenat500x.

(c) EDXelementmapofdistributionofO.

(a)Secondaryimagetakenat500x.

(c).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofCa.

(e).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofO.

(b)EDXelementmapofdistributionofMg.

(d) EDXelementmapofdistributionofFe.

(b).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofMg.

(d).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofFe.

Plate 4.Appliedcurrent150mA/m2for1week.

Plate 5. SecondaryElectronSEMimageandcorrespondingSingleEDXelementdistributionmapforMg,OandFeofdepositobtainedatopencircuitforoneweek:a.SEimage;b - d.SingleEDXmapsforMg,OandFerespectively.

Plate 6.SecondaryElectronSEMimageandcorrespondingSingleEDXelementdistributionmapsofdepositobtainedusinganappliedcurrentdensityof50mA/m2for7days:a. SEimage, b – e.SingleEDXmapsforMg,Ca,FeandOrespectively.

Corrosion & Materials46

(c).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofCa.

(e).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofO.

Table 1. TherelativepercentagesofvariouselementsobtainedusingEDXquantification,ofsurfacefilmdepositsonsteelsamplesatdifferentappliedcurrentdensitiesafter7daysimmersioninartificialseawater.

Figure 3.Interfaceimpedancemodelofdepositonmildsteelinartificialseawaterforunderprotection.

(a)Schematicdiagramofcomplexplaneplot(Nyquistplot).

(b) Schematicofcross-sectionofdepositformedincathodicallyunderprotectionsituation.

(d).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofFe.

Plate 7. SecondaryElectronSEMimageandcorrespondingEDXelementdistributionmapsofdepositobtainedusinganappliedcurrentdensityof100mA/m2for7days:a.SEimage;b – e.SingleEDXmapsforMg,Ca,FeandOrespectively.

UnderprotectionofMildSteelinSeawater,theCalcareousFilm

(a).Secondaryimagetakenat500x.

(c).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofCa.

(e).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofO

(b).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofMg.

(d).SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofFe

Plate 8.SecondaryElectronSEMimageandcorrespondingEDXelementdistributionmapsofdepositobtainedusinganappliedcurrentdensityof150mA/m2for7days:a.SEimage;b – e.SingleEDXmapsforMg,Ca,FeandOrespectively.

(a)Secondaryimagetakenat500x

(b). SingleEDXelementmapofdistributionofMg

Applied Current Density (mA/m2)

Percentage of Element

Carbon Oxygen Sodium Magnesium Silicon Sulfur Chlorine Calcium Iron

Opencircuit 4.82 64 1 0.87 - 0.25 0.39 - 28.68

50 8.08 63.55 1.41 4.08 0.3 0.7 1.99 1.67 18.22

100 20.18 53.04 1.25 2.12 - 0.4 0.12 5.95 16.92

150 17.48 52.35 1.35 3.96 0.25 0.4 1.8 7.74 14.67

Z"

Z'

Higher frequencies

Lower frequencies

RS Router Rinner R

Fe oxide Mg rich

Ca richMg

Rs Couter

Router Cinner

Rinner Wc

Ra

Cdl

s

(c)Cdl=interfacereaction;Ra=anodicchargetransferresistance;Wc=cathodicWarburg

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 47

Basedonexperimentalimpedanceplots,SEMandEDXresults,wesuggestthattheplotgiveninFigure3(a)representscalcareousfilmdepositiononamildsteelsurface,andaschematicdiagramofsectionsofcalcareousdepositsformedonunder-protectedsteelispresentedinFigure3(b).OurfilminFigure3(a)aswellasthesolutionresistanceRs,consistsoftwolayers:theouterlayerLouterisacalciumrichlayer;andtheinnerlayerLinnerisamagnesiumrichlayer.ThesearerepresentedbythehighfrequencyregioninFigure3(a).FromtheequivalentcircuitgiveninFigure3(c),theouterlayerLouterisconsideredtobeporousandischaracterizedbyaparallelcombinationofacapacitorCouterthatisdirectlyassociatedwiththethicknessofthecalciumcontainingdeposits,andaporeresistanceRouterthatisdefinedbytheresistanceofallofthepores.TheinnercompactlayerLinnerandthecorrodinginterfaceareintroducedintotheequivalentcircuitwhichisinserieswithRouter.TheLinnerisalsocharacterizedbyaparallelcombinationofacapacitorCinnerandaresistanceRinner.ThecorrodinginterfaceischaracterisedbyaparallelcombinationofadoublelayercapacitorCdl,chargetransferanodicresistanceRa,andafinitelengthdiffusionalimpedanceWc,whichrepresentsthecathodicprocess.TheparameterWC-R,thechargetransferresistancewasmainlyusedtoevaluatethecathodicreactionlevel.

IfweassumethatWC-Risthechargetransferresistanceandassuchisinverselyproportionaltothecorrosionrate,thenwedoseemtobelookingatthechangesincorrosionrateswithtimeandcurrentdensity.Thedifferencesbetween

theopencircuitand50mA/m2ratesarenotasmarkedastheweightlossdata,Figure4;howeverthehighercurrentdensitiesshowamarkedincreaseinresistanceindicativeofareductioninsteelcorrosionrate.

Intheopencircuitand50mA/m2cases(Figure4andTable2),weareobviouslylookingatanunprotectedandunderprotectedsurfacewherethechargetransferprocessesareboththeoxygenreductionreactionandtheironcorrosionreaction.Inthesecases,thevaluesofcathodicresistancewithincreasingtimeatvariouscurrentdensitiesaregiveninTable2,andtheserangebetween2000-6000Ω.cm2.Overall,thesefindingsindicatethattheoxygenreductionreactionandtheironcorrosionreactionarebothhappeningatthesametime.Boththesereactionsaretakingplaceonanironsurfacewhichisnottoowellcoveredbythecalcareousfilmandisclearlycorroding;ascanbeseenintheopticalimagesobtained(Plates1and2).

ConsideringnextthevaluesofcathodicresistanceWC-Robtainedinthecaseofusingappliedcurrentdensitiesof100mA/m2and150mA/m2.ItisevidentfromTable2,thatthevaluesofcathodicresistanceWC-Robtainedatthesethreeappliedcurrentdensitiesincreasedconcurrentlywithincreasingappliedcurrentdensity.Withthesoleexceptionofthevaluesobtainedat72hours,allthevaluesofcathodicresistanceWC-Robtainedatacurrentdensityof150mA/m2weresubstantiallyhigherthanthecorrespondingvaluesobtainedatacurrentdensityof100mA/m2.Thisindicatesthatthesurfaceswerecoveredbyafairlygoodcalcareousdeposit.

Ourweightlossdataclearlyshowscorrosiontohaveceasedatthesevalues.Photographicevidenceshowsslightbrowningofthesurfaceat150mA/m2(Plate8).Againitissuggestedthatafilmgrowsonthesteelsurfacewhichisanoxygenbarrierandweareseeingareductionintheoxygenchargetransferresistance.However,atthesecurrentdensities,overtime,thefilmeventuallybeginstocrack,andsubsequentlybecomeslesscompactandasaconsequence,WC-Rbeginstofallerratically.Withfurthertime,thefilmrepairsandWC-Rbeginstoclimbagain.Thisisourexplanationofthelongertermbehaviourofthefilmsatthesetwocurrentdensities.Aslightindicationoffilmfractureandrepairwasobservedinthecaseofacurrentdensityof100mA/m2,butwiththehighercurrentdensitiesof150mA/m2,thephenomenonwasmuchmorepronouncedandobvious.

Table 2.ValuesofcathodicchargetransferresistanceWC-R(Ω.cm2)withincreasingimmersiontimeatthedifferentappliedcurrentdensities.

14000 current density 0 (free corroded)current density 50mA/m2

current density 100mA/m2

current density 150mA/m212000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168

WC–

R (Ω

).cm

2

Time (h)

Figure 4.PlotsofvaluesforthecathodicchargetransferresistanceWC-Rwithincreasingtimeatdifferentappliedcurrentdensities.

Applied current densities (mA/m2) 6 h 24h 48h 72h 96h 120h 144h 168h

0(opencircuit) 2200 2900 3000 3500 2200 3400 3100 3300

50mA/m2 3000 5800 4800 4300 4300 3700 2100 3300

100mA/m2 3100 5200 6900 8100 6800 7300 7500 7900

150mA/m2 7400 7400 8900 7900 9000 10000 8800 7800

Corrosion & Materials48

3.1 SEM and EDX examination of sample/deposit cross-sections.

Plates9-12showtheSEMmicrographsandcorrespondingEDXelementdistributionmapsforMg,CaandFeatthesamemagnification,ofthesamplecross-sectionsatthe4appliedcurrentdensities.Thedarkgreenareaismagnesiumcontaining,thepinkareaiscalciumcontaining,andtheredregionisbaseironmetalorironoxide.Fourvaluesofcurrentdensitieswerechosenfromourweightlossdatabecause100mA/m2wasunderprotected,150mA/m2isjustfullyprotected,200mA/m2iswellprotected,and300mA/m2ispossiblyoverprotected.

FromPlates9to12,itisevidentfromthestructureandelementalcompositionofthedepositlayers,thatatthelowercurrentdensityof100mA/m2(Plate9)[potentialsofaround-840mV]thelayersformedarewelldefined,intactandadherentbothtothesteelsubstrateandtoeachother.

Plate9showsaclearexampleofthewaythemagnesiumcontainingdepositisinterrelatedwiththeunderlyinggrowingironoxide.Themagnesiumisalwaysfoundabovethisirondepositandthereasonswhythisisthecasemaywellinvolvethephenomenonofco-precipitation[11].

Plates10and11showtheelementaldistributionsforMg,CaandFeoverthecross-sectionsofthedepositsobtainedwithappliedcurrentdensitiesof150mA/m2and200mA/m2respectively.ThethinnerbottomlayerisprobablyMg(OH)2andthethickertoplayerCaCO3.TheseobservationsindicatethattheMgcontainingcompounddepositsfirstandtheCarichcompounddepositslater.Atthecurrentdensitiesof200mA/m2and300mA/m2(Plates11and12respectively),somecracksappearanditisperhapsreasonabletosuggestthatthisphenomenonisduetohydrogenevolutionfromthesteel.Inthiscondition,thecathodicreactionofwaterreductionoccurs.

UnderprotectionofMildSteelinSeawater,theCalcareousFilm

Plate 9.SecondaryelectronmicrographandcorrespondingoverlaidEDXelementdistributionmapsforFe,MgandCaformedafter7daysimmersionatappliedcurrentdensityof100mA/m2.

Plate 11.SecondaryelectronmicrographandcorrespondingoverlaidEDXelementdistributionmapsforFe,MgandCaafter7daysimmersionatappliedcurrentdensityof200mA/m2.

Plate 10. SecondaryelectronmicrographandcorrespondingoverlaidEDXelementdistributionmapsforMgandCaformedafter7daysimmersionatappliedcurrentdensityof150mA/m2.

Plate 12. SecondaryelectronmicrographandcorrespondingoverlaidEDXelementdistributionmapsforFe,MgandCaafter7daysimmersionatappliedcurrentdensityof300mA/m2.

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 49

Overall,theSEMandEDXresultsobtainedofthesamplesatfullcathodicprotectionlevelsrevealedthatthedepositswerecomposedoftwolayerswithaclearboundary.InPlates10to12,theinnerlayerisMg-rich,whilsttheouterlayerwasCa-rich.

4.ConclusionsCorrosionratesweremeasuredatvariouscurrentdensitieslessthantheprotectioncurrentdensities

Underunderprotectionconditions,magnesiumhydroxidehasbeenshowntobethepreferredprecipitatingspeciesandthisiscontrarytopreviousfindings.Itisthoughtthisisduetoco-precipitationofmagnesium/ironhydroxides.

TheWarburgdiffusionmodelisappliedtothecathodicprocess,mainlytheoxygenreductionreaction.TheparameterWC-Rwasusedtoevaluatethecathodicreactionlevel.

5.AcknowledgmentsOneofus(YFY)wouldliketothanktheDorothyHodgkinPostgraduateAward(DHPA)forprovisionofaresearchstudentshipduringmyPhDstudies.TheUniversityofManchesterisalsothankedforprovidinganEPSRCPhDPlusAwardtoYFYduring2010-2010.

6.References[1] Y.F.Yang,J.D.ScantleburyandE.Koroleva.

“Underprotectionofmildsteelinseawaterandtheroleofcalcareousfilm”.NACECorrosionConference,Atlanta,USA,March2009.

[2] Y.F.Yang,J.D.ScantleburyandE.Koroleva.“Underprotectionofmildsteelinseawaterandtheroleofcalcareousfilm”.Corrosionaccepted.

[3] Y.F.Yang,J.D.ScantleburyandE.Koroleva.“AstudyofcalcareousdepositsinartificialseawaterbyEISandSEMtechniques”,JElectrochemSoc.Sumbittedforpublication.

[5] H.Davy.“Furtherresearchesonthepreservationofmetalsbyelectrochemicalmeans”,Phil.Trans.RoyalSoc.115,p328.1825.

[6] R.A.Humble.“CathodicProtectionofSteelinSeaWaterwithMagnesiumAnodes”.Corrosion.74.pp358-370,1948.

[7] J.C.Hudson.TheCorrosionofIronandSteel.ChapmanandHall.London.1940.

[8] C.Deslouis,D.FestyandO.Gil.“Characterizationofcalcareousdepositsinartificialseawaterbyimpedancetechniques-I./DepositofCaCO3intheabsenceofMg(OH)2”.ElectrochimicaActa.43.(12-13).pp.1891-1901.1998.

[9] Ch.Barchiche,C.Deslouis,D.Festy,O.Gil,Ph.Refait,S.TouzainandB.Tribollet.“Characterizationofcalcareousdepositsinartificialseawaterbyimpedancetechniques-II./DepositofCaCO3inthepresenceofMg(II)”.ElectrochimicaActa.48.pp1645-1654.2003.

[10]S.C.Chung,J.R.Cheng,S.D.ChiouandH.C.Shih.“EISbehaviorofanodizedzincinchlorideenvironments”.CorrosionScience.42.pp1249-1268.2000.

[11]A.PackterandA.Derby.“Co-precipitationofmagnesiumironIII,hydroxidepowdersfromaqueoussolutions”.Cryst.Res.Technol.,21.pp1391-1400.1986.

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Phone: 1800-RENT-DH (736 834)

Fax: (02) 8525 8850

ddawson@rentdh.com

www.rentdh.com

113 Bonds Road Riverwood NSW 2210 Australia

Specialist Infrastructure and durability consultants

Ph: 1300 763 319 | www.bcrc.com.au

Munters Pty. LimitedSydney – Brisbane – Melbourne

Toll free: 1800 008 379Fax: (02) 88431589Email: dh.info@munters.com.auwww.munters.com.au

Manufacturers and Suppliers of:• Dessicant Dehumidifiers• HCU- Humidity Control Units• Temporary Humidity Control Systems

For Applications in:• Surface preparation and coating• Condensation and corrosion prevention

1300 723 924 www.industrialpainter.com.au

MR JUSTIN RIGBYBusiness Development Manager

Factory 5, 227 Wells RdChelsea Heights 3196

jrigby@industrialpainter.com.au www.industrialpainter.com.au1300 723 924 Fax 9773 3522 0417 338 773

•• •

• Anti Graffi ti • Sign Writing • Line Marking • Pressure Cleaning • • PCCP/NACE Accredited

• Protective Coatings • All Related Services • Building Maintenance •

A.B.N. 82 101 032 788

TM

TM

Silver Silver ChlorideReference Electrode

www.rustseeker.com

Tel: +61 7 5476 9788

CDQ advert 60x40.indd 1 27/4/11 3:01:03 PM

SUPER GARNET Exclusive Distributor for Australia & New Zealand

JUSTIN BREEDON Divisional Manager Abrasives (Australasia)

Abrasive Blast Media Supplier

www.mineralscorp.com AU Free Phone 1800 309 734sales@industrial-minerals.co.nz NZ Free Phone 0800 646 372

Vol 36 No 6 December 2011 www.corrosion.com.au 51

D R MAYInspections

Geelong Office: 193 Station Street,Corio, Victoria 3214 AustraliaPostal Address: P.O. Box 1080,Corio, Victoria 3214 AustraliaTel: +61 3 5275 3339Fax: +61 3 5275 0585Mob: 0412 520 699Email: dmay@drmay.com.au

David May

Welding SupervisionWelding InspectionNDT SpecialistCoating InspectionInservice Inspection

Unit 23, 58 Box Rd Taren Point NSW 2229Tel: 02 9524-0558 • Fax: 02 9524-0560Email: ndt@ndt.com.au • Web: www.ndt.com.au

Leading Suppliers of NDT Equipment for the Corrosion Industry

Queensland (Head Office)Phone: +61 7 5476 9788 Fax: +61 7 5476 8268MelbournePhone: +61 3 9755 3770Email: sales@cathodicdiecasting.com.au ABN: 93 821 370 828

Cathodic Diecasting

www.cathodicdiecasting.com.au

Manufacturing anodes since 1984

Cathodic Diecating - small advert 3-2-10.indd 1 3/3/10 10:51:21 AM

Abelmet

Abel Metal Services Pty Ltd

• Mg & Alloy Ingots • Mg Anodes • Backfill

Mail: PO Box 90, Moorebank, NSW, 2170Phone: 02 9602 7740 Fax: 02 9602 7780

Email: mckimmie@abelmet.com.auWeb: www.abelmet.com.au

Abelmet

DE NORA

CATHODIC PROTECTION

Agent for:LIDA® – Mixed Metal Oxide Anodes• Strip, Rod, Tubular, Ribbon, Disk and Wire

• Sacrificial Anodes• Silicon Iron Anodes• Transformer Rectifiers• Reference Electrodes

–Zinc, Aluminium and Magnesium• Calcined Petroleum Backfill• Surge Protection, Insulation–Copper, Zinc and Silver

Prevent corrosion on your:-PIPELINES, TANKS, BRIDGES, WHARVES, OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

Tel: +61 (03) 94672520 or 0413 201562

Committed to Professional Service, Competitive Pricing and Customer SatisfactionEmail: robertcox@pipecorr.com.au • www.pipecorr.com.au

Corrosion and Coating Failure InvestigationsFitness for Purpose and Remnant Life AssessmentExpert Witness and Litigation SupportCorrosion, Materials & Mechanical EngineersApplied Scientists, Metallurgists, Coating InspectorsNDT Technicians

Australia WideArthur.Austin@alsglobal.com+61 7 3718 0300

Gareth van Loggerenberg

t: +61 (0) 8 9256 4499f: +61 (0) 8 9256 4599m: +61 (0) 408 931 072e: gareth@telpro.com.au w: www.telpro.com.au

Front

Back

Unit 2, 26 Baile RoadCanning ValeWestern Australia6155

CATHODIC PROTECTION Applications include:

- Oil and gas pipelines - Water pipelines - Above and below ground storage tanks - Reinforced steel in concrete - Ships’ hulls - Jetties and wharves - Condenser water boxes in power stations

Some Products Offered:

- Tubular Anodes - Mesh Anodes - Rod Anodes - Ribbon Anodes - Wire Anodes - Plate Anodes - Disc Anodes - Canistered Anodes

TITANUM ELECTRODE PRODUCTS

nfracorrCorrosion Durability RepairI

ANNOUNCEMENTThe new name and address for Ian Godson & Associates:

Infracorr Consulting PL.�/��� Burwood Rd

Hawthorn East VIC ����Ph: +�� (�)� ���� ����

www.infracorr.com

nfracorrCorrosion Durability RepairI

ANNOUNCEMENTThe new name and address for Ian Godson & Associates:

Infracorr Consulting PL.�/��� Burwood Rd

Hawthorn East VIC ����Ph: +�� (�)� ���� ����

www.infracorr.com

www.hobson.com.au

Original Bumax® Stainless Fasteners:

» Bumax® 88 & 109 tensile strength equivalent to Class 8.8 and Class 10.9

» Corrosion resistance superior to 316L stainless

» Test certificates online

Bumax-Corrosion_1.0.indd 1 7/10/2011 12:51:44 PM