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Counting and Serving Never-Married Families. Fall 2007. Presenters:. Minnesota Fathers & Families Network University of Minnesota Extension Family Relations Hosted with support from the regional Minn. Initiative Foundations. University of Minnesota Extension. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Counting and Serving Never-Married
Families
Fall 2007
Presenters:
Minnesota Fathers & Families Network
University of Minnesota ExtensionFamily Relations
Hosted with support from
the regional Minn.
Initiative Foundations
University of Minnesota Extension
The major outreach arm of the University of Minnesota
The Family Relations Team offers: Professional Development Resources for parents of teens Parent Education resources Education for family transition: Parents Forever,
We Agree: Creating a Parenting Plan, Padres para siempre
www.parenting.umn.edu
www.extension.umn.edu
www.mnfathers.org
• training events
• news
• educational resources
• public policy
PromotingHealthy
Fatherhood
ChildWell-being
CommunityDevelopment
GenderEquity
Men’sDevelopment
Why Fathers Matter
The Best Part of Being a Dad
“cuddling up at nightafter reading a bedtimestory and getting a bighug and ‘I love you,Daddy’ just makes theday worthwhile”
Diane and Kevin
Read Part I of the case study In groups of three or four discuss the
questions at the end Be prepared to talk about your small
group discussion
Your discussion
What strengths do Diane and Kevin have?
What challenges? What work would you do with Diane
and Kevin? How would you help Kevin as a
father?
Two Different Views of Fatherhood:
The Involved Father Fathers in the Shadows
Setting the Context:Do We Count Fathers
The Involved Father
Changes in the Value of Different Fatherhood Roles
Fathers rated as very important
Show love & affection 90%Provide safety & protection 88%Provide financial care 73%
The Involved Father
Involvement Activities 0-4 year olds Daily to 1-2 times a week
Holds & comforts child 98%
Plays interactive games 96%
Sets & enforces rules 95%
Helps with dressing, toileting,
makes meals & puts to bed 90%
Fathers in the Shadows
Paucity of data about numerous groups of men including:
Fathers in the Shadows
Fathers of children born to teen mothers: 27% did not establish paternity
Incarcerated fathers: 4,600 estimated in Minnesota
Education level of fathers is related to fertility rate
Fathers w/college degree = 0.9 childrenFathers without HS diploma = 1.8
children
Fathers in the Shadows
Multiple Partner Fertility = 15% of men by age 40. This is likely to increase with the current rate of non-marital births increasing.
Young fathers with low education status and two or more households are not able to financially support children in these family structures.
Fathers in the Shadows
Among custodial parents in U.S., 2001 31.2% of mothers, never married 20.3% of fathers, never married
Families with children, percent married Highest percentage: UT 82.9% Minnesota 77.4% National average 72.9% Lowest percentage: MS 65.5%
Are never-married families visible?
Diane and Kevin, part II
What do you think about Diane and Kevin’s situation after learning this information?
Have your thoughts about their strengths and challenges changed?
How would you change how you would work with Diane and Kevin?
What does research tell us about fathers like Kevin and his family?
New research findings from the Fragile Family and Child Well-Being (FFCW) study.
www.fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/
Fragile Families
Non-married parents raising a child together
Complex families in which one or both parents: Has responsibility for children with whom they
do not live
AND/OR Shares residence with non-biological children
What do you think of the term “fragile”?
Why the FFCW Study?
Researchers looked at the 1997 National Survey of America’s Families Analyzed longitudinal data Found that as children with non-married
parents grew older, father involvement declined sharply
Headed by well-known and reputable social science researchers
Targets both mothers and fathers Takes culture into account Has a high response rate Answers
What are the conditions and capabilities of unmarried parents, especially fathers?
What is the nature of the relationships between unmarried parents?
Study Design
Started in 1998 Followed a group of newborns in 20 U.S.
cities for five years. Used mixed methods:
Quantitative: Various questionnaires completed by parents and by trained observers of the child
Qualitative: Interviews with parents with open ended questions on a list of topics
For the Quantitative Study
Sample: 4,898 births 3,712 to unmarried parents 1,186 to married parents
Selected randomly from 75 hospitals in 20 cities across the United States
Data Collection
Occurred at four points
1. New mothers initially interviewed in the hospital and fathers in the hospital or at another location
2. Mothers and fathers interview by telephone again at the child’s first, third and fifth birthdays
Data from first three points are currently available
Unit of analysis was “focal child.”
Parent interviews focused on: Mother & father relationship New partner relationships Parenting behavior Marriage attitudes Child well-being and characteristics Social support and family relationships Demographic characteristics, health (mental
and physical) Economic and employment status Incarceration Neighborhood characteristics Program participation
Response Rates
For non-marital births
At baseline: 87% of mothers and 75% of eligible fathers (mother had to be interviewed to be eligible)
By year three: 88% of mothersand 65% of eligible fathers continued to participate
For the Qualitative Studies
Baseline in-depth interviews in seven cities with a subset of FFCW participants Oakland, Austin, Baltimore, Detroit, Newark,
Philadelphia, and Richmond A random sample of 250 non-marital and 75
marital births within three racial groups (Black, Latino & Non-Hispanic White)
Response rates of mothers exceeded 90%, of married or cohabiting fathers exceeded 90%; and of unmarried fathers 75%.
Study Limitations
Births were in urban areas. Did a much better job of including fathers,
but still only reached 76% of unmarried fathers.
Restricted access to adolescent parents by the hospital. Teen mothers and fathers were under-represented.
What can we learn about non-married parents like Diane and Kevin from the FFCW study?
At the time of birth, the vast majority of new unmarried parents are committed to one another and have high hopes of raising their child together: 82% were romantically involved About 4 out of 5 fathers contributed financially
during pregnancy 3 out of 4 fathers visited the mother in the
hospital
McLanahan, Garfinkel, Reichman, & Teitler, 2004
Relationship Status of Fragile Families
Cohabiting Dating
Friends Little or no contact
McLanahan et al, 2004.
51%
31%
8%10%
More encouraging findings at or near the baby’s birth
Stated positive future intentions: 80% of babies had father’s last name 80% of fathers planned to contribute
financially 91% of babies had father’s name on the
birth certificate 94% of mothers wanted the father involved
McLanahan, Garfinkel, Reichman, & Teitler, 2004
More baseline information Almost 80% of cohabiting mothers and
82% of fathers intended to marry their partner
More likely to have children with more than one partner 43% of unmarried mothers have children
with at least 2 men while only 15% of married mothers have children with different fathers.
McLanahan, Garfinkel, Reichman, & Teitler, 2004
Poverty and Fragile Families
Average incomes: Mothers $21,500 Fathers $18,000
Unmarried parents 2 Xs as likely to live in poverty when compared to married parents 40% of unmarried parents 20% of married parents
17%
13%
29%
26%
Capabilities of non-married parents at baseline
Over 40% of mothers and 35% of fathers lacked a high school degree or GED
Risk factors: 6% of mothers and 12% of father had drug
or alcohol problems 6% of mothers reported some violent or
abusive behavior on the part of the father towards her (likely under-reported)
McLanahan, Garfinkel, Reichman, & Teitler, 2004
What happens to father involvement in Fragile Families over time?
Fathers’ risk factors in Fragile Families
Study by Waller and Swisher, 2006 Examined how these 3 risk factors
related to relationship status and father involvement over time
Physical abuse Alcohol and substance use Incarceration
Prevalence of Father Risk Factors
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Physicalabuse
Drug oralcohol useinterference
Recentincarceration(since child's
birth)
Pastincarceration
(beforechild's birth)
30%
12%
18%
11%
Physical abuse
Mothers’ reports of ever being cut, bruised or seriously hurt in a fight with the father in the one year follow-up. 11% reported violence Does not capture emotional and sexual
abuse Most often-cited reason for ending the
couple relationship.
Drug and alcohol use Reports of both mother and father of fathers’
drug or alcohol use interference with daily life – 17.6% of fathers
Use was not always considered problematic. Mothers were often involved in drug use as
well. Parents often decided to stay together and
work the problems out.
Incarceration Most common risk factor in the study.
Drug-related offenses Eroded the mother’s trust in the father and strained
the couple relationship. Most parents believed that seeing the parent
incarcerated was not a good thing.
Relationship status 3 years after the birth of the child Research suggests that romantic relationships
mediate father involvement. Relationship Status was connected to risk
factors.
Ending the relationship Father’s risk factors made couple relationships
particularly unstable. Mother’s reasons for ending relationships
1st: physical abuse 2nd: substance use.
Decision often resulted after reaching a “threshold” of negative interactions.
Father involvement was contingent on the quality of the couple’s relationships.
Strategies used in couple relationships
Couples decided to stay together and looked for ways to respond to risk behaviors.
Parallel parenting: parents maintained separate relationships with their children.
Fathers withdrew from the mother and children; for some it helped maintain a sense of control.
Mother used protective gate-keeping.
Parenting Apart
The continuum of parenting relationships
Parallel Parenting
Conflictual
Unengaged
Cooperative co-parenting
Findings Fathers with risk factors were less likely to have
a romantic relationship with their children’s mothers.
As a result of this poor relationship quality, fathers were less likely to be involved with their children.
Physical abuse was consistently and significantly associated with parents’ relationship status and father involvement.
More findings Mothers selected out of relationships that they
deemed “unhealthy” and monitor ed father’s access to children. Especially in cases of physical abuse When fathers tried to stay involved, their efforts often
failed. Drug and alcohol abuse were more common
than physical abuse. Fathers attempts to change behavior were often
unsuccessful.
More
Incarceration was the most common risk factor and played an important role in family life: Not viewed as harmful as physical abuse Did create problems in terms of losing
contact and passive withdrawal
The Best Part of Being a Dad
“watching my daughtergrow and develop intoa fine young lady who
has morals, values andrespect for others”
What about younger parents?
Study by Gee, McNerney, Reiter and Leaman (2007)
Looked at the predictors of father involvement and in-kind support 3 years after a child’s birth among fathers of children born to adolescent and young adult mothers
Sample Subset of FFCW dataset
2,850 mothers under age 25 and 2,215 fathers at baseline
87% of mothers and 81% of fathers were interviewed at the 3-year follow-up
Relationships status: saw the same pattern as shown in the earlier slide Fewer were romantically involved and slightly
higher percentage were married
Measures
Relationship quality Father involvement In-Kind support
Mothers not cohabiting reported on father responsibility
Results for father involvement African American fathers were less
involved overall. Fathers with lower incomes at baseline
were more involved at 3 years. Both baseline and 3-year relationship
quality variables were significantly associated with father involvement.
The strongest predictor of father-involvement at the 3-year follow-up was father-child cohabitation.
Results of father’s in-kind support
Race was significantly associated with fathers’ in-kind support at three years. African American and Latino fathers provided less in-
kind supports. In-kind support of the father was more likely if the
mother reported a romantic relationship with the child’s father
In-kind support was less likely, if mother was involved with a new partner.
Multiple partner fertility
Either or both members has a child(ren) from a prior relationship
Significant barrier to forming a enduring couple relationship Less likely to marry Greater apprehension about marriage
Often results in lack of trust and problems with commitment
Let’s think about Diane and Kevin
What risk factors does Kevin have that could reduce father involvement?
What about Diane? What services might be useful?
What do Fragile Families say about their couple relationships?
Based on Kathryn Edin’s work Research Brief #17 (2003): The Retreat
from Marriage among Low-Income Families Used data from the Time, Love, Cash, Care
and Children Study (TLC3) of FFCW project
In-depth interviews with 75 couples found they:
Hold positive view of marriage
Are postponing marriage Reasons
Have financial concerns Have relationship problems Have timing issues
Financial Concerns
Being responsible, holding a job
Acquiring assets Saving enough for a proper
wedding
Relationship Problems
High standards – men are viewed as not being mature
Worries about sexual fidelity – very low trust
Perception that the relationship was not strong enough to last
Timing Issues
Not enough time to get married right now
Need a stretch of uninterrupted time to plan the wedding
Did not discuss the obstacles to marriage – children’s needs, public assistance and ideological objections
Implications for practitioners Work on strengthening couple relationships and trust,
including emphasis on the importance of sexual fidelity.
Identify ways to increase financial stability and asset accumulation to help couples meet their “high hopes”.
When staying together or marriage is dangerous or inappropriate, educational programs can help parents work together in raising their children.
Highest father involvement exists when children are young.
Reaching fathers at or near children’s births helps both mothers and fathers form and sustain a healthy family.
Let’s look at one more part to Diane and Kevin’s story
What would you do as a practitioner working with Diane and Kevin?
Discuss the two questions at the end of part III.
Your thoughts
Based on the information that Sally received in the referral (parts 1 and 2 of the case study), what services and plan would you develop with Diane and Kevin?
What steps could Sally take to learn more about the issues in Diane and Kevin’s relationship that might pose risks for Diane, her daughter and Kevin?
When working with Fragile Families, there are several principles to follow:
Take a comprehensive approach Protect against domestic abuse Focus on family process not family form Address attitudes and behaviors that can be
changed Build co-parenting skills Be culturally competent Meet the needs of fathers
Build in protection against domestic abuse
Promote healthy, non-abusive relationships Do no harm – do not do anything to
exacerbate the risks Go through a process of creating a protocol
for domestic violence Implement the protocol
In cases of domestic violence
Avoid giving sole or joint custody to
batterers Do not mandate mediation Allow mothers and children to relocate to
insure safety Mothers should not be labeled
uncooperative if they don’t want to co-parent
Take a comprehensive approach
Relationship education alone is too simple of a solution for many unmarried parents
Offer a helpful package of soft and hard services:Soft: relationship skill workshops, financial
literacy classes and peer support groupsHard: job placement and training, housing,
medical coverage and substance abuse treatment, if needed
Must get beyond establishing paternity and instituting child support orders
Some other thoughts on couples/relationship education About 1/3 to 1/2 of Fragile Families pose
no risk for marriage Be cautious of using traditional, marital
education programs Need to get beyond skill building to
building self efficacy Offer parenting education and co-
parenting education in conjunction with couples education
Minnesota’s Fatherhood Programs
Minnesota has over100 programs thatwork to meet theneeds of men infamilies.
Men comprise less than 1/3 of all professional staff working in fatherhood programs.
Resources used by Fathers
0 10 20 30 40 50
Family*
Wife / partner
Friends
Dad's groups / ECFE
Books / reading materials
Internet
Health care providers
Teachers / helping professionals
Religion / Bible
Find out on own
Co-workers
Age 5-12
Age 0-4
Percent of respondents
Minnesota’s Fatherhood Programs
20
37
21
1615
16
34
28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Fam
ily L
aw
Par
ent E
duca
tion
Hea
lthca
re /
Hea
lthE
duca
tion
Em
ploy
men
t Ser
vice
s
Men
tal H
ealth
Sup
ervi
sed
Vis
itatio
n
Act
iviti
es
Sup
port
Gro
ups
Services provided by 58 of Minnesota’s social service
and educational programs for
fathers.
Paternity Establishment
When a child is born to an unmarried mother in Minnesota, paternity can be decided in one of two ways:
(1) Both parents sign a Recognition of Parentage (ROP) and have it filed with the State Dept. of Health.
(2) A paternity action is made through court
(Paternity Order).
Why is paternity establishment important?
Parental Access to Records
Unless otherwise provided by the court:
A. Each party has the right of access to, and to receive copies of, school, medical, dental, religious training and other important records and information about the minor children…
B. Each party has the right to be informed by school officials about the children’s welfare, educational progress and status…
(Statute Section 518.17, Sub.3)
Various Statewide Resources
“Unmarried Parents’ Guide…” Supervised Visitation Network Minn. Father’s Adoption Registry The Men’s Line: 866-379-6367
Find more resources at www.mnfathers.org
Education from Extension
Parents Forever We Agree: Creating a Parenting Plan Padres Para Siempre
www.parenting.umn.edu
Actions Promote image of fathers as
nurturers Include fathers in discourse
around early childhood development and narrowing the achievement gap
Support & fund parenting education and services for fathers of young children
Count on mothers and women as allies for fathers
What can you do locally?
The Best Part of Being a Dad
“being capable of inciting raucous belly laughs in my child at will”