COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABI

FOR

M.Tech.

POWER SYSTEM & CONTROL ENGINEERING

(ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)

2012-2013

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

School of Engineering & Technology, Paralakhemundi.

Odisha-761211, INDIA,

Web Site: - www.cutm.ac.in

CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Course Structure & Syllabi for M.Tech (Power System & Control Engineering)

SEMESTER-1 SEMESTER-2

Sub code Subject Name L-T-P Credits Sub code Subject Name L-T-P Credits

MTPS

1101

Power System

Analysis

3-1-0 4 MTPS

1201

Digital Control

Systems

3-1-0 4

MTPS

1102

Non-Linear Control

Systems

3-1-0 4 MTPS

1202

Power Quality 3-1-0 4

MTPS

1103

Computer aided

power system

protection

3-1-0 4 MTPS

1203

Power system

Dynamics & Stability

3-1-0 4

Elective-1

(any one of the following)

3-1-0

4

Elective-3

(any one of the following)

3-1-0

4

PSPE

1101

High Voltage

Engineering

PSPE

1201

Electrical Distribution

systems

PSPE

1102

Extra High voltage

AC Transmission

PSPE

1202

Power system

Reliability

PSPE

1103

FACTS PSPE

1203

Advanced DSP

Elective-2

(any one of the following)

3-1-0

4

Elective-4

(any one of the following)

3-1-0

4

PSPE

1111

Power System

Transients

PSPE

1211

Power system

deregulation

PSPE

1112

Advanced Power

Electronics

PSPE

1212

Real time control of

power system

PSPE

1113

Power System

Operation &control

PSPE

1213

Reactive power

compensation

&management

Laboratory/Sessional Laboratory/Sessional

PSPR

1107

Power systems &

Simulation Lab

0-0-3

2

PSPR

1207

Electrical systems &

Simulation Lab

0-0-3

2

PSPT

1108

Seminar(Pre-Thesis)

0-0-3 2 PSPT

1208

Seminar(Pre-Thesis)

0-0-3 2

Semester Credits 24 Semester Credits 24

Cumulative Credits 24 Cumulative Credits 48

CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Course Structure & Syllabi for M.Tech (Power System & Control Engineering)

SEMESTER-3 SEMESTER-4

Sub code Subject Name L-T-P Credits Sub code Subject Name L-T-P Credits

MTPS

2101

Adaptive Control

theory

3-1-0

4

PSPT

2201

Main Project &

Viva-Voce

------

20

Elective-5

(any one of the following)

PSPE

2101

Power apparatus &

systems

3-1-0

4

PSPE

2102

Power system

Optimization

PSPE

2103

Demand side energy

management

PSPT

2107

Thesis/Project(Part-1) ----- 10

PSCV

2108

Comprehensive Viva ----- 2

Semester Credits 20 Semester Credits 20

Cumulative Credits 68 Cumulative Credits 88

SYLLABUS

SEMESTER-1

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

MTPS 1101 L-T-P: 3-1-0

MODULE-1 Power System Network Matrices

Graph Theory: Definitions, Bus Incidence Matrix, Y bus formation by Direct and Singular

Transformation Methods, Numerical Problems. Formation of Z Bus: Partial network,

Algorithm for the Modification of Z Bus Matrix for addition element for the following cases:

Addition of element from a new bus to reference, Addition of element from a new bus to an

old bus, Addition of element between an old bus to reference and Addition of element

between two old busses (Derivations and Numerical Problems). - Modification of Z Bus for

the changes in network.

MODULE-2

Power flow Studies

Necessity of Power Flow Studies – Data for Power Flow Studies – Derivation of Static load

flow equations – Load flow solutions using Gauss Seidel Method: Acceleration Factor, Load

flow solution with and without P-V buses, Algorithm and Flowchart. Numerical Load flow

Solution for Simple Power Systems (Max. 3-Buses): Determination of Bus Voltages, Injected

Active and Reactive Powers (Sample One Iteration only) and finding Line Flows/Losses for

the given Bus Voltages. Newton Raphson Method in Rectangular and Polar Co-Ordinates

Form: Load Flow Solution with or Without PV Busses- Derivation of Jacobian Elements,

Algorithm and Flowchart. Decoupled and Fast Decoupled Methods-Comparison of Different

Methods–DC load Flow.

MODULE-3

Short Circuit Analysis

Per-Unit System Representation. Per-Unit equivalent reactance network of a three phase

Power System, Numerical Problems. Symmetrical fault Analysis: Short Circuit Current and

MVA Calculations, Fault levels, Application of Series Reactors, Numerical Problems.

Symmetrical Component Theory: Symmetrical Component Transformation, Positive,

Negative and Zero sequence components: Voltages, Currents and Impedances. Sequence

Networks: Positive, Negative and Zero sequence Networks, Numerical Problems.

Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis: LG, LL, LLG faults with and without fault impedance,

Numerical Problems.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis by M.A.Pai, TMH Publications.

2. Modern Power system Analysis – by I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari: Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing company, 2nd edition.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Power System Analysis by Grainger and Stevenson, Tata McGraw Hill.

2. Power System Analysis – by A.R.Bergen, Prentice Hall, Inc.

3. Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat – TMH Edition.

4. Power System Analysis by B.R.Gupta, Wheeler Publications.

NONLINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS MTPS 1102 L-T-P: 3-1-0

MODULE-1

STATE SPACE ANALYSIS

State Space Representation, Solution of State Equation, State Transition Matrix, Canonical

Forms –Controllable Canonical Form, Observable Canonical Form, Jordan Canonical Form.

CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY

Tests for controllability and observability for continuous time systems – Time varying case,

minimum energy control, time invariant case, Principle of Duality, Controllability and

observability form Jordan canonical form and other canonical forms.

MODULE-2

DESCRIBING FUNCTION ANALYSIS

Introduction to nonlinear systems, Types of nonlinearities, describing functions, describing

function analysis of nonlinear control systems.

PHASE-PLANE ANALYSIS

Introduction to phase-plane analysis, Method of Isoclines for Constructing Trajectories,

singular points, phase-plane analysis of nonlinear control systems.

STABILITY ANALYSIS

Stability in the sense of Lypanov, Lypanov’s stability and Lypanov’s instability theorems.

Direct method of Lypanov for the Linear and Nonlinear continuous time autonomous

systems.

MODULE-3

MODAL CONTROL

Effect of state feedback on controllability and observability, Design of State Feedback

Control through Pole placement. Full order observer and reduced order observer.

CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS

Minimization of functional of single function, constrained minimization. Minimum principle.

Control variable inequality constraints. Control and state variable inequality constraints.

Euler Lagrangine Equation.

OPTIMAL CONTROL

Formulation of optimal control problem. Minimum time, Minimum energy, minimum fuel

problems. State regulator problem. Output regulator problem. Tracking problem, Continuous-

Time Linear Regulators.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Modern Control System Theory – by M. Gopal, New Age International Publishers, 2nd

edition,1996

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Modern Control Engineering – by K. Ogata, Prentice Hall of India, 3rd edition, 1998

2. Control Systems Engineering by I.J. Nagarath and M.Gopal, New Age International (P)

Ltd.

3. Digital Control and State Variable Methods – by M. Gopal, Tata Mc Graw-Hill

Companies, 1997.

4. Systems and Control by Stainslaw H. Zak , Oxford Press, 2003.

COMPUTER AIDED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

MTPS 1103 L-T-P: 3-1-0

Module-I Introduction To Computer Relaying: Development of computer relaying, Historical

background, Expected benefits of computer relaying, Computer relay architecture, Analog to

digital converter, Anti-aliasing filter, Substation computer hierarchy.

Relaying Practices: Introduction to protection systems, Functions of a protection system,

Protection of transmission lines, Transformer, reactor & generator protection, Bus protection,

Performance of current & voltage transformers.

Module-II Mathematical Basis For Protective Relaying Algorithms: Introduction, Fourier series, Other

orthogonal expansion, Fourier transform, Use of fourier transform, Discrete fourier

transform, Introduction to probability & random processes, Random processes, Kalman

filtering.

Transmission Line Relaying: Introduction, Sources of error, relaying as parameter estimation,

Beyond parameter estimation, Symmetrical component distance relay, protection of series

compensated lines.

Module-III Protection Of Transformers, Machines & Buses: Introduction, Power transformer algorithms,

Generator protection,, Motor protection, Digital bus protection.

Hardware Organisation In Integrated Systems: The nature of hardware issues, Computers for

relaying, The substation environment, Industry environmental standards, Countermeasures

against EMI, Supplementary equipment, Redundancy & backup, Servicing, training &

maintenance.

System Relaying & Control: Introduction, Measurement of frequency & phase, Sampling

clock synchronization, Application of Phasor measurements to state estimation, Phasor

measurement in dynamic state estimation, Monitoring.

Developments In New Relaying Principles: Introduction, Traveling waves on single-phase

lines, Traveling waves on three-phase lines, Traveling waves due to faults, Directional wave

relays, Traveling wave distance relay, Differential relaying with phasors, Traveling ` wave

differential relays, Adaptive relaying.

Text Book

1.A.G. Phadke and J.S. Thorp, " Computer Relaying for Power Systems", John Wiley and Sons,

1994

HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (Elective-1)

MODULE-1

INTRODUCTION TO HIGH VOLTAGE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Electric Field Stresses, Gas / Vaccum as Insulator, Liquid Dielectrics, Solids and Composites,

Estimation and Control of Electric Stress, Numerical methods for electric field computation,

Surge voltages, their distribution and control, Applications of insulating materials in

transformers, rotating machines, circuit breakers, cable power capacitors and bushings.

BREAK DOWN IN GASEOUS AND LIQUID DIELECTRICS

Gases as insulating media, collision process, Ionization process, Townsend’s criteria of

breakdown in gases, Paschen’s law. Liquid as Insulator, pure and commercial liquids,

breakdown in pure and commercial liquids.

BREAK DOWN IN SOLID DIELECTRICS

Intrinsic breakdown, electromechanical breakdown, thermal breakdown, breakdown of solid

dielectrics in practice, Breakdown in composite dielectrics, solid dielectrics used in practice.

MODULE-2

GENERATION OF HIGH VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

Generation of High Direct Current Voltages, Generation of High alternating voltages,

Generation of Impulse Voltages, Generation of Impulse currents, Tripping and control of

impulse generators.

MEASUREMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

Measurement of High Direct Current voltages, Measurement of High Voltages alternating

and impulse, Measurement of High Currents-direct, alternating and Impulse, Oscilloscope for

impulse voltage and current measurements.

MODULE-3

OVER VOLTAGE PHENOMENON AND INSULATION CO-ORDINATION

Natural causes for over voltages – Lightning phenomenon, Overvoltage due to switching

surges, system faults and other abnormal conditions, Principles of Insulation Coordination on

High voltage and Extra High Voltage power systems.

NON-DISTRUCTIVE TESTING OF MATERIAL AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS

Measurement of D.C Resistivity, Measurement of Dielectric Constant and loss factor, Partial

discharge measurements.

HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS

Testing of Insulators and bushings, Testing of Isolators and circuit breakers, Testing of

cables, Testing of Transformers, Testing of Surge Arresters, Radio Interference

measurements.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. High Voltage Engineering by M.S.Naidu and V. Kamaraju – TMH Publications, 3rd

Edition

2. High Voltage Engineering: Fundamentals by E.Kuffel, W.S.Zaengl, J.Kuffel by Elsevier,

2nd

Edition.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. High Voltage Engineering by C.L.Wadhwa, New Age Internationals (P) Limited, 1997.

2. High Voltage Insulation Engineering by Ravindra Arora, Wolfgang Mosch, New Age

International (P) Limited, 1995.

EHV AC TRANSMISSION (Elective-1)

MODULE-1

Necessity of EHV AC transmission – advantages and problems–power handling capacity and

line losses mechanical considerations – resistance of conductors – properties of bundled

conductors – bundle spacing and bundle radius- Examples.

Line and ground reactive parameters:

Line inductance and capacitances – sequence inductances and capacitances – modes of

propagation – ground return - Examples

Voltage gradients of conductors:

Electrostatics – field of sphere gap – field of line changes and properties – charge – potential

relations for multi-conductors – surface voltage gradient on conductors – distribution of

voltage gradient on sub conductors of bundle – Examples.

MODULE-2

Corona effects

Power loss and audible noise (AN) – corona loss formulae – charge voltage diagram –

generation, characteristics - limits and measurements of AN – relation between 1-phase and

3-phase AN levels – Examples.

Radio interference (RI) - corona pulses generation, properties, limits – frequency spectrum –

modes of propagation – excitation function – measurement of RI, RIV and excitation

functions – Examples.

MODULE-3

Electro static field:

Electrostatic field: calculation of electrostatic field of EHV/AC lines – effect on humans,

animals and plants Electrostatic induction in unenergised circuit of double-circuit line –

electromagnetic interference-Examples.

Traveling wave theory

Traveling wave expression and solution- source of excitation- terminal conditions- open

circuited and Short-circuited end- reflection and refraction coefficients-Lumped parameters

of distributed lines generalized constants-No load voltage conditions and charging current.

Voltage control:

Power circle diagram and its use – voltage control using synchronous condensers – cascade

connection of shunt and series compensation – sub synchronous resonance in series capacitor

– compensated lines – static VAR compensating system.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. EHVAC Transmission Engineering by R. D. Begamudre, New Age International (p) Ltd.

2. HVAC and DC Transmission by S. Rao

FACTS CONTROLLERS (Elective-1)

MODULE-1 Transmission interconnections, power flow in an AC System, loading capability limits,

Power flow and Dynamic stability considerations, importance of controllable parameters.

Opportunities for FACTS, basic types of FACTS controllers, benefits from FACTS

controllers, Requirements and Characteristics of High Power devices – Voltage and Current

rating, losses and speed of switching, parameter trade-off of devices.

Basic concept of Voltage source converter, Single phase full wave bridge converter, Single

phase-leg (pole) operation, Square-wave voltage harmonics for a single phase Bridge, 3

Phase full wave bridge converter.

MODULE-2 Transformer connections for 12 pulse, 24 and 48 pulse operation. Three level voltage source

converter, pulse width modulation converter, basic concept of current source converters,

comparison of current source converters with voltage source converters.

Objectives of shunt compensation, mid point voltage regulation for line segmentation, End of

line voltage support to prevent voltage instability, improvement of transient stability, Power

oscillation damping.

Methods of controllable var generation: variable impedance type static var generators – TCR

and TSR, TSC, FC-TCR, TSC-TCR, switching converter type var generators, hybrid var

generators.

MODULE-3 SVC and STATCOM : The regulation and slope transfer function and dynamic performance,

transient stability enhancement and power oscillation damping, operating point control and

summary of compensation control.

Static series compensators : Concept of series capacitive compensation, improvement of

transient stability, power oscillation damping, functional requirements. GTO thyristor

controlled series capacitor (GSC), thyristor switched series capacitor (TSSC), and thyristor

controlled series capacitor (TCSC), control schemes for GSC, TSSC and TCSC.

Reference Book:

1. “Understanding FACTS ” N.G.Hingorani and L.Guygi, IEEE Press.

Indian Edition is available:--Standard Publications, 2001.

2. “Flexible a c transmission system (FACTS)” Edited by YONG HUE SONG and

ALLAN T JOHNS, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London.

POWER SYSTEMS TRANSIENTS (Elective-2) MODULE-1 INTRODUCTION TO FAST TRANSIENTS:

Origin and nature of power system Transients, traveling waves on transmission system, the

line equation, the shape attenuation and distortion of waves, reflection of traveling waves ,

successive reflections, traveling waves on multi conductor systems, transition points on multi

conductor circuits.

LIGHTNING:

Charge formation, mechanism of lightning stroke. Mathematical model of lightning stroke.

MODULE-2 THEORY OF GROUNDS WIRES: Direct stoke to a tower, effect of reflection up and down the tower, the counterpoise.

SWITCHING SURGES:

Normal frequency effects, high charging currents, cancellation waves, recovery voltage,

restricting phenomena. Protection of transmission systems against surge. High frequency

oscillations and terminal transients of transformer.

MODULE-3 INSULATION COORDINATION:

Insulation coordination procedures (IEC) for high voltage systems: Design criteria,

classification of over voltages, insulation design for switching, lightning and temporary over

voltages, pollution, application of arresters for protection of lines and stations, statistical

methods of insulation coordination, risk of failure, test prescriptions. Insulation coordination

procedures (IEC) for low voltage systems: representative over voltages, selection of clearance

and creepage distances, macro and micro environments, testing techniques, transient

(switching and lightning) voltage surge suppression in industrial and commercial electrical

installations, protection of electronic devices.

REFERENCES 1.Allan Greenwood , Electrical Transients in power Systems , Wiley Iterscience, 1991

2.Lou Van Der Sluis, Transients in power Systems , John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2001

3.R Rudenterg, Transient Performance of Electric power systems, Phenomenon in Lumped

Networks, MGH, 1950

4.R Rudenterg, Electric Stroke waves in power systems, Harvard University press,

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968

5.Transmission Line Reference Book, EPRI, USA, 1982.

ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS (Elective-2)

Module-I 1-Ф and 3-ф Controlled rectifiers-Average output voltages and currents for R-L. load

performance parameters of rectifier 1- ф and 3- ф converter. DC-DC converters: Buck,

Boost, Buck-boost converters, linear power supplies. Switch mode DC Power supplies,

Fly back converter, Forward converter, push pull converter, half bridge and full bridge

converter.

Module-II Basic concepts of switch mode inverter, pulse width modulated switching scheme ,

unipolar and bipolar Switching scheme, 1-ф inverters, push pull inverters, 3-ф inverters,

PWM in 3-ф voltage source inverters. Reduction of Harmonies, square-wave pulse

switching, programmed Harmonic elimination switching.

Module-III Resonant pulse Converters: Classification of resonant Converters, series Resonant

Inverter: Series Resonant inverters with unidirectional switches, series resonant inverters

with bi-directional switches. Parallel Resonant Inverters, Zero current switching resonant

converters, zero voltage switching resonant converters.

Books for Reference: 1. Power electronics, Circuits, devices. Application by M.H.Rashid (PHI) 2. Power electronics, converters, applications and Design N.Mohan undeland and

Robbins John wily and sons inc. 3. Modern Power electronics and AC Drives by B.K .Bose.

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (Elective-2)

MODULE-1 Unit commitment problem : Introductions to UCP, thermal & Hydral constraints in Unit

commitment : Priority list scheme method, unit commitment problem solution by priority list

scheme method,

Unit commitment problem solutions by Dynamic programming Approach. Introduction,

advantages of DP method over priority list scheme, Back word DP approach, forward DP

approach algorithm and their flow charts solution UCP using Dynamic program method.

MODULE-2 Load Frequency Control-I : Necessity of keeping frequency constant. Definition of control

area, single area control, Block diagram representation of an isolated Power System, Steady

State analysis, Dynamic response-Uncontrolled case.

Proportional plus Integral control of single area and its block diagram representation, steady

state response, load frequency control and Economic dispatch control.

Load Frequency Control-II : Load frequency control of 2-area system : uncontrolled case and

controlled case, tie-time bias control.

MODULE-3 Optimal LF control-steady state representation, performance Index and optimal parameter

adjustment.

Generation with limited Energy supply : Take-or-pay fuel supply contract, composite

generation production cost function. Solution by gradient search techniques, Hard limits and

slack variables, Fuel scheduling by linear programming.

Interchange Evaluation and Power Pools Economy Interchange, Economy interchange

Evaluation, Interchange Evaluation with unit commitment, Multiple Interchange contracts.

After-the-fact production costing, Transmission Losses in transaction Evaluation, other types

of Interchange, power pools.

Reference Books :

1. Electrical Energy Systems Theory - by O.I.Elgerd, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing

Company Ltd, 2nd

edition.

2. Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat – Tata Mc Graw Hill Publications

3. Power Generation, Operation and Control - by A.J.Wood and B.F.Wollenberg,John

wiley & sons Inc. 1984.

4. Modern Power System Analysis - by I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari, Tata Mc Graw-Hill

Publishing Company ltd, 2nd

edition.

POWER SYSTEMS & SIMULATION LAB

1. Fault Analysis of 3-phase Alternator

2. Determination of Xd and Xq of 3-phase salient pole Synchronous motor

3. IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) relay characteristics

4. Determination of breakdown strength of oil by variable distance electrodes.

5. Determination of transmission line parameters.

6. Fault analysis (LL, LG, and LLL) of transmission lines.

SIMULATION BASED (USING MATLAB OR ANY OTHER SOFTWARE) 1. To obtain steady-state, transient and sub-transient short-circuit currents in an alternator. 2. To formulate the Y-Bus matrix and perform load flow analysis. 3. To compute voltage, current, power factor, regulation and efficiency at the receiving end of a three phase Transmission line when the voltage and power at the sending end are given. Use П model. 4. To perform symmetrical fault analysis in a power system. 5. To perform unsymmetrical fault analysis in a power system.

SEMESTER-2

DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

MTPS 1201 L-T-P: 3-1-0

MODULE-1

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

Introduction, Examples of Data control systems – Digital to Analog conversion and Analog

to Digital conversion, sample and hold operations.

THE Z – TRANSFORMS

Introduction, Linear difference equations, pulse response, Z – transforms, Theorems of Z –

Transforms, the inverse Z – transforms, Modified Z- Transforms

Z-PLANE ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE-TIME CONTROL SYSTEM

Z-Transform method for solving difference equations; Pulse transforms function, block

diagram analysis of sampled – data systems, mapping between s-plane and z-plane.

MODULE-2 STATE SPACE ANALYSIS

State Space Representation of discrete time systems, Pulse Transfer Function Matrix solving

discrete time state space equations, State transition matrix and it’s Properties, Methods for

Computation of State Transition Matrix, Discretization of continuous time state – space

equations

CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY

Concepts of Controllability and Observability, Tests for controllability and Observability.

Duality between Controllability and Observability, Controllability and Observability

conditions for Pulse Transfer Function

MODULE-3

STABILITY ANALYSIS

Mapping between the S-Plane and the Z-Plane – Primary strips and Complementary Strips –

Constant frequency loci, Constant damping ratio loci, Stability Analysis of closed loop

systems in the Z-Plane. Jury stability test – Stability Analysis by use of the Bilinear

Transformation and Routh Stability criterion.

DESIGN OF DISCRETE TIME CONTROL SYSTEM BY CONVENTIONAL

METHODS Transient and steady – State response Analysis – Design based on the frequency response

method – Bilinear Transformation and Design procedure in the w-plane, Lead, Lag and Lead-

Lag compensators and digital PID controllers.

.STATE FEEDBACK CONTROLLERS AND OBSERVERS

Design of state feedback controller through pole placement – Necessary and sufficient

conditions, Ackerman’s formula.

State Observers – Full order and Reduced order observers.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Discrete-Time Control systems - K. Ogata, Pearson Education/PHI, 2nd Edition

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Digital Control Systems, Kuo, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 2003.

2. Digital Control and State Variable Methods by M.Gopal, TMH

POWER QUALITY

MTPS 1202 L-T-P: 3-1-0

MODULE-1

Introduction: power quality (PQ) problem, Voltage sag, Swell , Surges, Harmonic, over

voltages, spikes, Voltage fluctuations, Transients, interruption overview of power quality

phenomenon , Remedies to improve power quality, power quality monitoring.

Interruptions: Definition, Difference between failure, outage, causes and origin of

interruptions, limits for the interruption frequency, limits for the interruption duration , costs

of interruption, overview of Reliability , evaluation to power quality, comparison of

observations and reliability evaluation. MODULE-2 Voltage Sag: Characterization of voltage sag, definition, causes of voltage sag, voltage sag

magnitude, monitoring, theoretical calculation of voltage sag magnitude voltage sag

calculation in non-radial systems, meshed systems, voltage sag duration.

PQ considerations in Industrial Power Systems: voltage sag effects, equipment behaviour

of power electronic loads, induction motors, synchronous motors, computers, consumer

electronics, adjustable speed AC drives and its operation. Mitigation of AC drives,

Adjustable speed DC drive and its operation, mitigation methods of DC drives.

MODULE-3 Mitigation of Interruptions and Voltage Sags: Overview of mitigation methods- form fault

to trip, reducing the number of faults, reducing the fault clearing time changing the power

system, installing mitigation equipment, improving equipment immunity, different events and

mitigation methods. System equipment interface- voltage source converter, series voltage

controller, shunt controller, combined shunt and series controller.

Power Quality and EMC Standards: Introduction to standardization, IEC Electromagnetic

compatibility standards, European voltage characteristics standards, PQ surveys.

Reference Book:

1. “ Understanding Power Quality Problems” by Math H J Bollen, IEEE Press.

2. Electrical power quality –R C Dugan, M.F,M Granghar, H.W.Beaty-TMH.

POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS & STABILITY

MTPS 1203 L-T-P: 3-1-0

MODULE-1 System Dynamics: Synchronous machine model in state space form, computer representation

for excitation and governor systems –modeling of loads and induction machines.

Stability – steady state stability limit – Dynamic Stability limit – Dynamic stability analysis.

MODULE-2 State space representation of synchronous machine connected to infinite bus, Time response

– Stability by Eigen value approach.

Digital Simulation of Transient Stability: Swing equation, Machine equations

Concept of Multi machine Stability, Multi machine Transient Stability Under Different

Faulted Conditions. MODULE-3 Effect of governor action and exciter on power system stability. Effect of saturation, saliency

& automatic voltage regulators on stability.

Excitation Systems: Rotating Self-excited Exciter with direct acting Rheostatic type, voltage

regulator – Rotating main and Pilot Exciters with Indirect Acting Rheostatic Type Voltage

Regulator.

Rotating Main Exciter, Rotating Amplifier and Static Voltage Regulator – Static excitation

scheme – Brushless excitation system.

Reference Books: 1. Power System Stability by Kimbark Vol. I&II, III – 1968, Dover Publication Inc, New

York 1968.

2. Power System control and stability by Anderson and Fund, Vol – I, P.M.Arolerson &

A.A.fouad, Galgotia Publications 3B/12, Uttari marg Rajunder Nagar, New Delhi –

110060, 1981, 1 st edition.

3. Power System Dynamics Stability and Control by K.R.Padiyar, Second edition

B.S.Publications 2002.

4. Computer Applications to Power Systems–Glenn.W.Stagg &

Ahmed. H.El.Abiad

5. Power Systems Analysis & Stability – S.S.Vadhera Khanna Publishers.

6. Power System Analysis by “Hadi Saadat” – Tata McGraw Hill Publications

7. Power System Analysis by John J.Graniger William D.Stevenson. JR. – Tata McGraw

Hill Publications.

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (Elective-3)

MODULE-1 General : Introduction to Distribution systems, an overview of the role of computers in

distribution system planning-Load modeling and characteristics: definition of basic terms like

demand factor, utilization factor, load factor, plant factor, diversity factor, coincidence factor,

contribution factor and loss factor-Relationship between the load factor and loss factor -

Classification of loads (Residential, Commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their

characteristics. Distribution Feeders and Substations: Design consideration of Distribution

feeders: Radial and loop types of primary feeders, voltage levels, and feeder-loading.

MODULE-2 Design practice of the secondary distribution system. Location of Substations: Rating of a

Distribution Substation, service area with primary feeders. Benefits derived through optimal

location of substations. System analysis: Voltage drop and power loss calculations,

Derivation for volt-drop and power loss in lines, manual methods of solution for radial

networks, three-phase balanced primary lines, non-three-phase primary lines.

Protective devices and coordination: Objectives of distribution system protection, types of

common faults and procedure for fault calculation.

MODULE-3 Protective Devices: Principle of operation of fuses, circuit reclosers, line sectionalizer and

circuit breakers. Coordination of protective devices: General coordination procedure.

Capacitive compensation for power factor control: Different types of power capacitors, shunt

and series capacitors, effect of shunt capacitors (Fixed and switched) power factor correction,

capacitor location. Economic justification. Procedure to determine the best capacitor location.

Voltage control : Equipment for voltage control, effect of series capacitors, effect of

AVB/AVR, line drop compensation. Reference Books: 1. “Electric Power Distribution System Engineering “ by Turan Gonen, Mc.Graw-Hill Book

Company,1986.

2. Electric Power Distribution-by A.S.Pabla, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing

Company, 4th

edition, 1997.

POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY (Elective-3)

MODULE-1 Basics of Probability theory & Distribution: Basic probability theory – rules for combining

probabilities of events – Bernoulli’s trials – probabilities density and distribution functions –

binomial distribution – expected value and standard deviation of binomial distribution.

Network Modelling and Reliability Analysis: Analysis of Series, Parallel, Series-Parallel

networks – complex networks – decomposition method.

Reliability functions :Reliability functions f(t), F(t), R(t), h(t) and their relationships –

exponential distribution – Expected value and standard deviation of exponential distribution –

Bath tub curve – reliability analysis of series parallel networks using exponential distribution

– reliability measures MTTF, MTTR, MTBF.

MODULE-2

Markov Modelling : Markov chains – concept of stochastic transitional probability Matrix,

Evaluation of limiting state Probabilities. – Markov processes one component repairable

system – time dependent probability evaluation using Laplace transform approach –

evaluation of limiting state probabilities using STPM – two component repairable models.

Frequency & Duration Techniques : Frequency and duration concept – Evaluation of

frequency of encountering state, mean cycle time, for one , two component repairable models

– evaluation of cumulative probability and cumulative frequency of encountering of merged

states.

MODULE-3 Generation System Reliability Analysis : Reliability model of a generation system–

recursive relation for unit addition and removal – load modeling - Merging of generation load

model – evaluation of transition rates for merged state model – cumulative Probability,

cumulative frequency of failure evaluation – LOLP, LOLE.

Composite Systems Reliability Analysis: Decompositions method – Reliability Indices –

Weather Effects on Transmission Lines.

Distribution System and Reliability Analysis: Basic Concepts – Evaluation of Basic and

performance reliability indices of radial networks.

Reference Books: 1. Reliability Evaluation of Engg. System – R. Billinton, R.N.Allan, Plenum Press, New

York. 2. Reliability Evaluation of Power systems – R. Billinton, R.N.Allan, Pitman Advance

Publishing Program, New York.

3. An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering. Charles E. Ebeling, TATA Mc Graw - Hill – Edition.

ADVANCED DSP (Elective-3)

MODULE-1 Digital Filter Structure

Block diagram representation-Equivalent Structures-FIR and IIR digital filter Structures All

pass Filters-tunable IIR Digital Filters-IIR tapped cascaded Lattice Structures-FIR cascaded

Lattice structures-Parallel-Digital Sine-cosine generator-Computational complexity of digital

filter structures.

Digital filter design Preliminary considerations-Bilinear transformation method of IIR filter design-design of Low

pass highpass-Bandpass, and Band stop- IIR digital filters-Spectral transformations of IIR

filters- FIR filter design-based on Windowed Fourier series- design of FIR digital filters with

least –mean- Square-error-constrained Least-square design of FIR digital filters

MODULE-2 DSPalgorithm implementation

Computation of the discrete Fourier transform- Number representation-Arithmetic

operations-handling of overflow-Tunable digital filters-function approximation.

Analysis of finite Word length effects

The Quantization process and errors- Quantization of fixed -point and floating -point

Numbers-Analysis of coefficient Quantization effects - Analysis of Arithmetic Round-off

errors-Dynamic range scaling-signal- to- noise ratio in Low -order IIR filters-Low-Sensitivity

Digital filters-Reduction of Product round-off errors using error feedback-Limit cycles in IIR

digital filters- Round-off errors in FFT Algorithms.

MODULE-3

Power Spectrum Estimation

Estimation of spectra from Finite Duration Observations signals – Non-parametric methods

for power spectrum Estimation – parametric method for power spectrum Estimation-

Estimation of spectral form-Finite duration observation of signals-Non-parametric methods

for power spectrum estimation-Walsh methods-Blackman & torchy method.

Reference Books: 1. Digital signal processing-sanjit K. Mitra-TMH second edition

2. Discrete Time Signal Processing – Alan V.Oppenheim, Ronald W.Shafer - PHI-1996 1st

edition-9th reprint

3 Digital Signal Processing principles, algorithms and Applications – John

G.Proakis -PHI –3rd edition-2002

4 Digital Signal Processing – S.Salivahanan, A.Vallavaraj, C. Gnanapriya – TMH - 2nd

reprint-2001

5 Theory and Applications of Digital Signal Proceesing-LourensR. Rebinar&Bernold

Digital Filter Analysis and Design-Auntonian-TMH

POWER SYSTEM DEREGULATION (Elective-4)

MODULE-1 Need and conditions for deregulation. Introduction of Market structure, Market

Architecture, Spot market, forward markets and settlements. Review of Concepts marginal

cost of generation, least-cost operation, incremental cost of generation.

Power System Operation: Old vs New

Electricity sector structures and Ownership /management, the forms of Ownership and

management. Different structure model like Monopoly model, Purchasing agency model,

wholesale competition model, Retail competition model.

MODULE-2 Framework and methods for the analysis of Bilateral and pool markets, LMP based markets,

auction models and price formation, price based unit commitment, country practices.

Transmission network and market power. Power wheeling transactions and marginal costing,

transmission costing. Congestion management methods- market splitting, counter-trading;

Effect of congestion on LMPs- country practices MODULE-3 Ancillary Services and System Security in Deregulation. Classifications and definitions,

AS management in various markets- country practices. Technical, economic, & regulatory

issues involved in the deregulation of the power industry.

Reference Books: 1. Power System Economics: Designing markets for electricity - S. Stoft

2. Power generation, operation and control, -J. Wood and B. F. Wollenberg

3. Operation of restructured power systems - K. Bhattacharya, M.H.J. Bollen and J.E.

Daalder

4. Market operations in electric power systems - M. Shahidehpour, H. Yamin and Z. Li

5. Fundamentals of power system economics - S. Kirschen and G. Strbac

6. Optimization principles: Practical Applications to the Operation and Markets

of the Electric Power Industry - N. S. Rau

7. Competition and Choice in Electricity - Sally Hunt and Graham Shuttleworth

REAL TIME CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS (Elective-4) MODULE-1 State Estimation : Different types of State Estimations, Theory of WLS state estimation,

sequential and non-sequential methods to process measurements.

Bad data Observability, Bad data detection, identification and elimination.

Security and Contingency Evaluation : Security concept, Security Analysis and monitoring,

Contingency Analysis for Generator and line outages by iterative linear power flow method,

Fast Decoupled model, and network sensitivity methods.

MODULE-2 Computer Control of Power Systems : Need for real time and computer control of power

systems, operating states of a power system,

SCADA - Supervisory control and Data Acquisition systems implementation considerations,

energy control centres, software requirements for implementing the above functions.

MODULE-3 Voltage Stability : What is voltage stability, voltage collapse, and voltage security, relation of

voltage stability to rotor angle stability.

Voltage stability analysis Introduction to voltage stability analysis `P-V’ curves and `Q-V’

curves, voltage stability in mature power systems, long-term voltage stability, power flow

analysis for voltage stability, voltage stability static indices and Research Areas

Application of AI and ANN in Power System : Basic concepts and definitions, algorithms for

load flow, short term load forecasting, fault diagnosis and state estimation.

Reference Books : 1. John J.Grainger and William D.Stevenson, Jr. : Power System Analysis,

McGraw-Hill, 1994, International Edition

1. Allen J.Wood and Bruce F.Wollenberg : Power Generation operation and control,

John Wiley & Sons, 1984

2. R.N.Dhar : Computer Aided Power Systems Operation and Analysis, Tata McGraw

Hill, 1982

3. L.P.Singh : Advanced Power System Analysis and Dynamics, Wiley

Eastern Ltd. 1986

4. Prabha Kundur : Power System Stability and Control -, McGraw Hill, 1994

5. P.D.Wasserman : `Neural Computing : Theory and Practice’ Van Nostrand -

Feinhold, New York.

REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION AND MANAGEMENT

(Elective-4)

MODULE-1 Load Compensation Objectives and specifications – reactive power characteristics – inductive and capacitive

approximate biasing – Load compensator as a voltage regulator – phase balancing and power

factor correction of unsymmetrical loads- examples.

Steady – state reactive power compensation in transmission system:

Uncompensated line – types of compensation – Passive shunt and series and dynamic shunt

compensation – examples

Transient state reactive power compensation in transmission systems: Characteristic time periods – passive shunt compensation – static compensations- series

capacitor compensation –compensation using synchronous condensers – examples

MODULE-2

Reactive power coordination: Objective – Mathematical modeling – Operation planning – transmission benefits – Basic

concepts of quality of power supply – disturbances- steady –state variations – effects of under

voltages – frequency – Harmonics, radio frequency and electromagnetic interferences

Demand side management: Load patterns – basic methods load shaping – power tariffs- KVAR based tariffs penalties for

voltage flickers and Harmonic voltage levels

MODULE-3

Distribution side Reactive power Management:

System losses –loss reduction methods – examples – Reactive power planning – objectives –

Economics Planning capacitor placement – retrofitting of capacitor banks

User side reactive power management: KVAR requirements for domestic appliances – Purpose of using capacitors – selection of

capacitors – deciding factors – types of available capacitor, characteristics and Limitations

Reactive power management in electric traction systems and are furnaces:

Typical layout of traction systems – reactive power control requirements – distribution

transformers- Electric arc furnaces – basic operations- furnaces transformer –filter

requirements – remedial measures –power factor of an arc furnace

Reference Books: 1. Reactive power control in Electric power systems by T.J.E.Miller, John Wiley and sons,

1982 (Units I to IV)

2. Reactive power Management by D.M.Tagare,Tata McGraw Hill,2004.(Units V toVIII

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION LAB

(Any TEN Experiments of the following to be done)

1. Obtain frequency response of a given system by using various methods:

(a)General method of finding the frequency domain specifications.

(b) Polar plot

(c) Bode plot

Also obtain the Gain margin and Phase margin.

2. Determine stability of a given dynamical system using following methods.

a) Root locus

b) Bode plot

c) Nyquist plot

d) Lypanov stability criteria

3. Transform a given dynamical system from I/O model to state variable model and vice

versa.

4. Conduct a power flow study on a given power system.

5. Conduct a power flow study on a given power system network using Gauss-Seidel iterative

method.

6. Develop a Simulink model for a single area load frequency problem and simulate the same.

7. Develop a Simulink model for a two-area load frequency problem and simulate the same.

8. Design a PID controller for two-area power system and simulate the same.

9. PSPICE Simulation of Single phase full converter using RLE loads.

10. PSPICE Simulation of Three phase full converter using RLE loads.

11. PSPICE Simulation of Single phase AC Voltage controller using RL load.

12. PSPICE Simulation of Three phase inverter with PWM controller.

13. PSPICE Simulation of Resonant Pulse commutation Circuit.

14. PSPICE Simulation of Impulse Commutation Circuit.

SEMESTER-3

ADAPTIVE & CONTROL THEORY

MTPS 2101 L-T-P: 3-1-0

Module-I Introduction and overview of Systems Identification, Adaptive Control and applications. Parameter Estimation: Least Square, Generalized and Recursive Least Square, Estimator properties including error bounds and convergence, MES, ML and MAP estimators, Nonlinear Least Squares. Model Structures and Predictors. Module-II Recursive Identification of Linear dynamic systems: RLS, ELS, IV, RML, Stochastic Approximation, Extended Kalman Filter, generalized prediction error framework and its application to ARMA and state models, convergence analysis, Time varying parameters. Nonlinear System Identification. ; Adaptive schemes. Adaptive control theory. Applications. Situations when constant Gain feedback is insufficient. ; Robust control. ; The adaptive control problem. ; The model following problem. MRAS based on stability theory. Model following when the full state is measurable. Module-III Direct MRAS for general linear systems. Prior knowledge in MRAS. MRAS for partially known systems. Use of robust estimation methods in MRAS. ; The basic idea. Indirect self-tuning regulators. Direct Self-tuning regulators. Linear Quadratic STR. Adaptive Predictive control. Prior knowledge in STR.; Linear-in-the-parameters model. Least squares estimation. Experimental conditions. Recursive estimators. Extended least squares. Robust estimation methods (dead zone, projection).Implementation issues. ; Nonlinear System Identification Techniques Text Books:

1. K.J. Astrom and B. Wittenmark, Adaptive Control, Addison, Pearson 2006. 2. L. Ljung, System Identification Theory for the user, Prentice-Hall, 2007.

Reference Books:

1. K.S. Narendra and A.M. Annaswamy, Stable Adaptive Systems, Prentice-Hall, 1989.

2. Landau and Zito, Digital Control Systems: Design, Identification and Implementation, Springer, 2006

POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS (Elective-5) MODULE-1

Synchronous Machines: The basis of General Theory and Generalized Equation of A.C

machines, Equation in terms of phases variable park’s transformation, Various reference

frames, Derivation of two-axis equation, Torque equation, Field and damper windings,

Equivalent circuits, Operational impedances and frequency response loci, Modified equation

with more accurate coupling between field and damper windings.

Selected topics on prime mover and energy supply systems: Governors for hydraulic and

steam turbines, Transient droop, speed governing system.

MODULE-2 Synchronous Generator short circuit and system faults: Symmetrical short circuit of

unloaded generator, Analysis of short circuit oscillograms, short circuit of loaded

synchronous generator, Unsymmetrical short of synchronous generator, system fault

calculation, Sudden load changes, Equivalent circuit under transient condition, Constant flux

linkage theorem, Simplified Phasor diagram for transient changes.

Selected topics on excitation systems: Modelling of excitation system components, exciter

(D.C and A.C), Amplifier, Stabilizing circuit

MODULE-3 Induction machines: Generator equation of the induction motor (equation), Application of

equation in primary and secondary reference frames and complex form of equation, Short

circuit and fault current due to the induction motor, fault calculation.

Transformers: Transient phenomena in transformer and transformer protection: General

characteristics of over voltage and current inrush, Transient over voltage characteristics tics,

Ferro resonant over voltage, protection against surges and insulation co-ordination.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. The Generalized theory of electrical machines (Chapters: 1,2,34,5,8 and 11 by

B.Adkins and R.H. Hiiley.

2. Principle, Operation and Design of power Transformer By S.B Vasciitnsky.

3. The J & P transformer Book (Chapter: 22&23) By S. Austen Stigant and A.C Franklin.

4. Power System Stability & Control ( Chapters: 8&9) By P.Kundur, McGraw Hill-1994.

POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION (Elective-5)

MODULE-1

Introduction to optimization and classical optimization techniques

Linear Programming: Standard form, geometry of LPP, Simplex Method pf solving LPP,

revised simplex method, duality, decomposition principle, and transportation problem.

Non-Linear Problem (NLP): one dimensional method, Elimination methods,

Interpolation methods

Non-Linear Programming (NLP): Unconstrained optimization techniques-Direct search

and Descent methods, constrained optimization techniques, direct and indirect methods

MODULE-2 Dynamic Programming: Multistage decision processes, concept of sub-optimization and

principle of optimality, conversion of final value problem into an initial value problem.

CPM and PERT

Genetic Algorithm: Introduction to genetic Algorithm, working principle, coding of

variables, fitness function. GA operators; Similarities and differences between Gas and

Traditional methods; Unconstrained and constrained optimization using Genetic Algorithm,

real coded gas, Advanced Gas, global optimization using GA.

MODULE-3

Applications to Power system: Economic Load Dispatch in thermal and Hydro-thermal

system using GA and classical optimization techniques, Unit commitment problem, reactive

power optimization. Optimal power flow, LPP and NLP techniques to optimal flow

problems.

References: 1. "Optimization - Theory and Applications", S.S.Rao, Wiley-Eastern Limited

2. "Introduction of Linear and Non-Linear Programming ", David G. Luenberger, Wesley

Publishing Company

3. "Computational methods in Optimization ", Polak, Academic Press

4. "Optimization Theory with Applications" Pierre D.A., Wiley Publications

5. "Optimization for Engineering Design: Algorithms and Examples", Kalyanmoy deb, PHI

Publication

6. "Genetic Algorithm in Search Optimization and Machine Learning ", D.E. Goldberg,

Addision-Wesley Publication, 1989

7. "Advanced Power System Analysis and Dynamics " L.P. Singh, Wiley Eastern Limited.

8. "Power System Analysis ", Hadi Saadat, TMH Publication.

9. " Electrical Energy System : An Introduction ". Olle I.Elewgerd, TMH Publication, New

Delhi.

DEMAND SIDE ENERGY MANAGEMENT (Elective-5) MODULE-1 Energy Audit: Definitions-Need-concepts-Types of energy audit; Energy index – cost index

– pie Charts – Sankey diagrams.

Energy Economics: Introduction-Cost benefit risk analysis-Payback period-Straight line

depreciation-Sinking fund depreciation—Reducing balance depreciation-Net present value

method-Internal rate of return method-Profitability index for benefit cost ratio.

Energy Conservation in Electric utilities and Industry: Electrical load management: Energy

and load management devices-Conservation strategies; conservation in electric utilities and

industry: Introduction-Energy conservation in utilities by improving load factor-Utility

voltage regulation-Energy conservation in Industries-Power factor improvement.

MODULE-2

Energy–efficient electric motors (EEMs): Energy efficient motors-construction and technical

features-case studies of EEMs with respect to cost effectiveness-performance characteristics;

Economics of EEMs and system life cycle-direct savings and payback analysis-efficiency

factor or efficiency evaluation factor

Electric Lighting: Introduction-Need for an energy management program-Building analysis-

Modification of existing systems-Replacement of existing systems-priorities:

Illumination requirement: Task lighting requirements-lighting levels-system modifications-

non illumination modifications-lighting for non-task areas-reflectance-space geometry;

System elements.

MODULE-3 Light sources - characteristics of families of lamps-lamp substitution in existing systems-

selection of higher efficiency lamps for a new system-Luminaries-ballasts-energy

conservation in lighting. White light LED and conducting Polymers.

Space Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning (HVAC) and Water Heating: Introduction-

Heating of buildings-Transfer of Heat-Space heating methods-Ventilation and air-

conditioning-Insulation-Cooling load-Electric water heating systems-Energy conservation

methods.

Co-generation and storage: Combined cycle cogeneration-energy storage: pumped hydro

schemes-compressed air energy storage (CAES)-storage batteries-superconducting magnetic

energy storage (SMES)

References: 1.Energy management Hand book by Wayne C.Turner,John wiley and sons

publications

2.Electric Energy Utilization and Conservation by S C Tripathy,Tata McGraw

hill publiching company ltd.New Delhi

3.Energy efficient electric motors selection and application by John C.Andreas

4.Hand book on Energy Audit and Management by Amit kumar Tyagi,published

by TERI(Tata energy research Institute)

5.Energy management by Paul W.O’ Callaghan McGraw hill book company

6.Energy conversion systems by Rakosh Das Begamudre New age international publishers