Create a double bubble map comparing and contrasting fission and fusion

NuclearFission

NuclearFusion

In pg 38Fusion review

P1&4 Wed 9/23p3&6 Thurs 9/24

• Electromagnetic spectrum• That’s me!

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Watch the video by clicking on the title hyperlink.

Thru p 39The Anatomy Of A Wave

Glue Wave diagram on p 39

Waves on the Ocean

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 324

Wavelength of a Wave

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 324

l

• Wavelength () - length of one complete wave

Wavelength of a Wave

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 324

l

2 half-wavelengths

3 half-wavelengths

1 half-wavelengths

Unplucked string

Frequency

O’Connor, Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 166

1 second

Frequency

4 cycles/second = 4 hertz

12 cycles/second = 12 hertz

36 cycles/second = 36 hertz

• Frequency () - # of waves that pass a point during a certain time period– hertz (Hz) = 1/s

AM & FM WavesCarrier frequency

Sound pattern

Amplitude Modulated carrier

Frequency Modulated carrier

AM - FM Radio

Waves

Low frequency

High frequency

Amplitude

Amplitude

long wavelength l

short wavelength l

• Amplitude (A) - distance from the origin to the trough or crest

Waves

Low frequency

High frequency

Amplitude

Amplitude

long wavelength l

short wavelength l

60 photons

162 photons

low energy

high energy

The Electromagnetic Spectrum• The EM spectrum is the ENTIRE range of EM waves in order of

increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength.

• As you go from left right, the wavelengths get smaller and the frequencies get higher. This is an inverse relationship between wave size and frequency. (As one goes up, the other goes down.) This is because the speed of ALL EM waves is the speed of light (300,000 km/s).

Thru p:40

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

AM radio

Short waveradio

Television channels

FM radio

RadarMicrowave

Radio Waves Gamma Rays

X- Raysinfrared

Increasing photon energy

Increasing frequency

Decreasing wavelength

Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet

UV Rays

Visible

Light

R O Y G B I V

HIGH

ENERGY

LOW

ENERGY

Things to RememberThe higher the frequency, the more energy the wave has.EM waves do not require media in which to travel or move.EM waves are considered to be transverse waves because they are made of vibrating electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other, and to the direction the waves are traveling.Inverse relationship between wave size and frequency: as wavelengths get smaller, frequencies get higher.

Radio waves: Have the longest wavelengths and the lowest frequencies; wavelengths range from 1000s of meters to .001 m

Used in: RADAR, cooking food, satellite transmissions

The Waves (in order…)

Radio waves

• Longest wavelength EM waves• Uses:

– TV broadcasting– AM and FM broadcast radio– Heart rate monitors– Cell phone communication– MRI (MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING)

• Uses Short wave radio waves with a magnet to create an image

• Microwaves: Slightly shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies; Wavelengths from 1 mm- 1 m

• Uses:– Microwave ovens– Bluetooth headsets– Broadband Wireless Internet– Radar– GPS

Infrared waves (heat): Have a shorter wavelength, from .001 m to 700 nm, and therefore, a higher frequency. Wavelengths in between microwaves and visible light• Uses:

– Night vision goggles– Remote controls– Heat-seeking missiles

Visible light: Wavelengths are shorter (from 700 nm -red light- to 30 nm -violet light) and frequencies higher than infrared waves.

Only type of EM wave able to be detected by the human eyeVisible light waves are a very small part of the EM spectrum!

Violet is the highest frequency lightRed light is the lowest frequency light

ROY G. BVredorangeyellowgreenblueviolet

Visible LightRemembering the Order

Ultraviolet Light: Wavelengths range from 400 nm to 10 nm; the frequency (and therefore the energy) is high enough with UV rays to penetrate living cells and cause them damage.

Although we cannot see UV light, bees, bats, butterflies, some small rodents and birds can.UV on our skin produces vitamin D in our bodies. Too much UV can lead to sunburn and skin cancer. UV rays are easily blocked by clothing.

Ultraviolet• Shorter wavelengths than visible light• Uses:

– Black lights– Security images on money– Harmful to living things– Used to sterilize medical equipment

because they kill bacteria. – Extremely high exposure can cause skin

cancer

X-Rays: Tiny wavelength, high energy waves. Wavelengths from 10 nm to .001 nm.

These rays have enough energy to penetrate deep into tissues and cause damage to cells; are stopped by dense materials, such as bone.Used to look at solid structures, such as bones and bridges (for cracks), and for treatment of cancer.

X-rays

• Uses:– Medical imaging– Airport security

• Moderate dose can be damaging to cells

Gamma Rays: Carry the highest energy and have the shortest wavelengths, less than one trillionth of a meter (10-12).

Gamma rays have enough energy to go through most materials easily; you would need a 3-4 ft thick concrete wall to stop them!

Gamma rays are released by nuclear reactions in nuclear power plants, by nuclear bombs, and by naturally occurring elements on Earth.

Gamma RaysSmallest wavelengths, highest energy EM wavesUses

Sometimes used in the treatment of cancers. Too much exposure can cause cancer!

Sterilizes medical equipmentCancer treatment to kill cancer cells

Kills nearly all living cells.

Gamma Rays

This picture is a “scintigram” It shows an asthmatic person’s lungs.

The patient was given a slightly radioactive gas to breath, and the picture was taken using a gamma camera to detect the radiation. The colors show the air flow in the lungs.

Micro Worlds, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html

Image Sources

NASA http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/blue-sky/

NASA http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html

NASA http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/11_xrays.html

Andy Darvill, Broadoak Community School, Radioactivity Uses

http://www.northallertoncoll.org.uk/science/Additional%20Physics/Nuclear/Nuclear/Radioactivity/uses.htm

2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399 USA.

Thru p41Create your own EM spectrum

• Using materials provided, cut out and glue each part of the EM spectrum in the proper order according to the information in your notes.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/molecules-and-light/latest/molecules-and-light_en.html

Out p38

1. What wave has the highest frequency?

2. What are the wavelengths called that humans can see?