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Technical Center of
Organic Agriculture
Mediterranean Organic
Agriculture Network
CTAB – ISOFAR - MOAN SYMPOSIUM 2013
‚Crop protection management in Mediterranean
Organic Agriculture’
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
14 -16 May 2013 in Sousse, Tunisia
ISOFAR / MOAN / CTAB Symposium 2013
Book of Abstracts
‘Crop Protection Management in Mediterranean Organic Agriculture`
May 14 - 16, 2013 Sousse, Tunisia
The contents of the articles in this volume are the responsibility of the authors. The information contained
herein, including any expression of opinion and any projection or forecast, has been obtained from sources
believed by the authors to be reliable but is not guaranteed as to accuracy or completeness. The information
is supplied without obligation and on the understanding that any person who acts upon it or otherwise
changes his/her position in reliance thereon does so entirely at his/her own risk.
ISOFAR /MOAN /CTAB Symposium
May 14- 16, 2013 in Sousse (Tunisia)
‘Crop Protection Management in Mediterranean Organic Agriculture
Book of Abstracts
edited by
Mohamed Ben Kheder & Daniel Neuhoff
Conference hosted by
Technical Center of Organic Agriculture (CTAB)
International Society of Organic Agricultural Research (ISOFAR)
Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network (MOAN)
© 2013, Technical Center of Organic Agriculture (CTAB)
P.O.Box 54, Chatt Meriem 4042, Sousse, Tunisia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Cover: C. Stumm, IOL, Bonn, Germany
Printed by: University Press Bonn, Germany
Organizing Committee
- Prof. Mohamed Ben Kheder (CTAB, Tunisia)
- Prof. Sank Mok (DU, Korea)
- Dr. Raelli Maurizio (MAIB, Italy)
- Dr. Lina Al Bitar (MAIB, Italy)
- Prof. Ulrich Köpke (IOL, Germany)
- Prof. Gerold Rahmann (UK, Germany)
- Prof. Abdelhamid Boujelben (ISACM, Tunisia)
- Dr. Mars Messaoud (CRRHAB, Tunisia)
- Dr. Daniel Neuhoff (IOL, Germany)
- Ir. Nejib Hamami (CSFPACMP, Tunisia)
- Ir. Fekher Ayed (CTAB, Tunisia)
Scientific Committee
- Prof. Ulrich Köpke (IOL, Germany)
- Prof. Sank Mok (Korea)
- Prof. Mohamed Ben Kheder (CTAB, Tunisia)
- Dr. Daniel Neuhoff (IOL, Germany)
- Prof. Brahim Cermiti (ISACM, Tunisia)
- Dr. Naima Bouguellab (ISACM, Tunisia)
Chairman
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ben Kheder, Technical Center of Organic Agriculture (CTAB)
Table of contents
Preface……. …………………………………………………………………………………………..1
Programme ……………………………………………………………………………………….…..2
Oral communications
Khaled Alrouechdi: Management of fruit flies in the framework of the organic agriculture in
the Near East …………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Laarif Asma, Ikbel Chaib, Imen Blibech and Sami Fattouch: Current research in
microbial control of insect pests and prospects for the use the entomopathogens in
Tunisia…………………………………………………………………………………………….……..9
Lidia Sas Paszt, Beata Sumorok, Anna Lisek, Trzciński Paweł, Aleksandra Bogumił,
Anton Harbuzov, Edyta Derkowska, Sławomir Głuszek, Eligio Malusá and Jolanta
Kowalska: Collection of beneficial soil microorganisms in SYMBIO BANK…………………10
S. Altawarah, V.Verrastro, F. Lamaj, N. Baser, and F. Baldacchino: Strategies for the
biological control of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) in organic table grape…………………....11
Abir Hafsi and Brahim Chermiti: Effectiveness of mass trapping in the control of Ceratitis
capitata (Wiedman) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Tunisian organic citrus orchards…………….13
S. Bouagga, N. Hassan, K. Djelouah, A. Jammazi, and M. Kamel Ben Halima:
Evaluation of Ceranock Attract and Kill and Femilure Mass Trapping strategies to combat
Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata in Tunisia…………………………………………….14
Essia Limem Sellami and BrahimChermiti: Chrysopidae (Nevroptera) in Citrus Orchards
of the Cap Bon region (Northeastern Tunisia) ………………………………………………...….15
Mohamed Braham, Ameni Bendhiefi and Lassâad Chtiwi: The use of the mass trapping
technique to control the tomato borer, Tuta absoluta ………………………………...………….17
Baser N., Caleca V., Simeone V., Lamaj F., Verrastro V.: The effect of distance between
parasitoid and host on the parasitism of Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) in organic olive
orchards………………………………………………………………………………………………...18
F. Hamdi, B. Chermiti, N. Gauthier, J-C. Streito and O. Bonato: Macrolophus pygmaeus
Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae) a promising biological control agent for tomato protected
crops in Tunisia………………………………………………………………………………………..19
Ben Halima Kamel Monia and Gannoun Asma: Biological control comparison on pepper
and eggplant under protected crops against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover
(Hemiptera, Aphididae) by Lysiphlebus testaceïpes Cresson (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….20
Mohamed Elimem and Brahim Chermiti: Comparison between Orius laevigatus Fieber
(Hemiptera; Anthocorridae) imported and local strains efficacy to control Frankliniella
occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera; Thripidae) in protected pepper crop greenhouses in
Tunisia…………………………………………………………………………………………….…….22
A.S. Abdel-Razek and A.E. Abdel Salam: Sustainable potato tuber moth, Phothoremia
operculella (Zeller), control using biopesticides of natural and microbial
origin…………………………………………………………………………………………………….23
Aydi Rania, Hassine Marwa, Jabnoun-Khiareddine Hayfa, Ben Jannet Hichem and
Daami-Remadi Mejda: Soil-borne and compost-borne Aspergillus species for biologically
controlling Fusarium dry rot of potatoes incited by Fusarium sambucinum
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………24
Moncef Mrabet, Naceur Djebali, Salem Elkahoui, Sabrine Saïdi, Belhassen Tarnhouni
and Ridha Mhamdi: Putative application of faba bean associated bacteria in the biocontrol
of Rhizoctonia solani on potato……………………………………………...............................….25
Messgo-Moumene S., Saddek D., Houmani Z. and Bouznad Z.: In vitro antifungal activity
of a range of aqueous extracts of plants against Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary.
Causal agent of late blight of the potato Solanum tuberosum L. in Algeria.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....26
Safaa A. M. Yousef and Mohammad Magdy El-Metwally: New strategy for managing
damping-off and root rot disease of Cucumber caused by Rhizoctonia solani by seed soaking
in formula of antioxidant with micronutrients…………………………………………….……….27
Ali K. Altaae, Huda H. Altaae, Ali H.T.and Sallo S. Murad: Evaluation of chickpea
genotypes for resistance to ascochyta blight……………………………………………………….28
Maali Haddad, Naima Boughalleb-M´Hamdi and Mohamed Cherif: In vitro biocontrol
activity of antagonists for citrus brown spot control…………………………………….….…….29
Lamia Somai: Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid in controlling wheat against Septoria leaf blotch by
direct and indirect effect…………………………………………………………………..………….30
Béji-Hibar N., Hibar K., Daami-Remadi M.: Biological control of some apple postharvest
diseases………………………………………………………………………………………………….31
N. Ghanney and A. Ferchichi: Antibacterial effects of two Anacardiaceae species against
the Olive knot disease…………………………………………………………………………..…….32
A. Kerkeni, A. Ben Rhouma and M. Ben Khedher: In vitro bioassay of the antagonistic
activity of some bacteria isolated from compost extracts …………………………..…….…….33
C. Bayoudh, M. Elair, R. Labidi, A. Majdoub, N. Mahfoudhi and
M. Mars: In vitro tissue culture and molecular techniques as an aid for organic healthy fig
(Ficus carica L.) orchard establishment……………………………………………………….….34
M. El Air, N. Mahfoudhi, C. Bayoudh, M. Mars and M.H. Dhouibi: Sanitary selection of
virus-free clones for the establishment of organic fig (Ficus carica L.)
orchards…………………………………………………………………………………………….….36
Ahmed Namsi, Sihem Ben Maachia, Ikhlas Berri, Ikbel Chayeb and Imen Rahal: In vitro
antifungal activity of medicinal plant against Nattrassia mangiferae, the Causal Agent of
Apricot Tree Decline Disease in the Oases of South Tunisia………………………………..….38
Araar H., Caboni P., Simeone V. and Cavoski I.: Cinnamon plant extracts a
comprehensive physico-chemical and biological study for its potential use as a
biopesticide…………………………………………………………………………………………….39
R. S. R. El-Mohamedy: Applications of chitosan and essential oils as alternatives fungicides
for suppression post harvest fungi of citrus fruits ……………………………………………..40
Grichi A., Nasr Z. and Khouja M.L.: Herbicidal activity of volatile oils from E.maidenii
against three weeds and three crops………………………………………………………………..41
H.H. Boukhalfa, M. Massinon and F. Lebeau: Study of the effect of two surfactants on
spray jets retention by barley leaves ……………………………………………………………….43
Poster
Kaoutar Fahad, Nagib Gmira and Saadia Lhaloui: Evaluation of the aphicide activity of
two essential oils on the survival of the citrus black aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de
Fonscolombe) (Homoptera: Aphididae) …………………………………………………..………..45
Lakhdari W., Dahliz A., Ouffroukh A., Allam A. Hammi H., Soud A. and Bouchekima:
Biological control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) with enthomopathogenic
fungi……………………………………………………………………………………………………..46
Lakhdari W., Ouffroukh A., Dahliz A., Soud A., Hammi H. and Bouchekima N.:
Isolation and identification of fungal pathogens in palm groves of Oued Righ (2012)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..47
A. Dahliz, W. Lakhdari, A. Soud, H. Hammi, H. Bouchekima and M. Belaidi: Complex of
natural enemies and control methods of the exotic invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae) in Southern Algeria………………………………………….……………...………...48
Zarred Khaoula, Chaieb Ikbal; Tayeb Wafa; Chraief Imed; Laarif Asma; Hammami
Mohamed and Haouala Rabiaa: Bio-insecticidal potential of Citrus sinensis L. essential oils
against two Greenhouse pests: Tuta absoluta Meyrick and Spodoptora littoralis
Boisduval………………………………………………………………………………………………..49
D. Haouas, M. Ben Halima-Kamel, P. L. Cioni, G. Flamini and M. H. Ben Hamouda:
Insecticidal and anti-appetent activities of four Chrysanthemum species against Tribolium
confusum Du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) …………………………………………….…….50
Zeiri Asma, Braham Mohamed, Mejda Daami-Remadi, El Hajji Lobna, and Braham
Mohamed: Bio-Ecology of the bark beetle Scolytus amygdali (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in
the Center of Tunisia and focus on its parasitoids and associated fungi……………………….51
H. Gnidez-Glida and M. Rezgui: Influence of crop rotation on cereal pests and their natural
enemies……………………………………………………………………………...……………….….53
A. Harbi, K. Abbes, H. Karboul, S. Yousfi and B. Chermiti: Can biological and botanical
insecticides combined with mass trapping control the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta in
tomato crops in Tunisia? ……………………………………………………………………….…….54
K. Abbes and B. Chermiti: Newly adapted parasitoids of the tomato leafminer Tuta
absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Tunisia: an ally in organic tomato
crops……………………………………………………………………………………………………..55
Gaouar-Benyelles N., Medjdoub K., Beghdad C., Gaouar M. and Ilias F.: Biochemical
control for implementation by the olive pests Bactrocera oleae (Diptera, Tephritidae) in
Tlemcen (Algeria). ……………………………………………………………………………………..56
Guesmi-Jouini J., Karous O.., Boughalleb-M’hamdi N. and Ben Halima-Kamel M.:
Monitoring and identification of causal agents of natural mycosis on Capitophorus elaeagni,
del Guercio (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Tunisian organic artichoke crop……………………..57
Jolanta Kowalska, Dorota Remlein-Starosta, Katarzyna Seidler-Łożykowska
and Lidia Sas Paszt: Influence of microbiological plant growth promoter on growth and
healthiness of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) ………………………………………….………..58
Imen Hemissi, Yassine Mabrouk, Sonia Mejri, Mouldi Saidi and Bouaziz Sifi:
Bioprotection mechanisms of chickpea plant by Rhizobium leguminosarum against
Rhizoctonia solani……………………………………………………………………………….…….59
B. Mouria, A. Mouria, A. Ouazzanti-Touhami and A. Douria: A new formulation based
compost used as a biopesticide in organic farming against tomato
pathogens……………………………………………………………………………………………….60
N. Djébali, S. Elkahoui, B. Tarhouni, M. Mrabet: Integrated management of black scurf of
potato in Tunisia……………………………………………………………………………………….61
Najwa Ben Fradj, Naima Boughalleb- M’hamdi and MS Romdhani: Biological Control
of Potato Late Blight in Tunisia………………………………………………………………..…….62
S. Elkahoui, N. Djébali, M. Mrabet, I. Karkouch, A. Hadj Ibrahim, L. Kalai, S.
Pachkwel, O. Tabbene and F. Limam: Mass spectrometry identification of antifungal
lipopeptides from Bacillus sp. strain BCLRB2 against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum………………………………………………………………………………………...….63
Asma El-Ayeb-Zakhama, Lamia Rouis, Naïma Boughalleb, Hichem Ben Jannet and
Fethia Harzallah-Skhiri: Phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of aqueous and organic
extracts from Citharexylum quadrangular Jacq. …………………………………………..….….64
Imen Mougou and Ali Rhouma: Susceptibility of olive tree cultivars towards Pseudomonas
savastanoi pv. Savastanoi…………………………………………………………………………….65
Hajji Lobna, Regaieg Hajer and Horrigue-Rouani Najet: Evaluation of Paecilomyces
lilacinus and Verticillium leptobactrum on the Biological control of Root knot nematode
Meloidogyne javanica and Potato Cyst-Nematode Globodera pallida on Potato( Solanum
tuberosum L.)….…………………………………………………………………………………….….66
Guesmi I., D’Addabbo T., Radicci V. and Horrigue-Raouani N.: Evaluation of
suppressive effect of three Brassica green manures on Meloidogyne incognita………...…….67
Z. Djedouani, K. Ounaissia and H. Laredj: Tannins of pomegranate: Punica granatum
( Algerian East) …………………………………………………………………………………...…...68
Lamia Sakka Rouis, Asma El Ayeb, Hichem Ben Jannet, Fethia Harzallah-Skhiri:
Effects of Allium roseum var. grandiflorum subvar. typicum Regel. organic extracts on seed
germination and seedling growth of Peganum harmala L. …………………………………..…..69
Sofiene Ouled Taleb Salah, Mathieu Massinon and Frédéric Lebeau: Assessment of a
CDA micromax 3S rotary atomizer for weed control……………………………….………...…..70
Belguendouz Amina, Sahnoune Mohamed and Adda Ahmed: The micropropagation of
two varieties of Solanum tuberosum L. cvs. Désirée & Spunta by substitution of the culture
media and production of the microtubers……………………..………………………………..…..71
D. Hlayem, A. Hmid, H. Banani, M. Habte Tsehaye and N. Driouech: Effects of different
mulching on environmental factors and crop yield (Broccoli) under Mediterranean
conditions: case of Apulia Region-South of Italy…………………………………………………..73
H.H. Boukhalfa, M. Massinon, F. Lebeau: High-speed imaging to predict spray retention
on barley leaves. …………………………………………………………………………………...…..75
Abduljbbar Ismal Al Hubaity and Abdulmonem S.Khalil: Response of Lettuce Yield…….
( Paris Island Cos) to Spray With Humic Acid and Seaweed Extract Alga –00………..……..76
Mohamed E. Ragab: Production of some vegetables using Bio-organic farming in newly
reclaimed soil (Research Project) ……………………………………………………………….….77
Dorsaf Mejri and Thouraya Souissi: Role of rhizobacteria in weed growth
suppression…………………………………………………………………………………………….78
Janan. A. Saeed: Effect of Aqueous Leaves Extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on
Germination and Growth of Three Weed Species…………………………………………..…….79
Dhouibi Ameni, Blibech Imen, Chaib Ikbel, Borgi Ines and Laarif Asma: Insecticidal
activity of Bacillus brevis and Beauveria bassiana on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)
(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) ………………………………………………………………………….80
H.Chikh-Rouhou, R.Sta-Baba, M.Chérif and H.Jabari: Evaluation of melon genotypes for
resistance to Fusarium wilt in Tunisia………………………………………………………….….81
Najwa B. Al Lashi, Esam D. Sulaiman and Anfal M. Jalal: The Effect of Water Extract of
Ocimum basilicumand the Fungal Biocontrol Agent Trichodermaharzianumon Fungi causing
Damping-off of Okra……………………………………………………………………………….….82
Esam D. Sulaiman, Najwa B. Al Lashi, and Anfal M. Jalal: Effect of seed treatment with
aqueous extract of Ocimumbasilicumleaves and cultural filtrate of the biocontrolagent
Trichodermaharzianumin controlling damping off of okra seedlings in the
greenhouse…………………………………………………………………………………………..….83
Ali K. Altaae, Huda H. Altaae, Ali H.T.and Sallo S. Murad: Evaluation of chickpea
genotypes for resistance to ascochyta blight……………………………………………………….84
1
Dear Reader,
It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the Symposium ,Crop Protection Management in
Mediterranean Organic Agriculture` in Sousse, Tunisia, which is jointly organised by the Technical
Center of Organic Agriculture (CTAB), the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research
(ISOFAR) and the Mediterranean Organic Agricultural Network (MOAN).
Crop protection is of major concern for the successful management of organic farms. Both yield
and quality can be severely affected by pests and diseases, even if available preventive measures
have been accurately applied. The development of ecologically sound control methods against pest
and diseases is therefore a necessary part of organic research agendas.
Fortunately the organisers succeeded in compiling an attractive scientific programme including
about 30 oral presentations and over 40 posters all targeted on finding sustainable solutions for crop
protection problems. Congratulations and many thanks to all contributors.
The International Society of Organic Agriculture Research organises and supports regional
conferences on Organic Agriculture all over the world. Our main objective is to support the
development organic agricultural production methods based on scientific approaches.
In that sense I am very thankful to the Scientific Commitee, in particular to my ISOFAR Board
Member collegue, Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ben Kheder, for the excellent organisation of this scientific
event.
Professor Dr. Sang Mok Sohn
President ISOFAR
2
International Society of
Organic Agriculture
Research
Technical Center of
Organic Agriculture
Mediterranean Organic
Agriculture Network
PROGRAMME
International Symposium:
«Crop Protection Management in Mediterranean Organic Agriculture»
May 14 -16, 2013
Sousse (Tunisia)
Tuesday, 14 May 2013
8:00 - 9:00 Registration
9:00 – 9:30 Opening Ceremony
9:30 - 11:00 Plenary session
Management of fruit flies in the framework of the organic agriculture in the Near East
region, Alrouechdi Khaled, Jordan.
Current research in microbial control of insects and prospects for their use in Tunisia,
Laârif Asma, Tunisia.
Collection of beneficial soil microorganisms held in the SYMBIO bank, Sas Paszt,
Poland
Strategies for the biological control of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) in organic table
grape, Flutra Lamaj, Italy.
11:00 - 11:20 Coffee break
11:20 - 13:00 Insect management I
Effectiveness of mass trapping in the control of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedman)
(Diptera: Tephritidae) in Tunisian organic citrus orchards, Hafsi Abir, Tunisia.
Evaluation of Ceranock Attract and Kill and Femilure Mass Trapping strategies to
control Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata in Tunisia, Bouagga Sarra, Tunisia.
Chrysopidae (Nevroptera) in Citrus Orchards of the Cap Bon region (Northeastern
Tunisia), Limem Sellami Essia, Tunisia.
The use of mass trapping techniques to control tomato borer Tuta absoluta , Braham Mohamed, Tunisia.
The effect of distance between parasitoid and host on the parasitism of Psyttalia
concolor (Szépligeti) in organic olive orchards, Nuray Baser, Italy.
3
13:00 - 14:00 Lunch break
14:00 - 15:20 Insect management II
Macrolophus pygmaeus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae), a promising biological
control agent for protected tomato crop in Tunisia, Hamdi Faten, Tunisia.
Biological control comparison on pepper and eggplant under on protected crops
against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera, Aphididae) by
Lysiphlebus testaceïpes Cresson (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Ben Halima Kamel Monia, Tunisia.
Comparison between Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera; Anthocorridae) imported
and local strains efficacy to control Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande
(Thysanoptera; Thripidae) in protected pepper crop greenhouses in Tunisia, Elimem
Mohamed, Tunisia.
Sustainable potato tuber moth, Phothoremia operculella (Zeller), control using
biopesticides of natural and microbial origin, Abdel-Razek Atef, Egypt.
15:20 - 15:40 Coffee break
15:40 - 18:00 Disease management I
Soil-borne and compost-borne Aspergillus species for biologically controlling
Fusarium dry rot of potatoes caused by Fusarium sambucinum, Aydi Rania, Tunisia.
Putative application of faba bean associated bacteria in the biocontrol of Rhizoctonia
solani on potato, Mrabet Monsef, Tunisia.
In vitro antifungal activity of a range of aqueous extracts of plants against
Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Causal agent of late blight of the potato
Solanum tuberosum L. in Algeria, Moumene Saida, Algeria.
New strategy for managing damping-off and root rot disease of Cucumber caused by
Rhizoctonia solani by seed soaking in formula of antioxidant with micronutrients,
Safaa A. M. Yousef, Egypt.
Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for resistance to ascochyta blight, Al-Taae Ali
Kareem, Iraq.
In vitro bio-control activity of antagonistis for Citrus brown spot control, Haddad Maali, Tunisia.
Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid in controlling wheat against Septoria leaf blotch by direct
and indirect effect, Somai Lamia, Tunisia.
Wednesday, 15 May 2013
9:00 - 10:40 Disease management II
Biological control of some apple postharvest diseases, Hibar Khaled, Tunisia.
Antibacterial effects of two Anacardiaceae species against the Olive knot disease,
Ghanney Nadia, Tunisia.
In vitro bioassay of the antagonistic activity of some bacteria isolated from compost
extracts, Chakroun Amel, Tunisia.
In vitro tissue culture and molecular techniques as an aid for organic healthy fig
(Ficus carica L.) orchard establishment, Bayoudh Chokri, Tunisia.
Sanitary selection of virus-free clones for the establishment of organic fig (Ficus
carica L.) orchards, Elair Manel, Tunisia.
4
10:40 - 11:00 Coffee break
11:00 - 12:40 Crop protection management
In vitro antifungal activity of medicinal plant against Nattrassiamangiferae, the
Causal Agent of Apricot Tree Decline Disease in the Oases of South Tunisia, Namsi
Ahmed, Tunisia.
Cinnamon plant extracts a comprehensive physic-chemical and biological study for its
potential use as a biopesticide, Araar Hakima, Algeria.
Applications of chitosan and essential oils as alternatives fungicides for
suppression of postharvest fungi of citrus fruits Riad El- Mohamedy, Egypt.
Herbicidal activity of volatile oils from E.maideni against three weeds and three crops,
Grichi Aida, Tunisia.
Study of the effect of two surfactants on the retention of spray jets on barley,
BoukhalfaHassina Hafida, Belgium.
12:40 - 14:00 Lunch break
14:00 - 16:00 Poster Session
Evaluation of the aphicide activity of two essential oils on the survival of the citrus
black aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Homoptera: Aphididae),
Fahad Kaoutar, Morocco
Biological control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep: Gelechiidae) with
enthomopathogenic fungi, Lakhdari Wassima, Algeria
Isolation and identification of fungal pathogens in palm groves of Oued Righ 2012,
Lakhdari Wassima, Algeria
Complex of natural enemies and control methods of the exotic invasive pest Tuta
absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) in southern Algeria, Dahliz Abderrahman, Algeria
Bio-insecticidal potential of Citrus sinensis L. essential oils against two Greenhouse
pests: Tuta absoluta and Spodoptora littoralis, Zarrad Khaoula, Tunisia
Insecticidal and anti-appetent activities of four Chrysanthemum species against
Tribolium confusum Du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Haouas Dalila, Tunisia
Bio-Ecology of the bark beetle Scolytus amygdali (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the
Center of Tunisia and focus on its parasitoids and associated fungi, Zairi Asma,
Tunisia
Influence of crop rotation on cereal pests and their natural enemies, Glida Habiba,
Tunisia
Can biological and botanical insecticides combined with mass trapping control the
tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta in tomato crops in Tunisia, Harbi Ahlem, Tunisia
Newly adapted parasitoids of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae) in Tunisia: an ally in organic tomato crops, Abbes Khaled, Tunisia
Biochemical control for implementation by the olive pests Bactrocera oleae
(Diptera,Tephritidae) in Tlemcen (Algeria), Gaouar Benyelles Nassira, Algeria
Monitoring and identification of causal agents of natural mycosis on Capitophorus
elaeagni, del Guercio (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Tunisian organic artichoke crop,
Guesmi Jouda, Tunisia
5
Influence of microbiological plant growth promoter on growth and healthiness of
lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), Jolanta Kowalska, Poland
Bioprotection mechanisms of chickpea plant by Rhizobium leguminosarum against
Rhizoctonia solani, Hemissi Imen, Tunisia
A new formulation based compost used as a biopesticide in organic farming against
tomato pathogens, Mouria Btissem, Morocco
Integrated management of black scurf of potato in Tunisia, Djebali Naceur, Tunisia
Biological control of potato late blight in Tunisia, Ben Fradj Najoua, Tunisia
Mass spectrometry identification of antifungal lipopeptides from Bacillus sp. strain
BCLRB2 against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Elkahoui Salem,
Tunisia
Phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of aqueous and organic extracts from
Citharexylum quadrangular Jacq, El Ayeb Asma, Tunisia
Susceptibility of Olive tree Cultivars towards Pseudomonas savastanoi pv.
Savastanoi, Mougou Imen, Tunisia
Evaluation of Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium leptobactrum on the Biological
control of Root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica and Potato Cyst-Nematode
Globodera pallida on Potato ( Solanum tuberosum), El Hajji Lobna, Tunisia
Evaluation of suppressive effect of three Brassica green manures on Meloidogyne
incognita, Guesmi Ilhem, Tunisia
Tannins of pomegranate: Punica granatum (Algerian East), Djedouani Zahira,
Algeria
Effects of Allium roseum var. grandiflorum subvar. typicum Regel. organic extracts on
seed germination and seedling growth of Peganum harmala L., Sakka-Rouis Lamia,
Tunisia
Assessment of a CDA micromax rotary atomizer for weed control, Ouled Taleb Salah Sofiene, Belgium
The micropropagation of two varieties of Solanum tuberosum L. cvs. Désirée &
Spunta by substitution of the culture media and production of the microtubers,
Belguendouz Amina, Algeria
Effects of different mulching on environmental factors and crop yield (Broccoli) under
Mediterranean conditions: case of Apulia Region-south of Italy, Hlayem Dhaker, Italy
High speed imaging use to predict spray retention on barley leaves, Boukhalfa
Hassina Hafida, Belgium
Response of Lettuce Yield (Paris Island Cos) to Spray With Humic Acid and Seaweed
Extract Alga – 300, Hasan Abduljabar, Iraq
Production of some vegetables using bio-organic farming in newly reclaimed soil,,
Mohamed Ragab, KSA / Egypt
Role of rhizobacteria in weed growth suppression, Dorsaf. Mejri, Tunisia
Effect of Aqueous Leaves Extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on Germination
and Growth of Three Weed Species, Janan. A. Saeed, Iraq.
Insecticidal activity of Bacillus brevis and Beauveria bassiana on Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Dhouibi Ameni, Tunisia
6
Evaluation of melon genotypes for resistance to Fusarium wilt in Tunisia, Chikh Rouhou
Hela, Tunisia.
The effect of water extract of Ocimum basilicum and the fungal biocontrol agent
Trichoderma harzianum fungi causing damping-off of Okra, AL Lashi Najwa, Iraq.
Effect of seed treatment with aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves and cultural
filtrate of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum in controlling damping-off of
Okra seedlings in the greenhouse, Sulaiman Esam, Iraq.
Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for resistance to aschophyta blight, Hazim Al Taae
Huda, Iraq.
16:00 - 16:30 Coffee break
16:30 - 17:30 Closing Ceremony
Outlook (D. Neuhoff)
Concluding remarks (Ben Kheder)
19:30 Gala Dinner
Thursday, 16 May 2013
One-day excursion
7
ORAL COMMUNICATIONS-
8
Management of fruit flies in the framework of the organic agriculture in the
Near East
Khaled ALROUECHDI
Ex. FAO agricultural expert (IPM)
Email correspondance : [email protected]
Abstract The majority species of fruit flies, Tephritidae, are considered economic agricultural pest.
They attack fruits of many important crops, including for example citrus, mango, apples,
peaches, apricots as well as some vegetables (especially Cucurbitaceae), seed crops and also
many wild plants, causing very high losses every year.
The major fruit fly genera present in Near East countries are Ceratitis, Bactrocera, Dacus and
Rhagoletis. However, several species have been spread by man either intentionally or
accidentally beyond their natural habitat. Mediterranean countries, including Near East
countries, have also become highly vulnerable to the introduction of invasive alien fruit fly
species with the intensification of the international fruit trade. So far, the invasive fruit flies in the Near East are members of the genus Bactrocera: Bactrocera zonata and B. cucurbitae.
The pest is currently widespread across many countries in the region, causing huge losses to
various commercial crops and restricting access to markets.
The economic effects of fruit flies include not only the direct loss of yield and increased
control costs, but also the loss of export markets and/or the cost of establishing and
maintaining phytosanitary measures, such as Fruit Fly Free Areas, areas of low pest
prevalence, treatment facilities and supersession/eradication programmes. In many countries,
the exportation of most commercial fruits is severely restricted by stringent phytosanitary
measures aimed at preventing the introduction and spread of fruit fly species.
However, the Near East, including North Africa (except Sudan), is still free from the invasion
of, for example, Ceratitis cosyra, Bactrocera latifrons and the most devastating pest, B. invadens, which is very widespread in Africa. But, with the globalization of trade, the
increase of human movement carrying infested fruits, poor or absent surveillance systems,
insufficient staff capacity in identification, resources and the limited infrastructure of the
quarantine facilities in many countries, especially in the African continent, the threat of trans-
regional invasion across Africa is becoming more imminent.
Although the need of more of identification and bio-ecological records, but based on the
available data, it is possible to control fruit flies species in near East countries in the
framework of the organic agriculture, according to the following points:
- Surveillance, identification and phytosanitary measures;
- Good agricultural practices including sanitation;
- mass trapping;
- Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) especially attract and kill; - Sterile Insect Technique (SIT);
- Collective management in close collaboration with farmers and the other concerned
parties.
9
Current research in microbial control of insect pests and prospects for the
use the entomopathogens in Tunisia
Laarif Asma1, Ikbel Chaib
1, Imen Blibech
2 and Sami Fattouch
3
1 Laboratory of Plant Protection, Regional Research Centre on Horticulture and Organic
Agriculture (CRRHAB). Sousse, Tunisia. 2 Biological Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology
(INSAT), Tunis. Tunisia.
3 UMR Plant Protection and Environment, Olive Institute (IO), Sfax. Tunisia.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
The development of insecticide resistance in pests, the damage caused to non-target
organisms and the realization of other environmental hazards of chemical insecticides have
led to an increasing interest in biological, including microbiological control methods. The role
of microbial control in crop protection has expanded considerably with the discovery and
development of new microbial control agents and genetic improvement in bacterial and viral
pathogens, and improvements in formulation, application options and compatibility with other interventions. At present, only some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and fungi are
commercially available in Tunisia. A synopsis of the literature regarding the current research
and use of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and nematodes as microbial control agents is
presented along with speculation on their potential use in Tunisia. It is important that
microbial control of insect pests be further developed and that entomologists should be able to
quantify and make contributions to the regulation of insect populations by naturally occurring
pathogens. The application of the isolated insect pathogens as bioinsecticides was limited
until recently because of technical difficulties for in vitro commercial production. In addition,
methods must be developed for the unequivocal identification of these pathogens, and their
effects on non target species.
Key words: insect pathogens, microbiological control, insect pests.
10
Collection of beneficial soil microorganisms in SYMBIO BANK
Lidia Sas Paszt, Beata Sumorok, Anna Lisek, Trzciński Paweł, Aleksandra Bogumił,
Anton Harbuzov, Edyta Derkowska, Sławomir Głuszek, Eligio Malusá, Jolanta
Kowalska
Instytut Ogrodnictwa, Oddział Sadownictwa
Pomologiczna 18, PL, 96-100 Skierniewice
Email correspondence: [email protected]
The resources gathered in SYMBIO BANK include: spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
isolated from the rhizosphere of the following plant species: strawberry – 18000, apple –
10500, sour cherry – 1500, pear – 14000, wild strawberry – 9000; and isolates of bacteria:
Pseudomonas fluorescens – 300, dissolving phosphorus compounds – 200, digesting cellulose
– 40, producing spores – 110, fixing atmospheric nitrogen – 100, actinomycetes – 100;
isolates of microscopic fungi: 50 in total, including Trichoderma sp. – 30. The collected
material consists of isolated spores of mycorrhizal fungi and PGPR bacteria originating from organic orchards and plantations and old orchards in the Bieszczady region and around
Białowieża.
The collected strains and species are systematically identified, characterized and stored in
a cryoprotectant (glycerol) at -80°C. In the nearest future a SYMBIO BANK website will be
launched, containing a list of the isolates held in the collection together with their
descriptions, which will serve, for example, as key information sources for the identification
of the species of AMF fungi and PGPR bacteria in Poland. This will help in learning more
about the biological diversity of these symbionts and in the preparation of microbiologically
enriched bioproducts for use in horticultural practice. The most effective strains and species
of microorganisms will be patented and registered in Poland as bacterio-mycorrhizal inocula.
Understanding the biological diversity of these symbionts, their biology and ecology will
contribute to the development of organic methods of fertilizing plants and to the protection of the natural environment and human health.
Keywords: rhizosphere bacteria, mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (AMF), fruit plants
The research described in this paper was carried out within the framework of the
project ‘Development of innovative products and technologies for organic cultivation of fruit
plants’, co-financed by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund
under the Innovative Economy Operational Programme.
11
Strategies for the biological control of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) in
organic table grape.
S. Altawarah
1, V.Verrastro
1, F. Lamaj
1, N. Baser
1, F. Baldacchino
2
1C.I.H.E.A.M.-I.A.M.B. Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, via Ceglie, 9 - 70010
Valenzano (BA), Italy; 2ENEA C. R. Trisaia – UTTRI-SSPP - S.S. Jonica, 106, km 419,5,
75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract
In recent years, the Italian organic cultivated area of table grape has rapidly increased, from
659 hectares in 2008 (SINAB, 2008) to 1,465 hectares in 2011 (SINAB, 2012). Actually, the
conversion from conventional to organic farming for grape is not easy due to the greater difficulty of pest control. The highest risk is represented by mealybug pests such as
Planococcus spp. Recent tests have shown that, in organic viticulture, substances able to have
a full control of Planococcus are not presently available and, also, the winter control by prior
removal of bark is costly and not sufficiently effective (Baldacchino et al., 2010). It would be
appropriate to focus on natural enemies and agronomic techniques that, in addition of limiting
the growth of pathogen, would be environmentally sustainable. In Mediterranean basin, grape
is infested by the species P. ficus (Signoret) and P. citri (Risso), which are parasitized
predominantly by the hymenopter encyrtidae Anagyrus pseudococci (Grlt.) (Mahfoudhi and
Dhouibi, 2009). This parasitoid has also been used in biological control programs with release
in countries (e.g. California) where new infestation by P. ficus had occurred (Daane et al,
2008). Biological control of mealy bugs using reared parasitoids has already been applied,
although it requires specific knowledge, territorial organization and to be supported by an insect rearing facility (insectarium). At the beginning of 2013, at the MAIB’s insectarium,
activities started for a small-scale breeding of the parasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Grlt.),
which will be used in biological control strategies against P. ficus on organic table grape. A
preliminary sampling has been carried out in infested vineyards in order to assess the presence
of native A. pseudococci. Third stage and mature female of Planococcus has been collected
and put into boxes of flickering of parasitoids. Females of P. ficus with ovi-sacks has been
collected from infested vineyards, transferred onto sprout potatoes and conserved in optimal
condition (25°C 60% RH) for their development in MAIB. The insects of new generations has
been collected and transferred onto new sprout potatoes. In vineyard infested since several
years, data from field activities had revealed the parasitisation by A. pseudococci. These
results were important for the choice of which parassitoid to rear. In MAIB’s insectarium, a
pure population of P. ficus has been obtained and soon A. pseudococci will be directly reared on P. ficus for its multiplication. When the proper amount of parasitoid will be available, we
will carry out its release in vineyards recently infested. In addition, the availability of an “on
site” breeding will allow the release of more efficient parasitoids as they will not be stressed
because of the long-distance transport.
Keywords: insectarium, vine mealybug, parasitoid, Anagyrus pseudococci, Apulia,
12
References
Baldacchino F, Ambrico A., Trupo M., Colella T., Caponero A., Mennone G., Quinto G. R.
(2010). Prove di lotta contro Cocciniglie farinose su vite da tavola coltivata in biologico. Atti
Giornate Fitopatologiche 2010, Cervia (RA), 9-12 marzo 2010, p. 151-158.
Daane, K.M., Bentley, W.J., Millar, J.G., Walton, V.M., Cooper, M.L., Biscay, P., Yokota,
G.Y. (2008). Integrated management of mealybugs in California vineyards. International
Symposium on Grape Production and Processing; Baramati (Pune), Maharashtra; 6-11 February
2006 - Acta Horticulturae, 785, pp. 235-252
Mahfoudhi N., Dhouibi, M.H. (2009). Survey of mealybugs (hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and
their natural enemies in tunisian vineyards (2009). African Entomology, 17 (2), pp. 154-160.
SINAB, 2008. Bio statistiche nazionali: Dettaglio colture – Italia 2008. Sinab, Roma.
https://www.sinab.it/share/img_lib_file/761_dettaglio-colture.pdf.
SINAB, 2012. Bio in cifre 2011. Sinab, Roma.
http://www.sinab.it/share/img_lib_files/1966_bio-in-cifre-2011-pubblicazione.pdf.
13
Effectiveness of mass trapping in the control of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedman)
(Diptera: Tephritidae) in Tunisian organic citrus orchards
Abir Hafsi and Brahim Chermiti
Laboratoire d’entomologie et de lutte biologique, Institut Supérieure Agronomie de Chott-
Mariem (ISA CM). 4042, Université de Sousse (Tunisie)
E-mail correspondance: [email protected]
Abstract: The Mediterranean fruit fly (MFF), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedeman) (Diptera, Tephritidae), is
one of the most damaging and difficult to control pests nowadays, their wide geographical
expansion, high moving capability, strong adaptation skills, fast reproduction and extremely
polyphagous character are some of the reason why they cause significant economic problems
in the main fruit areas around the world. C. capitata is the key pest in Tunisian Citrus organic
orchards. On the other hand, the control of the MFF, in organic farming is mostly realized by
mass trapping. The aim of the research was to test the effectiveness of tow brands of attractant trap (“Ceratrap” and “Tripack”) in the control of C. capitata infestation in Tunisian organic
citrus groves. In 2010 and 2011 experiments were carried out in Chott-Mariem where is
located in the coastal Tunisia. Both orchards are a mixture of varieties. However, only
“Maltaise” and “Washington Navel” varieties were considered for the study. The first orchard
was equipped with the attractant trap "Ceratrap". This type of attractant is baited with a
solution containing 95% of Hydrolysed proteins and 5% of additives. The second one was
used to test the efficiency of the the attractant trap “Tripack” with a solid attractant containing
29% of ammonium acetate, 12% of trimethylamine and 0.2% of putrescine, with a lifespan of
120 days. The insecticide treated rings inside the attractant trap “Tripack” were removed and
traps were filled with tap water to stay within the norms of organic farming. In the first
orchard 94 the attractant traps type Ceratrap were installed, while in the second one, 63 the
attractant traps type Tripack were set up. This two the attractant traps are installed either 50-60 days before the fruit color change, onto every 3-4th tree per line at a height of 1,5-1,8 m
from the ground. The results of mass trapping trials indicated the Medfly population was
higher during the first season (2010) than the second (2011) in the two experimental orchard.
The monitoring of the insect populations using “Procida” traps baited with Trimedlure,
showed that the medfly population is present from mid August to the beginning of January
and the captured numbers were high from 10 to 22 November, period when fruits were ripe.
No significant differences in the percentages of damaged fruits were detected in variety
“Washington Navel” and “Maltaise” when using the attractant trap “Ceratrap” or “Tripack”.
Concerning the “Maltaise” variety, the rate of damaged fruits was lower than that recorded on
“Washington Navel” while showing the same pattern. The assessment of attractant trap
catches during 2010 and 2011 showed a predominance of females compared with males. We
registered a low presence of non targeted insects in both types of attractant traps such lacewings, Ladybirds and parasitoids. Indeed the proportions of these insects in the attractant
traps were respectively 0.97% and 0.06% individuals/trap during 2010 respectively in
“Ceratrap” and “Tripack” orchards. In 2011, they were respectively 0.36 % and 0.28%. This
study show that the both types of attractant trap showed almost a similar efficiency and
ensured a good control of the population of the pest in organic Tunisian orchards with a high
selectivity towards beneficial insects.
Key words: Ceratitis capitata, mass trapping, Tripack, Ceratrap, organic, efficacy
14
Evaluation of Ceranock Attract and Kill and Femilure Mass Trapping
strategies to combat Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata in Tunisia
S. Bouagga1, N. Hassan
2, K. Djelouah
1, A. Jammazi
3, and M. Kamel Ben Halima
4
1 L'Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari (IAMB) Italy;
2 Russell IPM, Flintshire,
CH52LA, United Kingdom; 3
General Director of PCQPA, Tunisie; 4 Université de Sousse,
4042 Sousse. Tunisie
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The effectiveness of two techniques, Ceranock attract and kill and mass-trapping using the
female food-attractant Femilure were evaluated against Mediterranean fruit fly (Med-fly),
Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Treatments were carried out in two peach orchards of 3
hectares; one highly infested located in Borj-Touil, the second moderately infested in Mornag,
Northern Tunisia. Ceranock is a specialized systems based on hydrolyzed proteins and alpha-
cypermethrin. Femilure contains dry food volatiles: ammonium acetate, and tri-methylamine chloride. During this study, 400 Ceranock bait stations were placed in every hectare, four
weeks before fruits colour changes. In mass trapping strategy, Femilure baited McPhail traps
were placed at a density of 60 traps/ha. Femilure and Ceranock systems were found to be
effective in reducing the number of C. capitata population to 50% and 70% respectively.
Femilure also found very selective for Med-fly, capturing an average of 80% females. Fruit
damages assessment showed significant differences between treatments in the decrease of
fruits infestation. Therefore, Femilure and Ceranock baited treatments were able to reduce
dropped and soften fruits, respectively to 4 and 7 times relative to control plots. While,
damages were restricted to 9% and 5%, compared to 33% recorded in control field.
Nevertheless, Ceranock system showed better performance than Femilure mass-trapping to
combat Med-fly.
Keywords: Med-fly, Femilure attractant, Mass trapping, Ceranock, Attract and Kill, Peach,
fruit damages, Tunisia
15
Chrysopidae (Nevroptera) in Citrus Orchards of the Cap Bon region
(Northeastern Tunisia)
Essia Limem Sellami and Brahim Chermiti
Entomology and Biological Control Laboratory, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-
Meriem, 4042 Chott-Meriem, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education
(Tunisia)
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Organic agriculture is essentially based on the use of beneficial insects (Robertson &
Swinton, 2005). Among these beneficial insects, Chrysopidae are considered as key
elements. They are well known candidates for biological control, due to many favorable traits
such as widespread prey range and high voracity (Villenave, 2007).
In this context, an investigation work on Chrysopidae was undertaken in Citrus orchards in
the northern east of Tunisia (Cap bon). Adults were collected in 3 Organic Citrus orchards in
one hand and 4 conventional citrus orchards in another hand during 2 years (2010, 2011). Adults were collected by the use of D-Vac aspirator adopted to collect insects uniformly with
the same power, the same operator during the same period of sampling. While, pre imaginal
instars were collected from samples of Citrus shoots.Sampling was done twice a month.
Six green lacewing species were identified: Chrysoperla lucasina, Chrysoperla carnea,
Chrysoperla affinis, Dichochrysa flavifrons, Dichochrysa prasina and Chrysopa formosa.
The complex Chrysoperla carnea (Ch. carneasensustricto, Ch. affinis and Ch.lucasina)is
dominant (96%)confirming that the dominant species are agronomically the most significant
because of their abundance and their strong habitat amplitude (Monserrat&Marín, 1994).
In the complex Chrysoperla carnea,the species Chrysoperla lucasina is the dominant species
(53%) in all the investigated orchards confirming that Ch. lucasinais the most important
species in field crops in southern Europe and in most Mediterranean countries ( Çaldumbide
et al.,2001). Adults of the complex Chrysoperla carnea flied from February to December showing two
peaks in May-June and in September. The occurrence of pre-imaginal instars seems to be
related to the aphid’s activity.
Diversity of green lacewing is generally low (H’= 1.27). However, Shannon index remains
higher in the organic orchards. Dominance and equitability index (respectively 0.8 and 0.2)
show a dominance of Chrysoperla carnea complex in all the investigated orchards offering
opportunity to use them in biological control in Citrus orchards.
This work presents a first step in understanding the role of this beneficial insect in the control
of important pests like aphids, coccids or mites. It has to be performed so that it can be
successfully used in biological programs.
Key words: Green lacewings, Chrysoperla lucasina, Chrysoperla carnea complex, Diversity, predator, biological control
References
Çaldumbide. C., Faessel. L., Travers. M. & Rat. Morris. E., 2001 : Les chrysopes
communes, auxiliaires polyvalents. D’abord qui sont-elles ? Et peut-on les protéger en
hiver. Phytoma540: 14-19.
16
Monserrat, V.J., Marín, F., 1994. Plant substrate specificity of Iberian Chrysopidae
(Insecta: Neuroptera). ActaOecologica 15, 119-131.
Robertson, G.P &Swinton, S.M. 2005. Reconciling agricultural productivity and
environmental integrity: a grand challenge for agriculture. Front Ecol Environ 2005;
3(1): 38–46.
Villenave.J. 2007. Etude de la bioécologie des Nevroptères dans une perspective de
lutte biologique par conservation. Thèse de Doctorat. Université d’Angers. Angers.
France. 241pp
17
The use of the mass trapping technique to control the
tomato borer, Tuta absoluta
Mohamed BRAHAM, Ameni BENDHIEFI and Lassâad CHTIWI
Centre Régional de recherche en Horticulture et en Agriculture Biologique.
4042. Chott-Mariem. Sousse. Tunisia.
E-mail correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The control of pests in organic farming is a challenge where the focus is to manage insects
rather than eliminate them.
The tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) is one of the
main pests on tomato crop in Tunisia as well as in several countries around the Mediterranean
area and elsewhere. Hence, catching adult populations with synthetic sex pheromone is of
great importance as a control tactic. The effectiveness of the mass trapping technique for the
control of the insect was evaluated in an open field tomato in 2011and under greenhouse in
2012. A field of un-staked tomato (3 hectares) was used in Kalaâ Kebira region (Sousse
governorate). The trial was set up in an area of about 12000 square meters in a randomized
block design with four replications at three water trap densities (D1 = 20 pheromone traps per ha; D2 = 40 pheromone traps per ha and D3 = 80 pheromone traps per ha). Each block had an
area of about 3000 meters. Traps were inspected approximately at weekly interval. Captured
insects were counted and removed. To evaluate the efficacy of the technique, 10 fruits were
collected per trap density per block on June 24, July 1, 8 and 13, 2011.
The percentage of infestation by T. absoluta caterpillars relating to sampling dates were
respectively 17.5 %, 18.75 % 18.33 % and 33.75 % for D1 and 15 %, 20 %, 16.25 % and
11.25 %, 22.5 % 18.75 % and 20% for D3. Results demonstrate that there is no clear
difference in fruit infestation regarding the three densities suggesting the possibility of adult
migration from nearby tomatoes.
The mass trapping technique was evaluated in two plastic greenhouses (about 520 square
meters each) planted with tomato (cv Amal) located in Saheline region (Monastir
Governorate) in comparison with another greenhouse with the same cultivar sprayed chemically (on 23 April 2012, on 4 May, on 17 May and on 28 May 2012). High trap
densities (12 per greenhouse) were used. Twenty six to 30 fruits were picked at six dates (on
11th
, 17th
, 21st and 28
th of May 2012 and on 7
th June 2012) and inspected for the presence T.
absoluta larval entry holes. The mass trapping technique seems to be more efficient than
chemical control. In average, the percentage of fruit infestations were respectively 21.23 %
and 20.13 % in the first and second greenhouse compared with 24.6 % in the greenhouse
conducted under chemical sprays.
Lessons learned that mass trapping strategy demonstrate the need to apply this technique over
an isolated field, in the whole area or under greenhouse to minimize the influence of adult
migration.
Key-words: Tuta absoluta, mass trapping, pheromone, tomato, greenhouse.
18
The effect of distance between parasitoid and host on the parasitism of
Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) in organic olive orchards. Baser N.
1., Caleca V.
2.,
1Simeone V.
1†, Lamaj F.
1, Verrastro V.
1
1 C.I.H.E.A.M. – I.A.M.B. - Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Valenzano (BA),
Italy; 2
Department of Agricultural and Forest Science of University of Palermo (PA), Italy
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) is a major pest of olive fruits. Biological control of olive fruit
fly mainly relies on the activity of the Braconid species Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti), which
parasitizes Bactrocera oleae at the larval stage. Parasitism tests have been carried out at the
insect growing facility (insectarium) of the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari
(C.I.H.E.A.M.). The critical point of the use of P. concolor as a biological control agent in
organic olive crop is the assessment of its effectiveness against B. oleae. Its lower presence in
fruits of cultivated olives rather than in small fruits of wild olives suggests an influence of the
size of the fruit, and of the thickness of its pulp on the parasitization of P. concolor.
Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the capacity of the females of P. concolor to lay their eggs into the target host according to the distance existing between the
female and the host larva. In these tests, the substitution host Ceratitis capitata was used and
parasitism of P. concolor was tested at different distances (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mm) to
the host larvae at different times (7 min, 15 min, 30 min and 60 min) of interaction.
Predetermined distances between the parasitoids and the target larvae were arranged by
locating the flying females into cubical cages of 40x40x40 cm with Plexiglas walls and the
open roof covered with a tulle tissue in order to avoid that any insects from outside may enter
the cages, and to allow the females to protrude their ovipositors. On these roofs, plastic
cylinders containing the target larvae were placed with the open bases arranged with a tulle
tissue, to allow the contact with the parasitoid females. Considering the width of the tissues
negligible, distances were set by metal separators with increasing thickness.
Parasitism level at 7 min was not significantly different at 2, 2.5 and 3 mm distances. Parasitism level was the highest at 0, 0.5, and 1 mm distances with no significant changes.
Parasitism at 15 min showed a high variability according to the distances. The highest level
resulted at 0.5 and 1 mm distances, the lowest at 3 mm distance. At 30 min interaction, the
highest level of parasitism was at 0 mm distance, whilst at 1 and 1.5 mm the level was lower
with no significant changes. Again, parasitism level was the lowest at 3 mm distance. The
highest level of parasitism at 60 min was detected at 1.5 mm distance and was as lower as the
distance increased.
In conclusion, the study showed that the females of P. concolor were not able to
parasite the target larvae at distances higher than 2.5 mm. Generally, the parasitism level
decreases with the increase of the distance between target larvae and parasitoid females. At
the lowest distances (0, 0.5 and 1 mm) hyper parasitism occurred and the target pupae were
killed, but also the development of the parasitoids into adults was very difficult for nutrient unavailability. Biological control of P. concolor against B. oleae larvae may give satisfactory
results only if the depth at which the target larvae are located into the olive drupes is not
higher than 2 or 2.5 mm from the surface.
Keywords: Organic agriculture; biological control; Bactrocera oleae; Ceratitis capitata; larval
parasitoids; parasitism level; distance.
19
Macrolophus pygmaeus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae) a promising
biological control agent for tomato protected crops in Tunisia F. Hamdi
1,2, B. Chermiti
2, N. Gauthier
1, J-C. Streito
1, O. Bonato
1
(1) IRD-UMR CBGP Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP-Montpellier)
Campus International de Baillarguet - CS30016 - 34988 Montferrier sur Lez – France (2)
Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Meriem
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The biological and integrated pest management has considerably developed these last
decades. In this context a large scale of biological control agents is being worldwide
commercialised to control plants pests’. To insure a successful introduction of a native or
exotic biological control agent in an agro-ecosystem we have to choose the appropriate agent
and to be well acquainted with it. A biological control program deeply depends of biological
agent intrinsic characteristics’ and also of its interactions with all the biotic and abiotic
components of the introduction area. Our study suggests a general schema to follow for a
successful introduction of a natural enemy into an agro-ecosystem. We defined this schema
based on the example of using a Macrolophus (Heteroptera: Miridae) species to control the main parasitic invasions in protected Tunisian tomato crops: Bemisia tabaci (Hamiptera:
Aleyrodidae) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). This Macrolophus species is
worldwide marketed since the 1990s as a biological control agent. It is a generalist
zoophytophagous predatory bug naturally present in Mediterranean area. It’s commonly used
in Northern Mediterranean countries. To insure the success of a biological control program
based on this species in Tunisia, we proposed to study the aspects relating to its taxonomy,
biology and ecology. Our first aim was to characterise the specific identity of the
commercialised Macrolophus species by morphological and molecular approaches. Tested on
a large number of specimens sampled in Mediterranean area the results of these two
approaches were congruent. They confirmed that the commercialised species wasn’t M.
caliginosus but M. pygmaeus. The second aim was to know the main biological traits and
ecological interactions of M. pygmaeus. A global literature review of the last twenty years was first done. Based on these review, two experimental studies were led under lab controlled
conditions. The first focused on cannibalistic behaviour as it could slow down the
development of M. pygmaeus populations’ and thus reduce the effectiveness of pest control.
This behaviour was studied by offering five conspecific larvae (first instar) to newly emerging
adults. Four treatments were studied varying the trophic resources offered to Macrolophus
adults’. Cannibalism was observed in all treatments. The second experimental study tried to
characterise the predation potential of M. pygmaeus under different temperatures to test its
effectiveness and its adaptability to the climatic conditions of an introduction area. The
impact of temperature on the functional response of M. pygmaeus females was studied by
varying two parameters, the prey number offered and the temperature. The functional
response was determined as of type II. A positive correlation between temperature and
predation exists and the thermal optimum is closed to 30°C. Afterwards, the tendency was reverse and 38°C seems to be the upper lethal limit. Relaying to this study a conclusion was
proposed to encourage the introduction of M. pygmaeus in Tunisian protected tomato crops. A
list of recommendations adapted to Tunisian tomato producing regions specificities’ was
elaborated for a better efficiency of such a natural enemy.
Keywords: integrated pest management, biological control, Macrolophus pygmaeus, tomato
crops, specific identity, eco-biology.
20
Biological control comparison on pepper and eggplant under protected
crops against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera,
Aphididae) by Lysiphlebus testaceïpes Cresson (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Ben Halima Kamel Monia and Gannoun Asma
UR:04AGRO4:Invertébrés, Microorganismes, malherbes nuisibles: méthode alternative de
lutte. Higher Agronomic Institute Chott Mariem 4022, Sousse University. Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract In Tunisia, greenhouse crops are damaged by Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae
Sulzer (Ben Halima Kamel 1991; Ben Halima Kamel and Ben Hamouda 1993, 1998). These
aphids are considered to be the most dangerous pests on protected crops because of their
biology and biotic potential (Ben Halima Kamel 1991; Blackman and Eastop 2000). There are
several ways of controlling these pests with chemical control being the most widely used.
This method has more disadvantages than benefits (Gibson et al. 1982). The use of natural
enemies to control aphids is an effective way of improving the yield and quality of protected
crops. There are many studies on the following naturally occurring enemies of A. gossypii:
Aphidius matricariae Haliday, Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall, Aphidoletes aphidimyza
(Rondani), Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) (Ben Halima Kamel and Ben Hamouda 1998) and Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Ben Halima Kamel, unpublished data, 1999). This
parasitoïd was introduced into the Mediterranean area (Carver and Franzmann 2001) and is
thought to be an important parasite of A. gossypii (Lopes et al. 2007).
It is now important to evaluate the effectiveness of L. testaceipes as a biocontrol agent of A.
gossypii under protected crops pepper and eggplant in Tunisian condition.
The aim of this mainly laboratory study was to determine the factors affecting the
establishment and success of a biological control agent, in particular the number of L.
testaceïpes (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 parasitoids) relative to the initial density of A. gossypii (20, 40,
80 and 160 per plant), needed to control the aphid at two cultures. In addition, the effect of the
L. testaceïpes on structure of A. gossypii populations was evaluated at two crops. Moreover
the efficacy evaluation of L. testaceïpes was conducted and compared by the rate of increase
of pest and the mummification rate in the laboratory condition and in the greenhouse.
Furthermore, the effectiveness of L. testaceipes in controlling A. gossypii infesting a protected crop of pepper and eggplant at different situation was discussed and compared.
Keywords: Lysiphlebus testaceïpes, Aphis gossypii, efficiency, biocontrol, eggplant, pepper,
protected crop.
References - Ben Halima Kamel M (1991). Contribution à l’étude de la dynamique des populations
aphidiennes en culture protégée. PhD thesis, Sciences University, Tunis.
- Ben Halima Kamel M (2005). Biological control of Aphis gossypii on pepper plant using
Coccinella algerica. Com. Appl Biol Sci Ghent University 70: 737–743.
- Ben Halima Kamel M (2010). Utilisation des différents stades biologiques de Coccinella
algerica dans la lutte contre Aphis gossypii en serre de piment. In: Himmi O (eds) Actes de la CI FE VI: Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique, Série Zoologie 47, Rabat, Maroc, pp 109–112.
- Ben Halima Kamel M, Ben Hamouda MH (1993). Les pucerons des cultures protégées et
leurs ennemis en Tunisie. Tropicultura 11: 50–53.
21
- Ben Halima Kamel M, Ben Hamouda MH (1998). Contribution à l’étude de la bioécologie
des aphides d’une région côtière de la Tunisie. Med Fac Landb Univ Gent 63: 365–378.
- Blackman RL , Eastop VF (2000). Aphids on the world’s crops. An identification and
information guide. The natural history museum. John Wiley and Sons, LT D, London,
England.
- Carver M, Franzmann B (2001). Lysiphlebus Förster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae:
Aphididiinae) in Australia. Aust Ent 40: 198–201.
- Gibson RW, Rice AD, Pickett JA, Smith MC , Sawicki RM (1982). The effects of the
repellents dodecanoic acid and polygodial on the acquisition of non-, semi- and persistent
plant viruses by the aphid Myzus persicae. Ann Appl Biol 100: 55–59.
- Lopes C, Spataro T, Doursat C, Lapchin L, Arditi R (2007) An implicit approach to model plant infestation by insect pests. J Theor Biol 248: 164–178.
22
Comparison between Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera; Anthocorridae)
imported and local strains efficacy to control Frankliniella occidentalis
Pergande (Thysanoptera; Thripidae) in protected pepper crop greenhouses
in Tunisia.
Mohamed Elimem and Brahim Chermiti
Laboratoire d’entomologie et de lutte biologique, Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-
Mériem (ISA CM). B.P. 47, 4042, Université de Sousse (Tunisia).
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Since its spread around the world, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (1895) (Thysanoptera;
Thripidae) has became a serious and important pest of vegetable and ornamental crops in the Mediterranean area both in greenhouses and open field crops. The control of this thrips is
generally difficult since the pest prefers hidden places. On the other hand, knowledge of local
beneficial insects is needed in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to control this pest without
reducing predators’ population through use of pesticides. During this study, both local and
imported strains of the predatory bug Orius laevigatus Fieber (1860) (Hemiptera;
Anthcorridae) were tested to control F. occidentalis in four pepper crop greenhouses. Each
greenhouse had an area of 500 m². All greenhouses entries were closed by insect-proof to
prevent the escape of the predator to the outside and the entry of other pests. In the four
greenhouses releases of the local and the imported strains of the predatory bug were done
twice with an interval of one week and at a dose of 1 individual per m². The local strain was
collected from Chrysanthemum coronarium flowers growing in an uncultivated field, and
then placed in special vials containing 500 individuals. Pollen and Polystyrene were added to the vials to ensure food and prevent predator stifling. Obtained results showed that O.
laevigatus local strain appeared one week after the first release with average values of about
0.04 individuals per flower in both greenhouses. Later, larvae began to proliferate showing
thus a successful establishment. The predatory bug populations continued to increase
progressively after the second release till the end of the study period reaching thus 0.29 and
0.51 individuals per flower in each greenhouse. Consequently, F. occidentalis populations
began to decrease considerably one week after the first release in the first greenhouse and two
weeks in the second one till reaching very low values. Regarding the imported O. laevigatus
strain (Koppert®
), it did not show a rapid effect on thrips populations. In fact, no adults were
found after the two releases. However, larvae were encountered three weeks after the second
release in the first greenhouse and four weeks in the second one. Thereafter, the imported
predator population developed and increased till reaching values between 0.27 and 0.35 individuals per flower. Those results show that the imported O. laevigatus strain cannot be
established in the pepper crop greenhouses just after its releases. In fact, this strain’s adults
lay eggs and they disappear. Unlike the local strain, the imported predator causes F.
occidentalis populations decrease seven weeks after the first release. This study demonstrate
the effectiveness of the local O. laevigatus strain due to its successful establishment in the
Tunisian pepper crop greenhouses and its rapid effect on F. occidentalis population.
Keywords: Frankliniella occidentalis, Orius laevigatus, local strain, imported strain,
efficacy, control, establishment.
23
Sustainable potato tuber moth, Phothoremia operculella(Zeller), control
using biopesticides of natural and microbial origin
A.S. Abdel-Razek and A.E. Abdel Salam
National Research Centre, Dept. of Pests and Plant Protection
El-Tahrir Street, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract A field experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of two biorational insecticides
against the potato tuber worm (PTW), Phthorimaea operculella. Nimbecidine®
was more
effective than Bio-power®. However, Nimbecidine
® treatments after 3 applications reduced
the larval mine of PTW by 79.6 and 43.8% when applied at 5.0 and 2.5 ml/l, respectively
while Bio-power®
treatments reduced the larval mine of PTW by 56.7 and 30.85%,
respectively after the same applications. Also, plots treated with Nimbecidine® showed
increased potato (Solanum tuberosum var. ‘Filea’) tuber yield (11.53 and 9.8 kg/10 plants) more than those treated with Bio-power
® (9.65 and 8.98 kg/10 plants) and compared with
7.128 kg potato tubers/10 plants in untreated plots. These results indicate that triple
application with neem formulation could effectively reduce the P. operculella population.
This study also shows that Nimbecidine® and Bio-power
® could be incorporated into an
integrated pest management program of potato tuber moth.
24
Soil-borne and compost-borne Aspergillus species for biologically
controlling Fusarium dry rot of potatoes incited by Fusarium sambucinum
AYDI Rania1 (*)
, HASSINE Marwa1, JABNOUN-KHIAREDDINE Hayfa
2, BEN
JANNET Hichem3 & DAAMI-REMADI Mejda
2
1 Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, 4042, Chott-Mariem,
Tunisia 2 RU/ Integrated Horticultural Production in Tunisian Centre-East, Regional Center of
Research on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, University of Sousse, 4042, Chott-
Mariem, Tunisia 3 Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (CHPNR), Team
Bioorganic and Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir,
University of Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Nine isolates of Aspergillus spp. (A. niger, A. terreus, A. flavus and Aspergillus sp.), isolated from soil and compost were tested in vitro and in vivo for their antifungal activity against
Fusarium sambucinum, the causal agent of the Fusarium dry rot of potato tubers. Tested by
the dual culture method, the pathogen growth at 20°C was inhibited by 68 to 37% by all
Aspergillus species. The highest inhibitory activity, as compared to control, was induced by
the isolate CH12 of A. niger. Their effectiveness was also evaluated as tuber treatment prior to
inoculation with the pathogen. Fusarium dry rot severity, recorded after 21 days of incubation
at 20°C, varied significantly depending upon treatments tested and the timing of their
application. The lesion diameter of dry rot and the average penetration of the pathogen
decreased significantly by 38 to 55% and by 73 to 54%, respectively, with the antagonistic
treatments tested. The highest effectiveness in reducing disease severity, as compared to the
inoculated and untreated control tubers, was recorded on tubers treated with the isolate CH12
of A. niger. The study also revealed that the efficacy of Aspergillus spp. as biocontrol agents may be enhanced by varying the timing of their application. In fact, the lesion diameter of dry
rot was reduced 54 to 70%, as compared to the untreated control, with preventive application
(24 hours before inoculation with F. sambucinum). However, this parameter decreased by 21
to 48% when the Aspergillus spp. were applied simultaneously with the pathogen. Similarly,
disease severity, estimated based on average penetration of the pathogen, was reduced by 57
to 77% with preventive treatments and by 29 to 68% with simultaneous application. This
study reveals that Aspergillus spp., isolated from compost and soil, exhibit an interesting
antifungal activity against F. sambucinum and may be represent a potential source of
biopesticide. Testing of their culture filtrates, their organic and aqueous extracts and their
toxicity may give additional information on their safe use as biocontrol agents.
Key words: Antagonism, Aspergillus spp., mycelial growth, Fusarium sambucinum, biological control, dry rot.
25
Putative application of faba bean associated bacteria in the biocontrol of
Rhizoctonia solani on potato
Moncef MRABET1, Naceur DJEBALI
1, Salem ELKAHOUI
1, Sabrine SAÏDI
1,
Belhassen TARHOUNI2 and Ridha MHAMDI
1
1Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cédria (CBBC), BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
2Technical Centre of Potato and Artichoke, CTPTA, 2031 Essaïda, Tunisia.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Rhizoctonia solani is a destructive and widespread soil-borne plant pathogen causing diseases
on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and other plant species. Since faba bean (Vicia faba L.)
was traditionally used in crop rotation with potato in Tunisia for its beneficial effects on soil
nitrogen fertilisation; the goal of the present study is to assess the antagonistic properties of
faba bean associated bacteria against R. solani. Thus, thirty seven faba bean associated
bacteria; root-nodule bacterial isolates, root endophytic bacteria, and rhizospheric ones, were
screened for their antagonistic activity against eight Rhizoctonia solani strains isolated from infected potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. Two bacterial strains S8.Fb11 and Kl.Fb14
demonstrated in vitro efficacy to inhibit R. solani mycelial growth over than 50%. 16S rDNA
sequence analysis showed that Kl.Fb14 and S8.Fb11 exhibited 99.77% and 99.49% identity
with Pseudomonas moraviensis and type strain of Pseudomonas reinekei, respectively. Soil
trials under greenhouse conditions showed that S8.Fb11 strain significantly reduced the
percentage of sclerotia on potato tubers as well as the tuber infection level for two potato
varieties; Spunta and Nicola. In a field trial conducted in the region of Gafsa (South Tunisia),
infection with R. solani significantly reduced potato yield by around 40% and 17%
respectively for vars. Spunta and Nicola; about 20% of the total production was infected at a
high level. However, when potato tubers were treated with S8.Fb11 strain prior to sowing,
disease incidence was drastically reduced to six percent of total production with low score of
infection; potato production was enhanced by about six kg per ten m row in comparison to R. solani infected plantlets. Collected data argued the usefulness of faba bean associated bacteria
in the biocontrol of R. solani on potato as a subsequent cropping system.
Keywords: Antibiosis, R. solani, Black scurf, Biocontrol, Potato, Pseudomonas sp.
26
In vitro antifungal activity of a range of aqueous extracts of plants against
Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. causal agent of late blight of the
potato Solanum tuberosum L. in Algeria.
Messgo-Moumene S.1, Saddek D.
1 , Houmani Z.
1 and Bouznad Z.
2
1Laboratory for research on Medicinal and aromatic plants, Agro veterinary faculty, Saad
Dahlab university, BP.270, Soumaa road, 09100, Blida, Algeria. 2Laboratory of Phytopathology and Molecular Biology, National graduate school of
Agronomy El Harrach, Algeria.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The greater use of systemic fungicides where the active ingredient is based on metalaxyl
became ineffective against the mildew of the potato because of the resistance developed by
the aggressive strains of the type A2 of P. infestans. With the aim of research for alternative
methods of fight against this formidable disease; The present work bases on the in vitro study
of the antifungal power of the aqueous extracts of seven medicinal plants : horsetail
(Equisetum arvense), nettle (Urtica dioica), pecan tree (Carya illinoinensis), Pistacia lentiscus
(Pistacia lentiscus), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), fragrant mint
(Mentha suaveolens), of a marine plant (Posidonia oceanica) and of a seaweed of the Genus Ulva on three Algerian isolates of P. infestans collected in three producing areas of potato, El
abadia, Bourkika and El attaf, purified and identified respectively as two A2 and one A1. In
this sense, the technique of direct contact of these pure extracts and in the concentrations 5, 10
and 20 % on pea medium (PPA) was retained.
Indeed, with the exception of extracts of Ulva sp, the rates of inhibition registered for all the
tested plant extracts overtook 80%, in a minimal inhibitive concentration varying between 5
% to 75 % according to the fungal isolate and the nature of the extract. Besides, structural
modifications, translated by the lyses or the vesiculation of the mycelium, as well as by the
distortion or the digestion of the contents of sporangia affected the morphology of the three
strains from the lowest concentration. The sporulation and the germination were also very
inhibited by these aqueous extracts (94%). Also, the absence of the resumption of the
mycelial growth on middle PPA and the absence of the development of the symptoms of the
mildew on leaves spare from the variety Spunta of the potato confirmed the fungicidal effect of the latter. In this the antifungal power of all the aqueous extracts of plants studied was
confirmed towards P.infestans with the aim of their use as bio-fungicides in the management
of the mildew of the potato.
Keywords: Phytophthora infestans, Solanum tuberosum, antifungal power, extracted from
plants.
27
New strategy for managing damping-off and root rot disease of Cucumber
caused by Rhizoctonia solani by seed soaking in formula of antioxidant
with micronutrients
Safaa A. M. Yousef1 and Mohammad Magdy El-Metwally
2
1Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
2Botany and microbiology Dept., Fac. of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Sclerotial formation of a fungus depend on growth conditions. The present work aims to study
the effect of antioxidants alone or in combination with micronutrients mixture on formed
sclerotia and colony diameter reduction of Rhizoctonia solani, which is the main causal
organism of many diseases as damping off disease of many crops.
The soaking of R. solani sclerotia for 48 h showed a great effect with colony diameter
reduction reach to 52% of the control one moreover it cannot formed sclerotia after 24 d of
incubation. For more investigation, the treated sclerotia examined under SEM which showed
germ hyphae alteratioins, includes, changes in measurements of hyphae, increased branches,
reduce length of branches, retardation of the plasmolemma and collapse of cytoplasm.
In Greenhouse and field experiment, the effect of seed soaking in Potassium tartarate and /or its mixture with micronutrients showed a great effect in control of root rot disease of
Cucumber caused by R. solani. seed treatments significantly reduced disease incidence and
increased seedling stands percentage. In addition to seedlings protection, treatments also
improve plant height, fresh weight of shoot and root. As well as data obtained showed clear
increase in total phenol contents in treated seeds compare with control treatment.
In field experiment highest fruit production was obtained when combination of antioxidant
and micronutrients as seed treatment was applied. Increase in nitrogen, phosphor, potassium
and protein content in fruits in treated plants were also noticed. This information sheds new
light on environmental factors that influence plant-pathogen interactions, and may be applied
to develop a management strategy for R. solani control based on host nutrition.
Keywords: Cucumber, Rhizoctonia solani, antioxidant, micronutrients.
28
Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for resistance to ascochyta blight
Ali K. Altaae, Huda H. Altaae, Ali H.T.and Sallo S. Murad
Coll. Agric. & Forestry Mosul University- Iraq
Email correspondence: aaltaae@ yahoo.co.uk
Abstract Ascochyta blight is perhaps the most frequent and damaging disease of chickpea worldwide.
It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei, a fungus that selectively attacks chickpea. Then persists in
the crop’s residues, seed, and volunteer plants. Infections may arise from seedborne inoculum
or from windborne spores. Through a field survey carried out in 2011 at chickpea fields in
Nineveh Governorate, results showed that a severe outbreak of Ascochyta blight was
observed in April due conducive environmental conditions. The disease began to stop in May due to high degree of temperature and low relative humidity prevailed.Disease severity
reached up to 70% at the beginning of the vegetative stage of local variety in Alqush. Forty
one chickpea genotypes were evaluated for Ascochyta blight resistance using randomized
complete block design with two replications. After every two test entry, Ascochyta blight
susceptible chickpea genotype was planted. The trial was planted on Feb. 10, 2011.Disease
development was based on natural infections. Data on plant establishment, Ascochyta blight
reaction (0-9 rating scale), agronomic traits, and yield per plot were collected.Results showed
that the most of the genotypes were resistant to the to ascochyta blight and the susceptible
checks showed higher disease severity. The genotypes flowering dates ranged from 68-77
days and maturity period ranged from 112-127 days. The yield ranged from less than 1 t/ha to
1.3 t/ha.
References: Altaae,A.K. 2007.New race of Ascochyta rabiae of chickpea in Ninevah province.
Mesopotamia Jour. of Science 3:125-132.
Altaae,A.K. and Ahmed. J.M. 1999.Identification of physiological races and perfect state of
Ascochyta rabiae in Ninevah province. Iraqi J.Agric.4:217-221.
Altaae,A.K. and Ahmed. J.M. 2001 Control of Ascochyta blight of chickpea in Ninevah
province. Iraqi J.Agric.2002:92-97.
Ambardar, V.K. and Singh, S.K. 1996. Identification and elucidation of Ascochyta rabiei
isolates of chickpea in Jammu. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology. 26:4-8.
Armstrong, C., Chongo, G., Gossen, B. and Duczek, L. 2001. Mating type distribution and
incidence of the teleomorph of Ascochyta rabiei (Didymella rabiei) in Canada. Canadian
Journal of Plant Pathology. 23:110-113. Chongo, G., Gossen, B.D., Buchwaldt, L. Adhikari, T. and Rimmer, S.R. 2004. Genetic
diversity of Ascochyta rabiei in Canada. Plant Disease. 88(1):4-10.
Marzani, Q.A.2003. Epiphytotic and control of ascochyta blight of chickpea caused by
Ascochyta rabiei in Erbil province. M.Sc.. thesis, coll. Agric, Univ. of Salahaddin ,Iraq.
29
In vitro biocontrol activity of antagonists for citrus brown spot control
Maali HADDAD1,2
, Naima BOUGHALLEB-M’HAMDI2 and Mohamed CHERIF
1
1Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Cité Mahrajène,
Tunis, Tunisia 2Institut Supérieur Agronomique Chott-mariem, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia. UR AGR 05 Cultures
maraîchères biologiques et conventionnelles, Université de Sousse
Email correspondence : [email protected]
Abstract During the last years, a new disease was observed in citrus orchards at the region of Cap Bon in Tunisia, brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata.
Several fungal and bacterial antagonists were used to control this disease. The present studies
were undertaken to investigate the interaction of the bacterial antagonists Bacillus subtilis and
Bacillus amyloliquesaciens with A. alternata isolates. Confrontation of the fungal pathogen
with the antagonists on nutrient agar revealed that B. subtilis was the most active for the
inhibition of the mycelial growth of A. alternata, induced a strong inhibition zone, it inhibit
mycelial growth with 62% but B. amyloliquesaciens revealed to be inefficient.
The in vitro biocontrol ability of antagonists fungus showed the effectiveness of the
Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma erinaceum, Trichoderma helicum and Trichoderma viride.
In fact, Aspergillus flavus recorded an inhibition of mycelial growth with a growth rate of
58%. Species of Trichoderma induiced an inhibition with a varying rate of inhibition from
48% to 50%. Nevertheless, confrontation of the fungal pathogen with the antagonist Penicillium did not affect the mycelia growth of the pathogen.
Keywords: Citrus, Alternaria brown spot, biocontrol.
30
Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid in controlling wheat against Septoria leaf blotch
by direct and indirect effect
Lamia Somai
Laboratoire Génétique et Amélioration des Plantes, Institut National Agronomique de Tunis, 43, avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
Email correspondence : [email protected]
Abstract Septoria leaf bloch (STB) caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph: Septoria
tritici) is one of the most devastating foliar diseases on durum wheat in Tunisia. Because of
the deleterious impacts of fungicides on the environment and the decreasing of their efficacy
by the emergence of fungal strains resistant to mainly used chemicals, implementation of
alternative control strategies to protect wheat crops against STB is needed. This study looks at
characterizing the efficiency of ascorbic acid, as natural active ingredient, and the study of its
mode of action by microscopic, biochemical and molecular analysis. A single spray at 3-leaf
stage as preventive reduced the infection level by about 60% comparing to control. This efficiency was improved by the resistance level of used wheat cultivar in both natural and
controlled condition. Moreover, the antifungal effect of these products was evaluated by in
vitro assays by growing the fungus on different concentrations of the ascorbic acid. It showed
a clear antifungal effect on spore germination at the rate of 0.2 mg/L. A screening of a
collection of Tunisian isolates allowed us we identify some isolates more tolerant to the
ascorbic acid than others. RT-PCR analysis was investigated for the tolerant isolate in contact
with different concentrations of ascorbic acid in order to study the expression of fungal genes
involved in detoxifying the fungal cell such as MFS and ABC transporters genes. This
analysis showed that MgAtr1, MgFus3 and MgFus3 are over expressed after 48 hours after
adding 1 ppm of ascorbic acid. In addition, MgGpb1 and MgBcy1 are over expressed after
only 24 hours of adding 1 ppm and 5 ppm of the product. Furthermore, cytological analyses
were performed in order to determine the effects of these product on the fungal infection process and to compare the reaction of three durum wheat cultivars. it caused the inhibition of
spore germination in planta by 30% compared to the control. There is no effect on growth,
colonization and pycnidial formation. However, it seems to promote penetration by stomata
more than direct penetration. In addition, the induction of plant defense mechanism was
investigated by measuring peroxydase and phenolic compounds activity in susceptible
cultivars (Karim) inoculated and none inoculated. The used concentration of ascorbic acid
seems to to induce peroxydase activity and the accumulation of total phenolic compounds
after 2 and 4 days of treatment respectively. Besides, the expression of genes involved in plant
defense mechanisms was studied by RT-PCR analysis. It showed that peroxydase and
chitinase genes are over expressed after 24 hours of foliar treatment with ascorbic acid.
Hence, ascorbic acid seems to be very interesting natural compound because of its direct
(biocide) and indirect (plant defense stimulator) effect against septoria leaf bloch wheat disease.
Key words: antifangal, ABC transportor, MFS transportor, peroxydase, phenolic compounds,
RT-PCR.
31
Biological control of some apple postharvest diseases
Béji-Hibar N1., Hibar K.
2*, Daami-Remadi M.
3
Complete postal address(es): 1 Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, 4042 Chott- Mariem
2 Regional Center of Agronomic Research in Sidi Bouzid, 9100 Sidi Bouzid
3 Regional Center of Research on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, 4042 Chott- Mariem.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Postharvest diseases cause considerable losses in refrigerated apple stores. In fact, surveys
conducted in the region of Kasserine have shown that these losses are estimated at 30% and
can exceed 80% in some cases. Isolations made from rotten apples showed the presence of Penicillium expansum, Alternaria
alternata and Fusarium oxysporum.
Biological control against the three pathogens by using bio-fungicides based on Pseudomonas
putida, the grapefruit seed extract, neem oil, garlic extract, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma
viride or mineral salts “Sp Végétaux” suspensions or solutions had significantly reduced their
development.
In vitro tests, obtained results showed that, except the bio-fungicide based on garlic where
inhibition of mycelial growth was between 50 and 60%, the other bio-fungicides led, in most
cases, to a reduction of mycelial growth by more than 70%. In particular, this value exceeded
80% with “Sp végetaux” and the bio-fungicide based on T. viride, and this especially against
P. expansum.
Measuring the diameter of apple decay, its depth and the percentage of rotten tissue after an incubation period of 30 days at 6°C has shown that, whatever the tested pathogen and the
used biofungicide, the values obtained with inoculated and treated fruits were significantly
lower than those measured on the inoculated and untreated control.
The calculation of the effectiveness of these products showed that this later was always
greater than 59% and exceeded 72% with “Sp végétaux” for all the tested pathogens.
Key words: Storage, Penicillium expansum, in vitro, in vivo
32
Antibacterial effects of two Anacardiaceae species against
the Olive knot disease N. GHANNEY
1, A. FERCHICHI
2
1Dry Land Institute, Djorf Road, Medenine, 4100 Tunisia
2National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle 1082 -Tunis-
Mahrajène Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Olive tree (Olea europea L.) is considered one of the most cultivated trees in the
Mediterranean. This species, native to the eastern Mediterranean from about 6000 years, is
now cultivated around the world (North and South America, Australia, Africa and recently
China and India). Nevertheless, the Mediterranean (Spain, Italy, Tunisia, Syria, Greece,
Morocco, Turkey, Algeria, Jordan) remains the largest producer and commercial of olives.
Thus, it remains its favorite land with nearly 95% of global olive trees. In terms of production
and export olive oil, Tunisia is the south Mediterranean country which is the most important
after the European Union (UE). Nevertheless, olive growing, all over the world, is facing to
various problems, primarily, limits of cultivation techniques, orchard age, the species alternation phenomenon and plant health problems (pests and diseases). Thus, to maintain and
improve the productivity and quality of olives, preventive and curative measures must be
seriously implemented to address these constraints. Among the diseases which attack this tree,
olive-knot is considered among the most important problems for its negative effects on
vegetative growth, production and even probably the quality of extracted oil. Thus, galls
produced following infection with the bacteria can defoliate, or even kill the affected twigs
and reduce the yield.
In the context of the biological control, we tested the effects of two Anacardiaceae species;
the African Sumac (Rhus tripartitum) and the Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius)
which have been used for medicinal and food purposes since a long time. In this study, we
have demonstrated that R. tripartitum and S. terebinthifolius extracts exhibited a significant
broad spectrum activity against the olive-knot disease (Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi), using the agar well diffusion method and the extracts were tested in different
solvents selected according to their polarity indices, at different concentrations and different
incubation temperatures. The zone size is ranging from 6 to 30 mm in diameter. These
measures are higher than those obtained with standard antibiotics. The best results were
obtained with the extracts prepared in hot sterile distilled water and in methanol (0.3 g.ml-1
)
incubated at 25°C and 30°C. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were evaluated to
0.1 mg.ml-1
for S. terebinthifolius and 0.08 mg.ml-1
for R. tripartitum. The best results were
obtained with the extract prepared in hot sterile distilled water and in methanol (0.3 g.ml-1)
incubated at 25°C and 30°C. To identify the nature of certain substances from S.
terebinthifolius leaf extracts, we made a test of fractionation using the Thin Layer
Chromatography (TLC) method and phytochemical screening of the crude methanol leaf
extract. We noticed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoid compounds which may be responsible for the antibacterial activity. In another aspect, the essential oils (from leaves and
fruits) of both Anacardiaceae species are analyzing by GC-MS.
Keywords: Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, Antibacterial activity, Schinus
terebinthifolius, Rhus tripartitum, biological control, TLC, GC-MS.
33
In vitro bioassay of the antagonistic activity of some bacteria isolated from
compost extracts
A. Kerkeni 1 , A. Ben Rhouma
2 and M. Ben Khedher
3
1 Higher Agronomic School of Mograne. University of Carthage, Mograne 1121, Zaghouan,
Tunisia 2 Unité de Recherche Protection des Plantes Cultivées et Environnement, Institut de l’Olivier,
Cité Mahrajéne, BP 208, Tunis, Tunisia 3
Technical Center of organic Agriculture of Chatt Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract In the present study, twenty-seven bacteria were isolated from some compost extracts. They
were investigated in vitro for their efficacy against the causal agent of crow gall
Agrobacterium tumefasiens (strain C58) with the objective of selecting efficient antagonists
againdt this disease. The bacterial activity is compared to the reference antagonist
Agrobacterium rhizogenes K84 by the double layer method.
In vitro experiments revealed that, after incubation at 27°C with the pathogen, compost
extract bacteria decreased the development of the strain C58 of Agrobacterium tumefasiens by
different degrees. In fact, statistical analyses revealed four groups of antagonistic isolates. The first group contains the isolates that didn’t induce inhibition zone (C1A, C1B2, C4A,
C5B, C8A, C8B, C8C, C8D et C9A); the second group is composed by isolates showing no
significant activity compared to the control (C4D, C1B1, C4C et C4B), whereas the third
group is composed by the less efficient isolates (C3A1, C3B C5C et C5E) and finally, the
group composed by the most efficient isolates (C5B2, C5D, C5A, C7A1, C3D, C3C, C3A2,
C2B, C2A and C1C). The highest level of inhibition zone diameter was observed with C5B2
(30.25 cm) against 19.37 cm in the control. Reduction of pathogen growth reached 38%
compared to control.
These results indicate that effective biological control using compost extract microorganisms
including bacteria can be obtained, thus suggesting their possible use in crown gall disease m
34
In vitro tissue culture and molecular techniques as an aid for organic
healthy fig (Ficus carica L.) orchard establishment
C. BAYOUDH1, M. ELAIR
2, R. LABIDI
3, A. MAJDOUB
1, N. MAHFOUDHI
2 and
M. MARS1,3
1 Regional Research Centre for Horticulture and Organic Agriculture (CRRHAB), B.P. 57,
4042 Chott-Mariem, Sousse/ Tunisia 2 Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Agronomic Research Institute (INRAT), 2049
Ariana, IRESA-University of Carthage, Tunisia 3 U.R. Agrobiodiversity, High Agronomic Institute, 4042 Chott- Mariem, IRESA-University
of Sousse, Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is a traditional and staple fruit crop with great benefits for Tunisian
economy. The annual production is about 26000 tons of figs (FAOSTAT, 2011). This species
is threatened by various diseases such as fig mosaic disease (FMD) often associated to viruses. FMD is the most worldwide virus disease that occurs on figs (Serrano et al., 2008). In
Tunisia, it is considered as a serious constraint for local varieties, disqualifying fig orchards
extension (Saddoud et al., 2006). Average infection is over 60% and Fig Cryptic Virus (FCV)
is the most frequent virus infecting fig trees among 6 studied ones (FMV, FLMaV-1, FLMaV-
2, FMMaV, FCV, and FFkaV,). It is present in 48,3 % of all recently analyzed samples. All
important commercial varieties as Zidi, Bither Abiadh and Solatni are infected. FMD
propagation is facilitated by some the mite Aceria ficus and some cultivation techniques
(cutting, pruning). Thus, for the establishment of healthy organic or conventional fig
plantations, the production of virus free-plants by in vitro tissue culture coupled with
molecular techniques became very urgent necessity. The present research aimed to develop a
protocol for cleansing local varieties by in vitro shoot meristem culture and to study the
sanitary status of donor and regenerated fig plants using RT-PCR with a set of specific primers. Results showed that the culture media M3 (MS + 0.2 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l AG3 +
0.1 mg/l ANA), M6 (MS + 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l ANA + 0.1 mg/l AG3) and M11 (MS1/2
+1 mg/l AIB) were the most adequate, respectively, for initiation, multiplication and rooting
steps. In vitro meristem culture reduced the FCV infection rate of regenerated vitroplants
from varieties Soltani, Zidi, Bither Abiadh and Assafri. In fact, the cleansing effectiveness
was 83,4%, 72,2%, 69,2% and 58,8%, respectively, for Bither Abiadh, Assafri, Zidi and
Soltani. Plantelets obtained from a meristem less than 1,5 mm were better than those obtained
from a meristem equal to 1,5 mm
We concluded that Fig Mosaic Disease, and particularly FCV is a serious problem
affecting fig crop in our conditions. RT-PCR molecular technique is a valuable tool for the
detection of FMD viruses from leaf samples of donor trees and vitroplants as reported in other
countries (Albaiano et al., 2009b ). Apex in vitro culture is adequate for fig sanitation. Fig cleaned regenerated plants will be used for elite varieties propagation for healthy organic fig
orchards establishment.
Keywords: fig tree, in vitro tissue culture, fig mosaic virus, fig sanitation, RT-PCR
35
References - FAOSTAT. 2011. Food and Agriculture Statistics. http://www.faostat.org/
- Elbeaino T, Digiaro M & Martelli G.P. 2009b. Complete nucleotide sequence of four RNA
segments of fig mosaic virus. Arch. Virol.,154 (11):1719-1727.
- Saddoud O, K. Chatti, A. Salhi-Hannachi, M. Mars, M. Marrakchi, M.A. Achon, V. Medina
Piles and M. Trifi, 2006: The fig mosaic disease (FMD) in Tunisian fig (Ficus carica L.):
Symptomatology and cytopathological studies. Biologia Tunisie, 2006, N° 4 : 18- 21.
- Serrano L, Benito A, Medina V and Achon M.A. 2008: Fig mosaic disease: Associated
protein and cDNA. Acta Horticulturae, 798: 227-232.
36
Sanitary selection of virus-free clones for the establishment of
organic fig (Ficus carica L.) orchards
M. El AIR1, N. MAHFOUDHI
1, C. BAYOUDH
2, M. MARS
2 and M.H. DHOUIBI
3
1Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de
Tunisie, Rue Hedi Karray, 2049 Ariana, Tunisia 2
Centre Régional des Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique de Chott-Mariem.
B.P. 57, 4042 Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
3 : Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43, Rue Charles Nicole Cité Mahrajène, 1082,
Tunis, Tunisie
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Fig (Ficus carica L.) has been cultivated traditionally in Tunisia since ancient time under
geographical areas, in the continental and coastal regions and in many regions inside the
country (Mars, 1995). Its cultivation in Tunisia occupies a total acreage of about 17600 ha,
with an annual production reaching 28700 tons (FAOSTAT, 2013). However, for several decades, the cultivated area decreased due to biotic and abiotic stresses, the reduction number
of selected genotypes which were maintained for ancient time, the intensive urbanizations and
phytosanitary problems (Minangoin, 1931; Mars et al., 1998; Mars, 2003).
Fig mosaic disease (FMD) remains a serious pathological constraint facing fig germplasm
exchange (Mars, 2003). It has reported for the first time in California by Condit and Horne
(1933). FMD is a graft transmissible disease vectored by the eriophyde mite Aceria ficus
(Condit and Horne, 1933; Flock and Wallace, 1955) to which double-membrane bodies
(DMBs) were referred (Bradfute et al. 1970) and consistently associated with mosaic
(Elbeaino et al., 2009; Walia et al., 2009). DMBs were identified as the putative particles of a
multipartite single-stranded negative-sense RNA Emaravirus, named Fig mosaic virus (FMV)
(Elbeaino et al., 2009).
To date, fifteen different viruses have been identified in fig, the genome of seven of which were reported in Italy, classified as definitive or tentative species of the genera Closterovirus :
Fig leaf mottle-associated virus-1 (FLMaV 1) and Fig milde-mottle-associated virus
(FMMaV), Ampelovirus: Fig leaf mottle-associated virus-2 (FLMaV-2), Alphacryptovirus:
Fig cryptic virus (FCV), Emaravirus: Fig mosaic virus (FMV), Maculavirus: Fig fleck
associated virus (FFkaV) and Trichovirus: Fig latent virus 1 (FLV), were sequenced
completely or in part (Elbeaino et al., 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010,2011a,b; Gattoni et al., 2009).
Today, the only way to control, the detrimental effects of Fig viruses is sanitary selection,
sanitation and certification. The objective of sanitary selection is to propagate clones which
are not infected by harmful viruses and protect them as long as possible from infection in the
mother blocks for multiplication. In this context field surveys were carried out in different fig
orchard located at Djebba, Takelsa, Chott Mariem, Sfax and Raf Raf to select plants free of
the harmful fig viruses. To this aim, a total of 202 trees were prospected and samples were collected from 26 fig varieties. All the 202 samples were tested by RT-PCR for the presence
of FMV, FLMaV-1, FLMaV-2, FMMaV, FCV and FFkaV, using specific sets of primers.
Nucleic acids were extracted from 0.5g leaf veins, according to Foissac et al. (2001).
PCR results indicates that all fig viruses considered in this study, were detected in the
Tunisian Fig orchards. The average of infection level determined by RT-PCR was 62.87%
(127 samples). FMV proved to be the most widespread virus (37.12 %), followed by FLMaV-
1 (11.9%), FFkaV (11.4%), FCV (8.9%), FMMaV (8.4%) and finally FLMaV-2 (5.9%).
37
Among the 26 tested varieties, only 5 varieties (Kahli, Boukhbiza, Maghrbi, Chetoui,
Delgane) were free from the tested viruses. The sanitary status of the main Tunisian cultivars
Zidi, Soltani, Bither, Bouhouli and Bayoudhi seemed heavily degraded (62.8%, 50%, 42.3%,
74% and 25% of infection, respectively). Five varieties (Wahchi, khartoumi, Khedhri,
Thguegli and Njeli) were totally infected, this should be more investigated because of the low
number of tested trees. This study allowed the identification of at least one virus free
candidate clone of 21 different fig varieties that can represent the potential primary sources
for a certification programme. For totally infected varieties, a lager survey is necessary in
order to search virus-free clones, otherwise a sanitation program is strongly recommended.
References - Bradfute, O.R., Whitmoyer, R.E. Nault, R.L. 1970. Ultrastructure of plant leaf tissue
infected with mite-borne viral-like particles. Proceedings of the Electron Microscopy Society
of America 258: 178-179.
- Condit I.J., Horne W.T., 1933.A mosaic of the fig in California. Phytopathology 23:887-
896.
- Elbeaino T., Digiaro M., De Stradis A., Martelli G.P., 2006. Partial characterization of a
closterovirus associated with a chlorotic mottling on fig. Journal of Plant Pathology 88: 187-
192.
- Elbeaino T., Digiaro M., De Stradis A., Martelli G.P., 2007. Identification of a second
member of the family Closteroviridae in mosaic-diseased figs. Journal of Plant Pathology
89: 119-124.
- Elbeaino T., Digiaro M., Alabdullah., De Stradis A., Minafra A., Mielke N., Castellano M.A., Martelli. G.P. 2009. A multipartite single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus is the
putative agent of fig mosaic disease. Journal of General Virology 90: 1281-1288.
- Elbeaino T., Abou Kubaa R., Digiaro M., Minafra A., Martelli G.P. 2011a. The complete
nucleotide sequence and genome organization of Fig cryptic virus, a novel bipartite dsRNA
virus infecting fig, widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin. Virus Genes 42: 415-421.
- Elbeaino T., Digiaro M., Martelli G.P. 2011b. Complete sequence of fig fleck-associated
virus, a novel member of the family Tymoviridae. Virus Research 161: 198-202.
- Flock R.A., Wallace J.M., 1955. Transmission of fig mosaic by the eriophyid mite Aceria
ficus. Phytopathology 45: 52-54.
- Foissac X., Svanella-Dumas L., Gentit P., Dulucq M.J., Candresse T., 2001. Polyvalent
detection of fruit tree Tricho, Capillo and Foveavirus by nested RT-PCR using degenerated
and inosine containing primers (DOP RT-PCR). Acta Horticulturae 550: 37-43.
- Gattoni G., Minafra A., Castellano M.A., De Stradis A., Boscia D., Elbeaino T., Digiaro M.,
Martelli G.P., 2009. Some properties of Fig latent virus 1, a new member of the family
Flexiviridae. Journal of Plant Pathology, 91: 555-564.
- Mars, M. 1995. La culture du grenadier (Punica granatum L.) et du figuier (Ficus carica L.)
en Tunisie. Cahier Options Méditerranéennes. 13 : 85-95.
- Mars, M., M. Marrakchi and T. Chebli. 1998. Multivariate analysis of fig (Ficus carica.L.)
germplasm in southern Tunisia. Acta Horticulturae. 480 : 75-81.
- Mars, M. 2003. Fig (Ficus carica L.) genetic resources and breeding. Acta Horticulturae.
605: 19_27.
- Minangoin, N. 1931. Monographie des variétés de figues tunisiennes. Dans: Congrés
d'Agronomie du Cinquantenaire, Tome 1, Ed. Imprim. Baconnier, Alger, Algérie, 336-364.
- Nahdi S., Elbeaino et al., Digiaro M., Martelli G.P . 2006. First record of Fig leaf mottle- associated virus 1 in Tunisia. Journal of plant Pathology 88 (3, supplement): S70
- Walia J.J., Salem N.M., Falk B.W., 2009. Partial sequence and survey analysis identify a
multipartite, negative-sense RNA virus associated with fig mosaic. Plant Disease 93: 4-10.
38
In vitro antifungal activity of medicinal plant against Nattrassia mangiferae,
the Causal Agent of Apricot Tree Decline Disease
in the Oases of South Tunisia
Ahmed NAMSI1, Sihem BEN MAACHIA
1, Ikhlas BERRI
1, Ikbel CHAYEB
2,
Imen Rahal1
1 Centre Régional de Recherches en Agriculture Oasienne à Degache-Tunisia
2 Centre Régional de Recherches en Hoticulture et Agriculture Biologique à Chott Mariam-
Tunisia .
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Nattrassia mangiferae (H. & P. Syd.) B. Sutton & Dyko is a wood fungus causing
serious apricot decline in the oases of the South of Tunisia. This disease caused enormous
losses. Oases are very fragile ecosystems and the use of chemicals may disturb the ecological
balance. Hence the alternative biological control proved to be essential.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of metnaloic
extracts from three spices Ricinus communis, Retama raetam, Ziziphus vulgaris and essential
oil of Rosmarinus oficinalis against plant fungal pathogens : N. mangiferae. A modified agar
dilution method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of the plant extracts on the
mycelial radial growth and inhibition of spore germination of N. mangiferae.
The results revealed that the crud extracts of three spices tested was effective in
inhibiting the mycelia growth. The crude extracts Retama raetam was more effective in
inhibiting the mycelia growth of N. mangiferae with 77%. whereas in the germination of
spores, Ziziphus vulgaris was responsible for most of the inhibition 80%.The essential oil of Rosmarinus oficinalis provided 100% inhibition of the mycelia growth and germination of
spores of N. mangiferae.
Keywords : antifungal activity, Nattrassia mangiferae, Ricinus communis, Retama raetam,
Ziziphus vulgaris, plant extracts, essential oil of Rosmarinus oficinalis.
39
Cinnamon plant extracts a comprehensive physico-chemical
and biological study for its potential use as a biopesticide
Araar H.
1, Caboni P.
2, Simeone V.
1, and Cavoski I.
1
1 Mediterranean Agronomic institute of Bari,
2 Department of toxicology, University of
Cagliari (Sardinia)
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Cinnamon is a widely used herbal remedy and has many applications in perfumery, flavoring
and pharmaceutical industries. The species Cinnamomum zeylanicum are a source of
cinnamon bark and leaf and their essential oils. Several authors have reported various
important biological effects associated with cinnamon. The aim of the study is to examine the
biological activity of different cinnamon extracts and major active constituent against a series
of fungal strains and weeds. The extracts were obtained from two types of cinnamon
quillings; B1 and B2 and essential leaf oil supplied from the local markets. Four different
extracts were obtained: i) oleoresins, ii) essential oils, iii) water and iv) ethanol. Chemical
composition, total phenolics and antioxidant activities of extracts were examined. The extracts
were tested by in vitro bioassays. Antifungal activity was evaluated against Botrytis cinerea
and Phytophtora capsici and phytotoxic effect on seeds of Lolium perenne, Licopersicum esculentum and Lepidium sativum.
Chemical analysis allowed to detect a wide range of chemicals. Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol
were major components present in bark and leaf oil, respectively. The highest
cinnamaldehyde contents were found in essential oils with 81.2 % and 69.2 %, followed by
oleoresins with 50.5 % and 42.3 % in B1 and B2, respectively. Chemical analysis of
essential oils leaf extract, showed eugenol as major constituent with 76.8 %. Some traces of
eugenol were found in essential oils from B1 and B2 with 0.2 % and 6.9 %, respectively,
while in oleoresins was extracted 3.5 % from B2.Results showed that extraction time affects
significantly cinnamaldehyde and eugenol contents. Only 20 minutes of extraction gives the
highest amounts in water extract. Determination of total polyphenols and antioxidant
activities by DPPH method, showed an high radical scavenging capacity of cinnamon
extracts. Total polyphenols compounds contents correlated with the antioxidant activities in
all extract, cinnamon bark extracts contain high amount. Extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effect on mycelial growth, conidia and zoospore germination and root elongation
for plant seeds. The higher phytotoxicity was induced by water extract in all species. In
comparison among cinnamon extracts biological activities, essential oils, oleoresins and water
extracts exhibited the strongest activities than cinnamaldehyde, while eugenol was less active
than essential oils leaf. cinnamaldehyde was more active than eugenol. As seen in this study,
the biological activity of cinnamon extracts might be due to cinnamaldehyde and eugenol
alone or in interaction with small amounts of identified components. Results obtained are only
first step in seeking substances from natural source and biologically active. Such report
provides a big impetus to evaluate these compounds alone or in combination to identify their
potential in commercial formulations that can be used as bio-pesticides in organic and
integrated pest management.
Keywords: cinnamon extracts, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, phenolic compound, biological
activities.
40
Applications of chitosan and essential oils as alternatives fungicides for
suppression post harvest fungi of citrus fruits
R. S. R. El-Mohamedy
Plant Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Citrus fruit decay losses are mainly caused by blue mould (Penicillium italicum Whem.),
green mould (Penicillium digitatum Pers. Sacc.), and sour rot (Geotrihum candidum Link.) .
Coating fruit with chitosan decreased postharvest decay caused by fungal infection of tomato
and strawberries .Chitosan and essential oils inhibited the growth of fungi isolated from
decayed fruits . Considerable economic losses to harvested fruits are caused by postharvest
fungal diseases during transportation and storage, which can be significantly controlled by
synthetic fungicides. However, considering public concern over pesticide residues in food and
the environment Therefore, new alternatives for controlling postharvest diseases which have
good efficacy, low residues, and little or no toxicity to non-target organisms are in urgent
demand. Plant essential oils and chitosan are widely used in controlling postharvest decay of
fruits . In this study chitosan and essential oils such Lemongrass and citral individually or in combination were tested against Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum the main pathogens of
rotting citrus fruit. In vitro , concentrations of chitosan ,lemongrass, citral and chitosan-oil
mixtures significantly reduced the linear growth and spore germination of P. digitatum and P
.italicum. Complete growth inhibition for P.digitatum and P.italicum was obtained with
chitosan at 6 g/L, lemongrass oil and citral at 6 ml / L , chitosan +citral or lemongrass oil
mixtures at 3g/L+ 3 ml / L or 4 g/L+ 4 mL / L. In vivo trials, Coated orange and lime fruits
with such previously treatments caused significantly protection of orange and lime fruits
green and blue moulds diseases during 60 days of storage. Combination between chitosan and
essential oils as fruit coating could be applicable safely for controlling post harvest decay of
citrus fruits.
Keywords: Essential oil – Chitosan -Post harvest - Citrus fruits.
41
Herbicidal activity of volatile oils from E.maidenii against three
weeds and three crops
GRICHI A.1,2
, NASR Z.2, KHOUJA M.L.
2
1Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
2 National Institute for Research in Rural Engineering, Water and Forests Rue Hédi Elkarray,
Elmanzeh ІV, BP 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Global concerns about herbicidal and pesticidal use, their residues in soil and plant systems as
well as their hazardous effect on ecology and environment have diverted the attention of plant
scientists to find approach to plant protection against weeds. The world is still in search of the
process of developing farming techniques, which are sustainable for environment, crop
production as well as from the socio-economic point of view. Integrated weed management is
one of such approaches where allelopathy can play its eco-friendly role in weed management.
Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemical’s that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. These
biochemicals are known as allelochemicals. Forest trees produce allelochemicals that affect
the growth of other crops and weeds growing near to it, E.maidenii belongs to the family
Myrtaceae. The volatile oil produced by leaves of Eucalyptus has shown allelopathic activity.
Allelopathy has emerged as an important area of weed research and has been accepted very
recently as an important ecological phenomenon. This study was, therefore, undertaken to
determine the allelopathic effect of volatile oil of E.maidenii on some growth parameters:
germination, radical length, seedling growth (under the laboratory conditions) and chlorophyll
content (under fields conditions) of three weeds: Sinapis arvensis, Desmazeria rigida and
Trifolium campestre and three crops: Triticum durum, Hordeum vulgare and Lens esculenta.
Seeds of all these test plants were germinated in Petri dishes on a filter paper wetted with 7 ml
of distilled water. To test the inhibitory effect of oil, different amounts of oil were loaded on the inner side of cover of Petri dish (so as to get 0.12, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75µl/ml) after spacing
the seeds on the base and then sealed immediately with tape. Control was kept without
loading oil. For each concentration, five replicates were maintained including control. After 7
days, the number of seeds that germinated was counted, and the seedling growth of the
germinated seeds was measured. To test the herbicidal activity of the volatile oil of
E.maidenii under field’s conditions, seeds of all tested species were sown in pots. When the
plants were 4-week-old, they were spray treated with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2µl/ml solution of
eucalypt oil (or distilled water to serve as control) in such a manner that each plant received 2
ml of treatment solution. For each treatment three replications were maintained. On the next
day after treatment the amount of total chlorophyll was estimated.
The present investigation indicated that the volatile oil from E.maidenii reduced the
germination, radical elongation and seedling growth of test plants in a dose-response relationship. At lower concentrations (0.12 and 0.25µl/ml) of volatile oil, very little difference
on germination of treated seeds was observed compared to control. However, at 0.5 or
0.75µl/ml, germination was significantly reduced in response to eucalypt oil compared to
control. The test plants responded differently to Eucalptus oil exhibiting a differential species-
specificity. Indeed, the weeds were affected more strongly than the crops. Under field
conditions, the plants spray-treated with different concentrations of eucalyptus oil exhibited
varying levels of injury. Nearly 70% injury was observed. The chlorophyll content decreased
42
with increased concentration of volatile oils. The weeds were more strongly affected than the
crops.
It is concluded that volatile oils from E.maidenii possess weed-supressing ability and could be
used as a potential bioherbicide for future weed management programmes.
Keywords: Eucalyptus, allelopathy, weeds, crops.
43
Study of the effect of two surfactants on
spray jets retention by barley leaves
H.H. Boukhalfa1, 2
, M. Massinon1, F. Lebeau
1
1 Mechanic and Building Unit, Sciences and Technologies of the Environment Department,
Gembloux Agro-Bio tech, Ulg Belgium.
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences of the natural sciences and life, University
Mohamed khidar Biskra, Algeria.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Surfactants are nowadays very useful additives to improve the effectiveness of phytosanitary
treatments. They contribute to change the types of impact and thus the amount of spray
retained by the leaves of the treated plant.
We performed tests of retention on whole barley plants on BBCH-scale 12 and small pieces of
barley leaves at the same stage of growth. Spraying was done in three ways: water without
surfactant, water with Break-Thru® S240 and water with Li700®.
The three slurries of fluorescein contained in an amount of 0.2 g / l. Fluorescein retained by
the leaves in both cases is then measured by a spectrofluoremeter. The retention tests on whole plants show that it is tripled by the first surfactant and doubled
by the second. By cons on small pieces of barley leaves, the amount was increased by the use
of surfactants but not to the same scale.
This study concluded that the use of surfactants in spray pesticides may increase the amount
of retention as a function of leaf area and the surfactant used.
Keywords: Barley, surfactant, spray retention, fluoremetry.
44
- POSTER SESSION –
45
Evaluation of the aphicide activity of two essential oils on the survival of the
citrus black aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Homoptera:
Aphididae)
Kaoutar FAHAD1, Nagib Gmira
1 and Saadia Lhaloui
2
1 Département de Biodiversité et de ressources naturelles. Université Ibn Tofail. Faculté des
Sciences. Kénitra (Maroc)/ unité dela protection végétale, centre régional de la recherche
agronomique kénitra (Maroc) 1 Département de Biodiversité et de ressources naturelles. Université Ibn Tofail. Faculté des
Sciences. Kénitra (Maroc) 2 Unité de Recherche en Amélioration des Plantes. Centre Régional de la Recherche
Agronomique de Settat. BP : 589 Settat (Maroc).
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract: In an attempt to elaborate a strategy of integrated pest management on citrus fruits in
Morocco, the biocide activities of two essential oils on citrus black aphid Toxoptera aurantii
infesting citrus and a potential vector of closterovirus, was studied in the laboratory. Both
essential oils emulsified in 2% carboxymethylcellulose sodium water and 12,5% of
saccharose were applied to 10; 5 and 2,5ml.l-1
. With regard to checks, both essential oils significantly affected the survival of the pest, during all the period of the treatment. As to the
cedar’s oil Cedrus atlantica, three concentrations were significantly different from the check.
The concentration 10ml.l-1
caused the mortality of nearly all individuals treated, after one day
of exhibition. In the term of the experiment, the concentration 5ml.l-1
, caused mortality
estimated in: 50,25; 51; 52; 54,88 and 56,75%, respectively, for the first, second, third, fourth
instar larva and the adulte stage; after the same duration, the concentration 2,5ml.l-1
engendered a low mortality, but significantly different from the check. The values of the CL50
were comparable between the four larval stages. They were estimated at 6,14; 6,13; 6,05 and
6,00 ml.l-1
, for the first, second, third and fourth instar larva. The TL50 of the concentration 5
ml.l-1
, was estimated at: 86; 82; 57; 56 and 23 hours, respectively, for the first, second, third,
fourth larval stage and the adult.
Concerning the efficiency of the Eucalyptus’s oil on T. aurantii, it engendered a global
average mortality of about 43+0,37%. As to the C. atlantica’s oil, the concentration 10ml.l-1
provoked the mortality of most of the adults treated, which were comparable between five
target stages. It bordered 93,63 %. The CL50 was estimated at 6,80; 6,62; 5,98; 5,93 and
4,92ml.l-1
, successively for the first, second, third, fourth larva stage and the adult. The values
of Henry’s rights and the CL90, confirm the strong toxicity of Eucalyptus’s oil on T. aurantii.
The TL50 provoked by 5ml.l-1
concentration was estimated at 72; 69,14; 31,14; 30,20 and 19
hours, for the first, second, third, fourth larval stage and the imago. In spite of the efficiency
of this bio-insecticide, all the concentrations applied, provoked the appearance of the
reactions of phytotoxicity on the treated leaves.
Keywords: biocide, Toxoptera aurantii, essential oils, Cedrus atlantica, Eucalyptus grandis,
management, citrus, Morocco.
46
Biological control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) with
enthomopathogenic fungi
Lakhdari W.1, , Dahliz A.
1 Ouffroukh A.
2, Allam A.
1 Hammi H., Soud A.
1 and
Bouchekima N.1
1 National Institute of Agricultural Research of Algeria (INRAA), BP 17 Touggourt, Algeria
2 INRAA Station Constantine, Algeria
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract
Devastating insects constitute one of strains for cultivate tomato. Among this vandal insects,
the tomato leafminer (T. absoluta), which has been recently introduced in Algeria (2008),
constitute a challenge for both agricultures and scientists. Firstly, this insect is introduced
without their natural enemies, which may reduce their damage. Secondly, this species has
developed insecticide resistance to many active matters. To contribute to establish a control
strategy for T. absoluta we have mad an inventory for their enthomopathogenic fungi. Two
fungi were identified among others taken from adults and pupae. These fungi are Aspergillus
flavus and Metarhizium sp. A study was conducted in laboratory to recognize the efficiency of
these antagonists. These species had unregistered a mortality mounts of 42 % and 56 %
respectively.
Keywords: Tuta absoluta – enthomopathogenic fungi – Aspergillus flavus – Metarhizium sp.
– control strategy
47
Isolation and identification of fungal pathogens in
palm groves of Oued Righ (2012)
Lakhdari W., Ouffroukh A., Dahliz A., Soud A., Hammi H. and Bouchekima N.
National Institute of Agricultural Research of Algeria (INRAA), BP 17 Touggourt, Algeria
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Prospected palm groves of Oued Righ regions (Ouargla, Algeria) allowed us to observe
sudden death of palm trees aged between 05 and 70 years. Field examinations revealed
abnormal clinical signs with sometimes a quick death of affected trees. Entomologic
investigations have confirmed the absence of phytophagous insects on dead trees. Further
investigations by questioning farmers on the global management of palm groves visited
(Irrigation, water quality used, soil type, etc...) did not establish any relationship between
these aspects and the death of palm trees, which naturally pushed us to focus our
investigations for research on fungal pathogens.
Thus, laboratory studies were conducted to know the real causes of this phenomenon, 13
fungi were found on different parts of the dead palm trees. The flowing fungal types
were identified: 1-Diplodia phoenicum, 2-Theilaviopsis paradoxa, 3-Phytophthora sp, 4-
Helminthosporium sp, 5-Stemphylium botryosum, 6-Alternaria sp, 7-Aspergillus niger, 8-
Aspergillus sp.
Keywords: Palm tree – death – fungal pathogens – Oued Righ.
48
Complex of natural enemies and control methods of the exotic invasive pest
Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Southern Algeria
A. Dahliz, W. Lakhdari, A. Soud, H. Hammi, H. Bouchekima and M. Belaidi
National Institute of Agricultural Research of Algeria (INRAA), BP 17, Touggourt (Algeria)
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is the most devastating pest of tomato in South
America. The insect has arrived in Spain in the end of 2006 and has since then spread quickly
to other Mediterranean regions. The first record of T. absoluta in Algeria was at the vicinity
of Mostaganem (West Algeria) in 2008. Nowadays this pest has reached all regions of tomato
production in this country. Immediately after arrival of the leafmining moth, research started
to find adequate methods to controlling this pest. Natural antagonists of T. absoluta have
inventoried in South-east Algeria. The inventory revealed the presence of tow species of
predators Nesidiocoris tenuis and Macrolophus caliginosus, and four parasitoids: Necremnus
artynes, Stenomesius sp., Neochrysocharis formosa and Bracon hebetor. In an inventory for
the entomopathogenic fungi of T. absoluta, two fungi are identified among others taken from
adults and pupae. These fungi are Aspergillus flavus and Metarhizium sp. Recent research
explores the possibilities of the native antagonists for the control of T. absoluta. These
enemies had unregistered a very interest mortality mounts on tomato borer populations and can be used in the integrated pest management programs in this region.
Key words: Tuta absoluta - control methods – native antagonists - Southern Algeria.
49
Bio-insecticidal potential of Citrus sinensis L. essential oils against two
Greenhouse pests: Tuta absoluta Meyrick and Spodoptora littoralis
Boisduval
Zarred Khaoula1,3
; Chaieb Ikbal1; Tayeb Wafa
2; Chraief Imed
2; Laarif Asma
1;
Hammami Mohamed2; Haouala Rabiaa
3
1 Regional center for research in Horticulture and Organic agriculture Chott Mariem-Tunisia
2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, USCR Mass spectrometry, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir-
Tunisia
3 Research Unit of agrobiodiversity, University of Sousse- Tunisia
Email correspondence : [email protected]
Abstract The use of plant essential oils in pest control is a suitable alternative for reduction of the side
effects of chemical pesticides on the environment. The essential oils extracted from ‘Valencia
Late’ orange, Citrus sinensis L., were tested against third instar larvae of both pest species
Tuta absoluta and Spodoptora littoralis to assess their insecticidal properties, through
fumigation trials. All the fumigant treatments have shown that mortality rate of T. absoluta
and S. littoralis increased with the increase in essential oils dose. For T. absoluta total insect
mortality was observed for the highest concentration (50 μl/l air) within 24 h of exposure and this rate varied from 20 to 30 % for the least concentration (5 μl/l air). Similarly, for
S. littoralis, C. sinensis essential oils showed 100% fumigant toxicity at the highest
concentration (200 μl/l air) after 24 h of exposure and the rate of mortality varied from 10 to
30 % for the least concentration (25 μl/l air). The LC50 and LC90 values were determined by
probit analysis. LC50 was 14.67 μl/l air and 51.82 μl/l air and LC90 was 30.18 μl/l air and
103.77 μl/l air for T. absoluta and S. littoralis respectively. The Analysis by gas
chromatography showed that limonene was the principal constituent of C. sinensis essential
oils (90.617%). According to the results the essential oils of ‘Valencia Late’ orange was
found to be toxic to both pests. This could be useful for investigation of new natural
insecticidal compounds.
Keywords: Citrus sinensis, essential oils, fumigation, Tuta absoluta, Spodoptora littoralis.
50
Insecticidal and anti-appetent activities of four Chrysanthemum species
against Tribolium confusum Du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
D. Haouas1,2
, M. Ben Halima-Kamel1, P. L. Cioni
3, G. Flamini
3, M. H. Ben Hamouda
1
1 Unité de Recherche: invertébrés, micro-organismes et malherbes nuisibles: méthodes
alternatives de lutte, Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott Mariem, University of Sousse,
4042 Sousse, Tunisia 2 Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture du Kef, University of Jendouba, Route Dahmani Boulifa -
7119 Le Kef, Tunisia 3
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sede Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia,
Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
Email correspondance: [email protected]
Abstract Insect pests are one of the major factors limiting the production and the storage of
agricultural products. The use of synthetic pesticides limits the damage of these pests.
However, the effectiveness of these products is continually eroded by the development of
resistance in these pests and serious health and ecological disadvantages were detected. It is clear that there is an urgent need for alternative control measures, which must be active
against the pests, safe to humans and environmentally friendly. Evaluation of local plants as
sources of protectants is one of the promising ways to fulfil this need. In this study the
essential oil of four Chrysanthemum species (C. macrotum, C. trifurcatum, C. segetum and C.
fuscatum) were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against Tribolium confusum using tow
methods: fumigation and consumption. The essential was diluted in acetone to obtain the
concentration of 1%. For the fumigant activity, 100 µl of the solution was applied on filter
paper (1x2.5 cm), after evaporating the solvent, each filter paper was placed on the underside
of the screw cap of a glass vial and was screwed tightly onto the vial containing ten adults of
Tribolium confusum. Concerning the evaluation of the anti-appetent activity, 5 µl of each
Chrysanthemum species essential oil were applied on flour disc (95% wheat semolina and 5%
beer yeast). The control received only acetone and five replicates were set up for each treatment and control. The results showed that essential oil obtained from flowers of C.
macrotum and those from leaves of C. trifurcatum have the highest fumigant activity and
cause respectively the mortality of 48 and 40% against adults of T. confusum. The study of
anti-appetent effect on larvae of T. confusum showed that C. segetum flowers essential oil has
the significant feeding deterrent index (92.45±4.61) followed by the leaves essential oil
obtained from C. fuscatum (71.20±19.22), without having a significant mortality on this
larvae.
The study of essential oil composition of the four Chrysanthemum species highlighted their
richness on mono and sesqueterpenes that are known for their insecticidal activity.
Though these findings are preliminary, they could represent the basis for further
investigations on the questions raised in this work. In particular, additional research is needed
to investigate the susceptibility of other stages of the insect life, such as pupae and eggs and to improve our understanding of how mono- and sesquiterpenoids act on insects. Practically, in
view of a possible use of the most active mono- and sesquiterpenoids, it should be pointed out
that longer exposure periods could be needed to bridge the tolerant phases of insects, some of
which could be present at the time of application.
Key words: essential oil, Chrysanthemum, Tribolium confusum, anti-appetent, fumigation.
51
Bio-Ecology of the bark beetle Scolytus amygdali (Coleoptera,
Curculionidae) in the Center of Tunisia and focus on its parasitoids and
associated fungi
Zeiri Asma1, Braham Mohamed
2, Mejda Daami-Remadi
2, El Hajji Lobna
3, and Braham
Mohamed4
1 Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Bizerte – Tunisia
2 Regional Center of Research on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, University of Sousse,
4042 Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia 3 Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, 4042 Chott-
Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia 4 Institute of the Olive Tree, Station of Sousse, 40 Street Ibn Khouldoun 4061, Sousse,
Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The Almond bark beetle Scolytus amygdali Geurin-Meneville 1847 (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) was reported as an important pest responsible for the death of many stone
trees in Tunisia. S. amygdali is generally a wood pest that attacks fruity trees such as almond,
peach, apricot, plum and apple. Its attack initiates quickly on weak and older trees and results in plant death. These beetles make its galleries under the bark and destroy the phloem tissues
of the infested trees and then disrupt the translocation of photosynthetic products which lead
infested tree to the complete death. Understanding its biology and ecology is necessary for the
development of management strategies. The Bio-Ecology of S. amygdali was studied during
last three years, starting from December 2009, in two field plots of Jammel and Souassi in the
Center of Tunisia. The females were (3.123 ± 0.376) mm longer than males (2.348 ± 0.308
mm) in average with a sex ratio factor of about 0.88. The fecundity of female can reach up to
33 eggs. The length of the maternal gallery and larval galleries reached 10.34 ± 3.24 mm and
33.60 ± 0.40 mm, respectively. A full life cycle under laboratory conditions lasts 105 ± 3.60
days. Newly emerged adults from infested trees are attracted by chemical stimuli released by
weak or stressed trees or other insect visual and olfactory stimuli. The adult which infests
almond, plums, peaches and apricots, has three generations per year. The first spring
generation (April-July), a summer generation (July-September) and a winter generation that lasts from September to May. The composition of the overwintering population of S.
amygdali in terms of percentage shows that the most present forms were young larvae (55.196
± 4.778%) followed by old larvae stages (23.451 ± 3.690%). Nymphal stage appears starting
from February only in March when the T° goes warmer with mean (0.280 ± 0.176%). The
Prunus domestica, Prunus dulcis, and Prunus persica were significantly most favorable to the
development of S. amygdali both under laboratory nd field conditions. The attack on Prunus
armeniaca was very low. When considering the whole tree, the attack was very high in the
first stratum but there was no difference between four orientations. The population dynamics
of S. amygdali happen in a spatial and temporal framework and its attack could extend from
few squares of centimeters to square of kilometers and could take few minutes to hours before
adult settle down on trees. Among the parasitoids found on S. amygdali species of the family
Pteromalidae (Cerocephala eccoptogastri , Cheiropachus quadrum, Rhaphitelus maculatus), Bethylid wasp (Cephalonomia hypobori), Eurytomidae (Eurytoma morio Group) and
Eupelmidae (Eusandalum merceti). A very important mortality in larvae population was
caused also by Peymotes sp. (Acari: Peymotidae). Five fungi causing mortality to beetles were
52
isolated and identified as belonging to four main genera including Aspergillus, Alternaria,
Verticillium, and Fusarium. A preliminary pathogenicity test of Aspergillus sp. concluded to a
larval mortality of 100% of with a concentration of 0.397 × 107 conidia/ml. Based on the
results from this study, it can be concluded that some natural enemies could be suitable for
use as biocontrol agents against this pest.
Keywords: Almond, Beetle, fungi, Parasitoids, Scolytus amygdali.
53
Influence of crop rotation on cereal pests and their natural enemies
H. Gnidez-Glida and M. Rezgui
Ecole Supérieure d’agriculture du Kef 7119 Boulifa ; Le Kef – Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Cereals are often grown using monocropping techniques in northwestern Tunisia which
results in low and fluctuating productions. The changing crops in a sequence tend to decrease
the population development pests.
The effect of crop rotation on cereal pests and their natural enemies under semi-arid
Mediterranean conditions were studied.
Population dynamics of both pests and natural enemies were followed using sweep net and comparison between different crop systems (monoculture, biannual, triannual) was made.
We used split-plot design with 3 repetitions (first factor: crop rotation type and the second
factor: crop type). The experiment includes 3 types of rotation: monoculture (wheat/wheat,
barley/barley and lentil/lentil), biannual (wheat/lentil, wheat/ fallow and barley/wheat) and
triannual (wheat/barley/lentil, lentil/wheat/barley and lentil/wheat/barley) with 33 blocks
(experimental unit of 90m²).
During the collecting period (spring 2012) 1766 insects were collected (1308 pests : aphids,
thrips, the cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) and the wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus
and Trachinus tabidus and 458 natural enemies : Syrphidae, Coccinella septem-punctata,
Chrysoperla carnea and Brachonids).
Our results showed that aphids (two species: Sitobion fragarea and Sitobion avenae) were
advantaged by the wheat monoculture system while crop rotation slightly decreases their populations. The two crop rotation such as cereal/cereal and cereal/fallow increase the
development of thrips and the cereal leaf beetle.
Our results also showed the influence of previous cultural in biannual and triannual rotation
type. Fallow may reduce the advantages of crop rotation in decreasing the population
development pests.
Key words: crop rotation, cereals, pests, natural enemies
54
Can biological and botanical insecticides combined with mass trapping
control the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta in tomato crops in Tunisia?
A. Harbi, K. Abbes, H. Karboul, S. Yousfi and B. Chermiti
UR 04AGRO4: Invertébrés, Microorganismes, Malherbes nuisibles: Méthodes alternatives de
lutte. High Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Tunisia, P.B. 47,
4042 Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Since the introduction of T. absoluta (Meyrick) in Tunisia in 2008, different control
essays were performed against this leafminer in greenhouses and in open fields. The results of
the trials conducted in greenhouses have shown that the use of sex pheromone traps and the
installation of insect-proof screen to isolate the greenhouses from the outside are sufficient to
minimize the damage from this microlepidoptera. On the other side, for the open field tomato
crops, the use of predators and selective insecticides against the tomato leafminer has been
developed during these last years. For a successful IPM program, used chemicals must be carefully selected with as less
as possible side effects on beneficial and non target arthropods. For this reason, and since the
apparition of this microlepidoptera in Tunisia, several experiments were done to test different
insecticides in order to choose the most effective and the less harmful to the environment.
In this experimentation, we tried to establish an integrated pest management program
against T. absoluta in 2 ha open filed tomato crop in the region of Korba, North East of
Tunisia, using the mass trapping with a density of 30 traps/ha combined with tow insecticides
sprayings with two different insecticides, the first is a botanical extracts based product: neem
oil + azadiractin named “Bioticide”. The second is a biological insecticide “Thuricide” based
on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki (Btk). These insecticides have larvicide and
ovocide effects.
The results of this essay revealed that this combination of the mass trapping and only tow sprayings per cultivation cycle are sufficient to reduce the damage of T. absoluta. The
comparison of the efficiency these tow insecticides didn’t show significant differences
concerning the population structure of T. absoluta, the infestation rate of leaves and fruits as
well as the density of mines per leaf.
Keywords: Tuta absoluta, Bioticide, Thuricide, mass trapping, integrated pest management
program, infestation rate, population dynamics.
55
Newly adapted parasitoids of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta
(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Tunisia: an ally in organic tomato crops
K. Abbes and B. Chermiti
UR 04AGRO4: Invertébrés, Microorganismes, Malherbes nuisibles: Méthodes alternatives de
lutte. High Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Tunisia, P.B. 47,
4042 Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The South American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae),
is a major threat to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. After its first detection in Spain
in 2006, it rapidly spread through the Western Palaearctic region, arriving in Tunisia 2 years
later.
The aim of this research was to assess whether generalist indigenous parasitoids are adapting
to this exotic host in Tunisian tomato crops. For this, we conducted a survey in four Tunisian
tomato-growing areas by sampling of infested leaves of tomato and solanaceous weeds and
exposing artificially infested sentinel plants. Two ectoparasitoid species were found attacking
and developing on T. absoluta: Bracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Necremnus sp.
near artynes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) while, no egg and pupal parasitoids were found. The eulophid wasp was the most abundant with average parasitism rates up to 25.5%. It emerged
from parasitized T. absoluta young larvae in exposed sentinel plants and in sampled infested
tomato leaves, both in greenhouse and open field cultivations. Bracon sp. showed a
gregarious development on T. absoluta mature larvae and it was collected only on sentinel
plants exposed in the Ragueda (Kiarouan) site with 25.33% of parasitism. this study
represents the first step toward establishing the scientific basis for including these parasitoids
in the Tunisian IPM and biological programs against this economic pest.
Key words: Biological control, Bracon, Invasive pest, Necremnus, New host, Sentinel plant
56
Biochemical control for implementation by the olive pests Bactrocera oleae
(Diptera, Tephritidae) in Tlemcen (Algeria).
Gaouar-Benyelles N.
1, Medjdoub K.
1, Beghdad C.
2, Gaouar M.
1, Ilias F.
1
1 Laboratory of Ecology and Management of Naturals Ecosystems. Department of Biology
and Environment, Abu Bakr Belkaid University, BP 119 Imama, Tlemcen, Algeria 2 Laboratory of Natural Products. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Abu Bakr
Belkaid University, BP 119 Imama, Tlemcen, Algeria
Emil correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract: The importance of the attacks of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), causing considerable damage to
olives, seems influenced by various environmental factors such as date of observation,
orientation, and the trees sampled, which were tested to estimate the impact.
The comparison of the levels of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins) in
healthy and infected fruit shows that the strategy of natural defense against the pest begins
alkaloids and tannins are in second place, constituent substances, flavonoids come last,
resulting from the subsequent chemical reactions later in plants, so they are inducible
elements.
Keywords: Oleae europea, Bactrocera oleae, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, biochemical
defense
57
Monitoring and identification of causal agents of natural mycosis on
Capitophorus elaeagni, del Guercio (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
in Tunisian organic artichoke crop
Guesmi-Jouini J.1., Karous O.
1., Boughalleb-M’hamdi N.
2 and Ben Halima-Kamel M.
1
1 UR.04AGR04: Invertébrés, Microorganismes, malherbes nuisibles : Méthodes alternatives
de lutte. Institut Supérieur Agronomique Chott Mariem, 4042 Université de Sousse- Tunisia.
2 UR 05AGR01 : Cultures maraîchères biologiques et conventionnelles. Institut Supérieur
Agronomique Chott Mariem, 4042 Université de Sousse -Tunisia.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Aphids are ones of the most important pests of artichoke and other crops in Tunisia and all
over the world. Entomopathogenic fungi are significant pathogens of the Hemiptera (Humber
1989, Eilenberg et al., 2009), and many fungal species are responsible for epizootics that
often successfully regulate aphid population (Lacey et al. 2001, and Barta & Cagan 2006). Referring to artichoke aphids, researches in this work contribute data required for the
investigation of entomopathogenic fungi as natural enemies for aphids’ regulation, in the
objective of the incorporation of these natural agents into integrated pest management
strategies in Tunisia, as very little data is available.
The follow-up of natural infection of Capitophorus elaeagni (del Guercio) (Hemiptera:
Aphididae), by entomopathogenic fungi in a biological artichoke plot from November 2010 to
June 2011, reveals that the aphid mycosis appears about March and disappears on May.
Moreover, it was demonstrated that the fungal infection attacks all biological stages: larva,
nymphs, and adults (apteral and winged form) with a wide range of morphologic diversity.
Field surveys of the artichoke aphid’s cadavers showing natural mycosis symptoms,
recovered 2 types of growth’s mycelia colonies. Therefore, morphologic identification, based
on the development of these colonies on specific media, showed typical characteristics of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes fungi namely: Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium
anisopliae.
Keywords: entomopathogenic fungi, aphids, artichoke, Capitophorus elaeagni, Beauveria,
Metarhizium, Tunisia.
References:
Barta M., Cagan L. 2006. Aphid. Pathogenic Entomophthorales (Their Taxonomy,
Biology and Ecology). Biologia 61: 543-616.
Eilenberg J., Meyling N.V., Jensen A.B. 2009. Insect Pathogenic Fungi in biological
Control: Status and Future Challenges. IOBC wprs Bulletin 45: 7-10.
Humber R. A. 1989. Synopsis of a Revised Classification for the Entomophthrales
(Zygomycotlna). Mycotaxon 34: 441-460.
Lacey, L.A., Frutos, R., Kaya, H.K., Vail, P., 2001. Insect pathogens as biological
control agents: do they have a future? Biological Control 21, 230–248.
58
Influence of microbiological plant growth promoter on growth and healthiness of lemon
balm (Melissa officinalis)
Jolanta Kowalska1, Dorota Remlein-Starosta
1, Katarzyna Seidler-Łożykowska
2,
and Lidia Sas Paszt3
1Institute of Plant Protection-NRI, Wladyslawa Wegorka 20 Str., 60-318 Poznan, Poland,
2Institute of Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Poznan
3Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice
Email correspondence: J.Kowalska@iorpib. poznan.pl
Abstract The aromatic and medicinal plants used as raw or dried material for medicament production
should be free from any pathogens. The using of organic methods to production of food,
including medicinal herbs allows obtain the material completely free of residues.
Trichoderma spp. are fungi that are present in nearly all soils and other diverse habitats, are
efficient for control of some pathogens. Trichoderma is able produce toxic compounds with a
direct antimicrobial activity against pathogens and generates fungal substances which
stimulate plant to produce its own defense metabolites [Elad and Freeman 2002]. This
biological agent can compete with pathogens of plants [Kowalska 2011, 2011a]. Evaluations
of T. asperellum as growth promoter applied by foliar spraying during the growing season and
the control effects of T. asperellum to S. melissae were evaluated as well as identification of pathogenic fungi infesting balm lemon. During 2010-2011 seasons were performed field
trials. The experiments embraced the combinations according to the farming systems
(conventional and organic system) and application or not of T. asperellum to organically
grown plants. Microorganism was used as water solution at a concentration of product 10 g
•l-1
three times in one month intervals. Seven days after each treatment leaves were sampled to
mycological analysis in laboratory conditions. At the beginning of lemon balm flowering
period raw material was collected by hand. Raw and dried material was weighted.
Conclusions are: 1). T. asperellum stimulated the plant to intensive growth causing the
increase of weight of dried mass, it did not influence on content of oil and part of leaves in
dried material; 2). Among the most common pathogens naturally infesting of lemon balm was
found Septoria melissae; 3) Possibility of Trichoderma use in cultivation of medicinal plants
is very promising; especially in organic farming.
Keywords: beneficial microorganism, medicinal plant, plant growth promoter, septoria
References
Elad Y., Freeman S., 2002. Biological control of fungal plant pathogens. In: Kempken F. (ed.)
The Mycota, A comprehensive treatise on fungi as experimental systems for basic and applied
research. XI. Agricultural Applications. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 93-109.
Kowalska J. 2011 – Effects of Trichoderma asperellum [T1] on Botrytis cinerea [Pers.: Fr.],
growth and yield of organic strawberry. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum seria Hortorum Cultus,
vol.10(4):107-114.
Kowalska J. 2011a. The possibility of use of Trichoderma asperellum in organic field
production. 3rd
Scientific Conference Theme: new findings in organic farming research and
their possible use for Central and Eastern Europe, 12-14.11.11 Praga , Czechy.
59
Bioprotection mechanisms of chickpea plant by Rhizobium leguminosarum
against Rhizoctonia solani
Imen HEMISSI, Yassine MABROUK, Sonia MEJRI, Mouldi SAIDI and Bouaziz SIFI Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract
The importance of legumes in human nutrition is well known. Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)
are one of the most utilized legumes in the world because they are considered to be an
excellent source of dietary protein. However, chickpea production in most countries falls
short of the demand due to diseases that reduce yield and crop quality. Chickpeas (Cicer
arietinum L.) can be affected by more than 50 diseases of varied aetiology in different parts of
the world. A few of them are devastating to the crop on a worldwide basis, of which some of
the most important are induced by soilborne fungi including Fusarium wilt, black collar and
root rot, dry root rot, Phytophthora root rot and Pythium damping-off .The widespread
soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is responsible for serious damage to many
economically important agricultural and horticultural crops as well as trees worldwide. The
first report of R. solani AG2-3 causing root and collar rot on chickpea in Tunisia was in the
Beja area .Strategies to control Rhizoctonia diseases are limited because of its ecological behaviour, it’s extremely broad host range and the high survival rate of sclerotia under various
environmental conditions .Furthermore, cultivars with complete resistance are not available at
present . For these reasons, efficient strategies to control the pathogen are urgently required.
However, increasing use of chemical inputs causes several negative effects including
development of pathogen resistance to the applied agents and their non-target environmental
impacts. A growing awareness that agricultural practices have a great impact on human health
and on the environment has spawned research into the development of effective biocontrol
agents to protect crop plants against diseases. The uses of antagonistic microorganisms
against R. solani have been investigated as one of the alternative control methods. The
antagonists may act via competition for nutrients, antibiosis, induced resistance,
mycoparasitism, plant growth promotion and rhizosphere colonization capability.
The attempts of the present study were the screening of the most promising bacteria antagonist award R. solani in vitro and in vivo trials and the efficacy of Rhizobium strains to
assess the induction of defence enzymes (PAL and POX) and phenolic compounds after
challenge inoculation with R. solani. First, Among the 42 strains tested, 24 isolates had
effective control on R. solani in vitro. In order to study the biological control mechanisms, the
Rhizobium strains ability to produce volatile compounds and to solubilise phosphate were
investigated. The results showed that 10 strains were able to solubilise phosphorus and 13
strains produced volatile compounds. In pot trials, the percentage of chickpea plants
inoculated with different rhizobia showed significant reduce of root rot symptoms compared
to the control growing in uninoculated soil. Among these rhizobiums, the strains Azm and
SidN2 proved efficient against the soil borne pathogen in vitro and in pot experiments. These
isolates led to reduced chickpea infection by R. solani, resulting from the direct effect of
rhizobia on pathogens and possible induced resistance in chickpea. Concomitantly, reduction in infection was accompanied by enhanced level of defence-related enzymes, phenylalanine
ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POX). An increased level of phenol content was
recorded in the roots of bacterized plants grown in the presence of pathogen. The results
promise the use of rhizobia for protection of chickpea against R. solani.
Key words: Rhizobium, Rhizoctonia solani, chickpea, biological control, peroxidase,
phenylalanine ammonia lyase, phenolic compounds.
60
A new formulation based compost used as a biopesticide in organic farming against
tomato pathogens
B. MOURIA, A. MOURIA, A. OUAZZANI-TOUHAMI and A. DOUIRA
Unity of Botany, Biotechnology and plant pathology, faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl
University, B.P:133, Kenitra, Morocco
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Morocco is one of the first African and Arab countries have introduced organic farming to
improve quality of Moroccan agricultural products intended the international market.
However, this production mode, prohibiting the use of synthetic products, encountered a
problem of disease control, hence the need to seek effective and ecological alternatives. In
this context, the effects of a municipal solid waste compost, its aqueous extract and
Trichoderma harzianum were tested on Verticillium wilt and gray mold of tomato caused by
Verticillium dahliae and Botrytis cinerea respectively.
Tomato plant cultivated under greenhouse and inoculated by B. cinerea or by V. dahliae were
treated by compost incorporation in substrate, or by spraying or fertigation with its extract or
even by spraying or root inoculation with T. harzianum strain isolated from compost (Tcomp),
in comparison with two other strains of T. harzianum, to determine its mode of antagonism.
Treatment of tomato plants inoculated with Verticillium dahliae and Botrytis cinerea with
compost or T. harzianum strain Tcomp, induced the best percentages of reduction of
verticillium wilt (92.41% and 87.08% respectively) and of botrytis severity (up to 75.76% and
77.77% respectively). Verticillium wilt control is related to the ability of the pathogen to
migrate through vascular tissue of plants according to the treatment. The maintenance of a
spatial separation between Tcomp and B. cinerea in tomato plants treated by root inoculation, demonstrated by non reisolation of Tcomp from leaves, showed that this strain induce
systemic resistance (SR) in plants. In fact, T. harzianum Tcomp showed no significant
difference in its aptitude to control B. cinerea in both modes of inoculation.
Similarly, the suppressive effect of compost on gray mold, that is a foliar disease, is unusual, and is also due to the induction of SR in plants, strongly linked to the presence of a population
of T. harzianum in compost able to induce this systemic effect. In addition, a better
performance of this compost against both tomato pathogens was ensured by systemic effect
amplification, multiplying its T. harzianum population in a combined approach. This
formulation has resulted in 100% control of leaf alteration by V. dahliae and B. cinerea
severity. This additive effect is due to the amplification of antagonist potential of compost and
is the result of a mutual combination between compost and T. harzianum Tcomp.
Indeed, compost lead to improved the nutritional quality of the substrate for growth and
proliferation of T. harzianum while T. harzianum multiplies in the improved substrate in order
to maximize its antagonist potential. This bioformulation based compost allowed a better
control of both tomato pathogens and is therefore a discovery that opens completely new
prospects, especially as these biocontrol agents (BCA) inducing SR in plants are rare in nature
and the chances of natural colonization of composts by these BCA are limited. Indeed, this
formulation could be used in organic farming under commercial conditions to ensure yield
and plant protection while preserving the environment for the sake of sustainable agriculture.
Keywords: Compost, organic farming, tomato, compost extract, T. harzianum, gray mold, verticillium wilt, induction of systemic resistance, bioformulation.
61
Integrated management of black scurf of potato in Tunisia
N. Djébali1, S. Elkahoui
1, B. Tarhouni
2, M. Mrabet
1
1 Centre of Biotechnologie of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia.
2 Centre Technique de la Pomme de terre et de l’Artichaud, Route Jedaida, Saïda 2031,
Tunisia.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Potato is one of the strategic crops in Tunisia; it occupies about 16% of the area cultivated for
vegetable crops. Despite this importance, the average of potato yield does not exceed 14 t per
ha due to several factors, including fungal diseases. Black scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia
solani, is one of the most damaging pathogens in Tunisia and worldwide. It reduces the quality and yield of potato and has become an important impediment for export of this crop,
especially to Europe. The information on comparative susceptibility of potato cultivars, the
time of harvest, the level of fertilization, the season of culture and the pre-germination of
potato seeds will help the growers to successfully control this disease. Eleven potato varieties
were used for R. solani resistance experiments; Eden, Santana, Nicola, Spunta, Gourmandine,
Atlas, Fabula, Global, Labadia, Liseta and Tango. These varieties were planted in spring-
season culture (planting in February) and harvested at several periods; 50, 75, 90 and 105
days after planting (dap) to follow the infection process of progeny tubers by R. solani
sclerotia. The assessment of R. solani black scurf attack was made by measuring the
percentage of infection of potato progeny tubers (PIPT) and by visual evaluation of the level
of infection of potato progeny tubers (LIPT) according to the French scale, which includes 5
levels scored from 1 to 5. The Analysis of variance showed that the harvest time, the variety and their interaction have very highly significant effects on the variability of PIPT of the
potato varieties. The harvest time has the highest effect on the variability of PIPT. Indeed, as
harvest is delayed the level of PIPT increased. In fact, this later parameter was doubled for all
varieties between 90 and 105 dap. Therefore, it appears that early harvesting of the potato
crop in Tunisia can avoid severe infestation of progeny tubers by sclerotia of R. solani. The
eleven potato cultivars used in this study showed a range of susceptibility reactions to
Rhizoctonia solani but none of these was completely resistant to the disease. The Spunta
variety showed the least percentage of infection of progeny tubers by R. solani sclerotia at
harvest, while the varieties Nicola, Santana, Labadia, Liseta and Tango showed a high
percentage of infection of progeny tubers. The level of NPK fertilization of potato plants
influenced also the disease incidence on yield in a green house essay. In fact, poorly fertilized
Nicola plants showed 17.2% reduction in yield, but well fertilized plants showed only 6.8% reduction in yield. In addition, on the basis of the data collected from several potato fields in
the region of Gafsa, we concluded that the level of infection of progeny tubers is greatly
influenced by the level and the percentage of infection of the planted potato seed. Pre-
germination treatment of potato seeds reduced the level progeny tuber infection with R. solani
sclerotia and had a positive effect on potato yield. The season of culture had also an effect on
the level of R. solani infection of progeny tubers. Indeed, the variety Nicola cultivated in two
seasons showed a superior percentage of infection of progeny tubers (80%) in spring-season
in comparison to autumn-season (20%) in 2007.
Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, Variety testing, Progeny tubers, Fertilization, Solanum
tuberosum, Harvest time, Seed pre-germination.
62
Biological Control of Potato Late Blight in Tunisia
Najwa Ben Fradj, Naima Boughalleb- M’hamdi and MS Romdhani
High Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Mariem, Laboratory of Phytopathology, 4042,
Chott Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The culture of the potato is one of the major vegetable crops in Tunisia. This production is, on
average, around 360 000 tones / year over an area of approximately 25,000 hectares.
This culture may be attacks by several pests and fungal diseases like late blight caused by the
oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary.
In Tunisian fields, each year, late blight enormous losses in yield and also the quality of the
harvest are noted (Ferjaoui et al. 2010).
The fight against late blight has become more difficult over time, following the emergence of
the new strain A2.
The objective of this study is to search alternatives to the use of the cupric products and to select resistant varieties and more tolerant to Phytophthora infestans in organic productions in
Tunisia.
The characterization of 14 isolates, collected from potato and tomato fields, showed
variability in P. infestans and demonstrated the coexistence of the two sexual types A1 and
A2. Sexual type A1 was present in all the surveyed localities; whereas types A2 exist only in
the area of the Cap Bon.
The fongitoxicity test using Fungastop, Kocide 200 and tea compost, on 4 Phytophthora
isolates showed that the most important inhibitaion was by Kocide (88% of reduction of the
mycelium growth) , then the Fungastop (79%).
The test of the varietal behavior showed that resistance of the varieties shoed an important
result.
In fact, the varieties Derby, Eden, and Bellini were tolerant to the midew on foliage. For this type of the varieties, the date of the first intervention could be shifted compared to more
significant varieties, and the intervals between two treatments could be lengthened.
Moreover, these varieties are able to escape from the late blight of foliage, at the time of a late
attack of the late blight. This could avoid the dissemination of the fungus to infect the tubers
in the soil. It revealed also that there is no correlation between the foliage and tubers
resistance. In the fields, the essays showed that cupric fungicides could be substituted by the
Fungastop, the Pre-vam and of the tea compost, only, at the beginning of attack by the late
blight.
Key words: P. infestans, organic potato, varietal tolerance, alternatives products, sexuel types
A1 and A2.
63
Mass spectrometry identification of antifungal lipopeptides from Bacillus
sp. strain BCLRB2 against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
S. Elkahoui
1, N. Djébali
2, M. Mrabet
3, I. Karkouch
1, A. Hadj Ibrahim
1, L. Kalai
1, S.
Pachkwel1, O. Tabbene
1 and F. Limam
1 Laboratory of Bioactive Substances;
2 Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Plants,
3 Laboratory of legumes, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are among the most nonspecific, omnivorous
pathogens of several crops in Tunisia and worldwide. They are able to infect over two
hundred plant genera species including several important economic crops such as cereals,
cabbage, potato, and legumes. Crop rotation is a necessary practice for minimizing many
diseases. However, it is not an effective for the control of Rhizoctonia and Sclerotinia
diseases because of the longevity of soil borne sclerotia. The use of chemical fungicides to
fight against these broad spectrum pathogens did not give enough satisfaction because they
produce sclerotia which are highly resistant conservation structures which can survive several
years in the soil. In addition, these pathogens can survive on alternate wild plants in absence
of the crop. Biological control of plant diseases using antagonistic bacteria constitute a promising method to fight against pathogens. In our laboratory, we have the experience of
several years in selecting antagonistic bacteria against many fungal pathogens. We have
selected bacteria belonging mainly to the genus Bacillus, which have high and persistent
antagonistic activities against R. solani and S. sclerotiorum. This work aims to characterize
the bioactive molecules produced by an antagonistic Bacillus sp. strain BCLRB2 isolated
from healthy leaves of olive tree against R. solani and S. sclerotiorum. The in vitro
antagonistic assay was performed according to the dual culture method on PDA medium. The
antagonistic activity of the studied bacterium strain was estimated by the inhibition of the
fungal growth in comparison to a solely cultivated fungal agar disk. The radius (in cm) of the
fungal colony in front of the bacterium culture was measured at 7 days at 25°C and 16 h
photoperiod. The plates were then kept in the incubator at the same conditions for 30 days to
determine the persistence of the activity. The bacterial strain BCLRB2 showed a high and
persistent antifungal activity against the two pathogens. The free-cell supernatant showed also a high antifungal activity against R. solani and at a lower extent against S. sclerotiorum. The
partial purification of the antifungal substances with methanol discount gradient showed that
the factions 20% and 60% methanol had a high and specific activity against S. sclerotiorum
and R. solani, respectively. The mass spectrometry identification of the compounds in the
fraction specifically active against S. sclerotiorum showed the presence of Bacillomycin D
C16 as a major lipopeptide. The fraction specifically active against R. solani contains
Bacillomycin D C15 and two not identified lipopeptides. The faction 80% methanol had a
moderate and a broad spectrum activity against the two pathogens containing two Iturin D
(C13 and C14) as a major lipopeptides. In conclusion this work showed that the Bacillus sp.
strain BCLRB2 produced various lipopeptides with specific and broad spectrum antifungal
activity. In addition, it was shown that varying the concentration of methanol of the extraction
solution different antifungal lipopeptides with different activities can be identified.
Keywords: Antagonistic bacterium, Lipopeptides, Omnivorous plant pathogens.
64
Phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of aqueous and organic extracts from
Citharexylum quadrangular Jacq.
Asma El-Ayeb-Zakhama1,, Lamia Rouis
1,
Naïma Boughalleb
2 Hichem Ben Jannet
3 and
Fethia Harzallah-Skhiri
1 Laboratory of Genetic Biodiversity and Valorisation of Bioressources (LR11ES41), High
Institute of Biotechnology, rue Tahar Haddad, University of Monastir 5000, Tunisia 2
Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, High Institute of Agronomy of
Chott Meriem, University of Sousse, Chott Meriem 4042, Tunisia 3
Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry and Reactivity: Bio-organic Chemistry and Natural Products,
Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Street of environment, 5019 Monastir
Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract
Antifungal activity and allelopathic potential of Citharexylum quadrangular Jacq., an
exotic tree introduced in Tunisia many years ago, was evaluated. Organic extracts using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents together with aqueous extracts at different
concentrations were prepared from roots, stems, and leaves. All extracts were tested on
germination and early growth of two crops: lettuce and wheat and two weeds peganum and
thistle and against five phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum,
Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. Parameters defined were used
to PCA and HCA. Germination percentages in presence of organic extracts were comparable
to control in the majority of cases, and the maximum inhibition was about 12% in presence of
organic extracts except peganum and silybum seeds. Their germination percentages were
greatly inhibited by the different organic extracts (24-100%). For growth, roots were more
sensitive compared to shoots. Indeed, shoots lengths were similar to control or stimulated by
all aqueous extracts except the growth of thistle which percentage elongation in % of control
reach 63.85% in presence of stem extract at 30g/l. Root growth was differently affected, the most inhibitory extract was this from leaves, reduction varied between 0.8-100%. The most
toxic extracts were that with methanol, reduction of roots elongation ranged between 50.7-
100% and for shoots percentage reduction varied between 50.9-100%. Ethyl acetate extract
from flowers was very toxic for growth; it induced a total inhibition of peganum and thistle
growth. Concerning the antifungal activity, the strains of Aspergillus were more susceptible to
these extracts, the inhibition varied between 68.6 and 38.5%, while those of Fusarium were
found to be less susceptible because the inhibition does not exceed 37.2%. The most
important mycelium growth inhibition was obtained against Aspergillus flavus with flowers
and leaves ethyl acetate extract (68.6 and 63.5%, respectively) and against Aspergillus
fumigatus with flowers ethyl acetate extract (55.8%). Hence, the present study indicates that
biomass of C. quadrangular could be used for production of post-emergence pesticide for a
safe environment.
Key words: Allelopathic potential, antifungal activity, Citharexylum quadrangular Jacq., bio
pesticides, safe environment.
65
Susceptibility of olive tree cultivars towards
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi
Imen Mougou1, Ali Rhouma
2
1 Higher Institute of Agronomic Sciences of Chott-Mariem, Laboratory of
Phytopathology. 2
Unité de Recherche Protection des Plantes Cultivées et Environnement, Institut de
l’Olivier, Cité Mahrajène, BP208, Tunis, Tunisia.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Olive knot disease, caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Ps. savastanoi) is
considered nowadays among the potentially serious diseases of olive tree in the
Mediterranean area. In Tunisia, this disease is frequently observed in the North and Central
areas of the country, where there is abundance of hail and frost causing wounds to stems
(Ouzari et al 2008). Indeed, the most effective method of disease control is the selection of
resistant or tolerant cultivars. In particularly, olive cultivars tolerant to the disease and resistant/tolerant to frost damage should be considered in environments characterized by late
spring frost.
In this research, we were interested to study the susceptibility of olive trees cultivars
towards Pseudomonas savastanoi.
Strains used to evaluate susceptibility are Aw8, Aw9 (Aouedna 2006 isolated from
Chemlali), Ivia 1628(Spain Valencia 1996 isolated from Cornicabra) and TEK (Tebourba
2010 isolated from Chetoui).
Pathogen identification was confirmed by PCR tests using the primers iaaL gene
(Penyalver, et al 2000) of the bacterium and directed the amplification of a 454 bp fragment.
Criteria used to estimate plant susceptibility and tolerance are the pourcentage of galles
plants, tumeur weight, and numbre of tumeurs.
The results revealed that the cultivars Zarrazi was very susceptible, Arbequina, Chetoui were susceptible, whereas Chemleli was intermediate tolerant to the disease. Interestingly the
local cultivar Oueslati was found to be tolerant to the disease. From this study, we obtained
that the high percentage of polyphenols was found in small galls formed on Oueslati showing
the implication of these compounds in the defense mechanism against the bacterial disease.
Keywords: Susceptibility, olive cultivars, polyphenols, Pseudomonas savastanoi pv.
savastanoi
66
Evaluation of Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium leptobactrum on the
Biological control of Root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica and Potato
Cyst-Nematode Globodera pallida on Potato( Solanum tuberosum L.)
Hajji Lobna, Regaieg Hajer and Horrigue-Rouani Najet
Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, 4042 Chott-
Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp.(Tylenchida :Meloidogynidae) and Potato Cyst-
Nematode Globodera spp. (Tylenchida : Heteroderidae) are the most damaging agricultural
pests attacking Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops in Tunisia. Currently the major control
method of these nematodes is based on the use of chemical nematicides, but their adverse
effect on human health, useful organism and environment have increased the need for other
alternative nematode control methods. Biological control with antagonistic fungi is a
promising technique which has been receiving growing consideration and may be
incorporated in integrated nematode management.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nematicide potentiality of Paecilomyces lilacinus
and Verticillium leptobactrum isolated from Tunisian soil and their impact in potato crop. Pot Experiments are conducted in greenhouse to assess the efficacy of Pacilomyces lilacinus
and Verticillium leptobactrum at 106
propagules/g of soil against Meloiodgyne javanica and
Globodera pallida combined and /or separated on Potato cv Spunta. Four treatments are tried :
control(T), Meloidogyne alone(M) ; Meloidogyne with Globodera (M+G) and Globodera
alone(G).Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block, replicated eight times
each. Growth parameters such as height, fresh shoot and root weight, tubers weight, and
parameters related to nematodes development like root gall index, nematode multiplication
rate, tubers infestation, soil and root infestation are measured and mentioned.
The Incorporation of both fungi in the soil did not achieve effectiveness in increase of growth
parameters. Fresh weight of shoots, roots and tubers were higher (P≤ 0.05) in untreated
control than plants having the above-mentioned treatments.
Both antagonistic fungi decrease root knot nematode development and reproduction
parameters compared to the untreated control. Control efficacy achieved by soil application of P. lilacinus, in terms of galls index, root population/100g of roots and soil population/100g of
soil, was 0.25, 90% and 75% respectively and 0.625, 93.66 % and 81.60% by soil application
of V. leptobactrum at 117 days of inoculation. Root-knot nematode was reduced in tubers
with 39.33% with P. lilacinus and 40.64% with V.lectobactrum.
The results revealed also that the application of P. lilacinus and V. leptobactrum decrease
significantly the development of Potato Cyst-Nematode in roots by 86.05% and 49.57% and
in the soil by 86.54% and 57% respectively.
Furthermore, the nematophagous fungi reduce soil and root population of root-knot nematode
associated with potato cyst nematode.
Keywords: Paecilomyces lilacinus, Verticillium leptobactrum, Globodera pallida,
Meloidogyne javanica, Potato, Biological control.
67
Evaluation of suppressive effect of three Brassica green manures on
Meloidogyne incognita Guesmi I.¹, D’Addabbo T.², Radicci V.² and Horrigue-Raouani N.¹
1 Higher Agronomic Institute, University Sousse, Tunisia
2 Institue for Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract: Biofumigation is a promising method used in organic agriculture to control plant parasitic
nematodes. The use of Brassicaceae green manures amendments is one of the potential
biofumigation practices. However, efficacy of the green manures differs under Brassica species.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of Raphanus sativus cv. Defender, R. sativus
cv. Boss and Sinapis alba green manures on tomato culture infested by Meloidogyne
incognita considered the most plant-damaging nematodes in Tunisia.
Experiment is carried in pots under controlled conditions with a randomized design. Pots are
filled with sterilized soil and artificially infested with Meloidogyne incognita in the reason of
10 eggs/ml of soil. The sowing density considerate for Raphanus sativus cultivars is 30 Kg/ha
and 15 Kg/ha for Sinapis alba which are the densities used under field conditions. Green parts
of each species is shopped and incorporated into the soil in flowering time which is earlier for
Sinapis alba. The incorporation rate of green manures is about 5 kg/m² for Sinapis alba and
between 2.5 to 3.5 kg/m² for Raphanus sativus species. After 15 days of green manures
incorporation, tomato culture is installed in pots. The variety of tomato used is Roma. After 2 months, tomato plants are uprooted and different agronomic and nematode parameters are
evaluated. Plant length, fresh and dry vegetative weights and roots weight are determined to
evaluate the effect of each green manure on tomato plant growth. Gall index is evaluated in a
scale of 0 to 5 (Taylor and Sasser, 1978). Eggs are extracted for counting from roots (Hussey
and Barker, 1973) and soil (Coolen, 1979) to determine final population of M. incognita.
Results indicate that R. sativus green manure is more interesting than S. alba green manure.
The incorporation of R. sativus cv. Defender applied at 2.5 kg/m² is the most efficient. It
improved tomato plant’s growth by 62%, reduced the gall index by 64.5% and Meloidogyne
population in the soil by 41% compared to the infested control. Contrary to the positive effect
of R. sativus on plant growth, the green manure of S. alba caused a phytotoxicity on tomato
plants. This is could be related to the important vegetative biomass incorporated for this
species. This study showed that R. sativus green manures could be a good suppressive to M. incognita and that care should be taken to select the most efficient cultivar for plant-parasitic
nematode management. Moreover, more experiments should be realized to determine the
appropriate incorporation rate of vegetative biomass in order to improve plant growth and
reduce nematode population without causing phytotoxicity to the plants.
Keywords: Biofumigation, Brassicaceae, green manures, Meloidogyne incognita, tomato,
suppressive.
References * Coolen W.A., 1979. Methods for the extraction of Meloidogyne spp. and other nematodes
from roots and soil. In: Lamberti F., Taylor C.E. (eds). Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne
species). Systematics, Biology and Control Academic Press; London, pp 317-329.
* Hussey R.S., Barker K.R., 1973. A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of
Meloidogyne spp. including a new technique. Plant Disease Reporter 57, 1025-1028.
* Taylor A.L., Sasser J.N., 1978. Biology, identification and control of root-knot nematodes
(Meloidogyne spp.). North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, N.C., U.S.A.11.
68
Tannins of pomegranate: Punica granatum ( Algerian East)
Z. Djedouani, K. Ounaissia and H. Laredj
Laboratory of medical botany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Annaba, Algeria
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The pomegranate, Punica granatum, and hardy species characteristic of temperate
countries is highly tolerant of poor soils, brackish and high altitudes (up to 4000 m).
It is native to the Asian region including Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and
Afghanistan where he lives currently in the wild and even form pure stands. It is especially
abundant in the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea.
It is widespread in Asia Minor and the Mediterranean region, where it is often naturalized
through a combination of natural dispersal and domestication probably made independent in
various places located within its area.
The range of the pomegranate including the Middle East, extending to India and China, and toured the Mediterranean.
Currently, it is cultivated in most warm regions of the globe, especially in subtropical
regions, introduced in the United States and South America.
In Algeria, the pomegranate is grown everywhere and especially in tell.
The main objective of our work is to determine the presence of polyphenols represented
primarily by tannins in this plant.
The phytochemical test confirms the presence of hydrolysable tannins in four parts of
pomegranate: flowers, leaves, roots and peels of fruit.
The tannin extraction was performed according to the method adapted by Zhang et al,
2008. It is produced by a mixture of water and acetone, after removal of the acetone by Rot
steam, the aqueous solution is freed from pigments and lipids by a solvent (dichloromethane).
Extraction of the aqueous solution with ethyl acetate can separate proanthocyanidols dimers and most gallic tannins. The proanthocyanidins and gallic tannins polymers of high molecular
weight remain in the aqueous phase.
The calculation of yield dry extracts showed that the leaves are richer in tannins with a rate
of 22.76%, followed by the bark of fruit and flowers 16.8% 15.76%. For the root bark yield is
3.96%.
The thin layer chromatography showed the presence of gallic acid in the extracts of leaves and
gallic acid and tannin in the extracts of flowers.
Pomegranate is a plant rich in tannins, these compounds are present in all parts of the tree
and play an important role in the protection against various diseases and pests.
Keyword: Pomegranate, tannins, extraction.
69
Effects of Allium roseum var. grandiflorum subvar. typicum Regel. organic
extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of Peganum harmala L.
Lamia Sakka Rouis1, Asma El Ayeb
1, Hichem Ben Jannet
2, Fethia Harzallah-Skhiri
1
1 Laboratory of Genetic Biodiversity and Valorisation of Bioressources (LR11ES41), High
Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
2 Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry and Reactivity: Bio-organic Chemistry and Natural
Products, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Street of environment,
5019 Monastir Tunisia
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Damages of environment and human health caused by synthetic herbicides for weed
management are regarded as a real problem today. The researchers are now looking for
alternate ways of weed management in field crops. Application of allelopathy has shown tremendous scope in agricultural pest management. The study was undertaken to test the in
vitro effect of Allium roseum var. grandiflorum subvar. typicum Regel. organic extracts for
their allelopathic activities on a weed plant; the Syrian Rue or harmal peganum (Peganum
harmala L.). Six organic extracts prepared from Allium roseum flowers, bulbs and both stems
and leaves using two different solvents (chloroform and butanol) were tested at different
concentrations (1500, 3000 and 6000 ppm). The final germination percentages and the
seedling shoot and root lengths were significantly reduced by Allium roseum organic extracts
as compared to control. Germination index was completely affected by chloroformic flower
extract at 6000 and 3000 ppm (100% inhibition) followed by chloroformic bulbs extract
(93.10 and 79.30% at 6000 and 3000 ppm, respectively) followed by chloroformic stems and
leaves extract (48.27% at 6000 ppm). Peganum harmala was moderately inhibited by
butanolic extracts with an average inhibition ranging between 3.44 and 18.95%. For growth, chloroformic flower extract had the most significant toxicity (100% at the highest
concentration 6000 ppm, 79.98% for shoot length and 67.03% for root length at the lowest
concentration 1500 ppm). Results show that Allium roseum had allelopathic potential and may
used for incorporating in agricultural systems for weed management.
Key words: Allium roseum L., Organic extracts, Allelopathic potential, Inhibitory reponse,
Weed, Peganum harmala L.
70
Assessment of a CDA micromax 3S rotary atomizer for weed control
Sofiene OULED TALEB SALAH, MATHIEU Massinon and FRÉDÉRIC Lebeau
Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liege), Gembloux, Belgium
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Spinning disc sprayers were first introduced to control cotton pests and diseases. These
atomizers were recognized for their production of a uniform droplet size spectrum than
conventional nozzles. They have proved to be the most successful way of delivering
pesticides in the form of Controlled Droplet Application (CDA) at very low volume
application. But they were almost abandoned since the years of 1990 for high and medium
volume application. Their use was found inefficient in arable crops such as cereals due to the use of inappropriate application rate and problem of penetration of spray in cereal canopies.
However, these spray generators may be the best solution when the spray was to be targeted
to a small weed with hydrophobic leaf surface where adhesion in the impact is essential for
treatment efficiency while minimizing drift and splash thanks to reduced droplet span. In this
study, aiming to maximize the control of black grass in cereals, characterization of the droplet
size spectra was performed to predict the trajectory droplet and estimate the number that will
hit the targeted surface. So, a CDA Micromax Ltd rotary atomizer 3S was operated at
different rotation speeds (2000, 3500 and 5000 rpm), flow rates and pressures. A camera X
stream -3S which allows the acquisition images in PIV mode, connected to a led lightening
set at double mode exposure, were placed in front of the edge of the disc on a spray bench.
Images were treated through a laboratory developed Matlab code for Particle Tracking
Velocimetry Sizing. Droplets speeds according to diameters were extracted. Droplets cumulative volume according to diameters was also obtained. As the flow rate rose, the
volume median diameter (VMD) increased. On the other hand, the VMD decreased as the
rotation speed increased. Satellites droplets were observed when the atomizer was operating at
a disc speed of 2000 rpm. For each flow rate corresponding to a drop size VMD, the number
of droplets/cm2 that will affect pesticide coverage was calculated. Thus, the number of
droplets that will effectively adhere depend on their impact at the moment of their arrival to
the surface target.
71
The micropropagation of two varieties of Solanum tuberosum L. cvs.
Désirée & Spunta by substitution of the culture media and production of
the microtubers
BELGUENDOUZ Amina1, SAHNOUNE Mohamed
2, ADDA Ahmed
2
1 Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of the SNV-STU, Department of Agronomic Sciences
and the Forests University Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen 13000 Algeria. 2 Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of the SNV, Department of Sciences of nature
and the life University Ibn Khaldoun Tiaret 14000 Algeria.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The techniques of micropropagation and microtuberisation were introduced into the
industry of production of seeds to cure the blaze of the prices of potato these last years in
Algeria. These techniques remain still little used and the work which we chose registers from
this point of view. Our study has allowed to us, to achieve the main aim that we fixed
ourselves at the beginning, namely the possibility of regenerating in vitro a whole plant of two
varieties of potato to knowing Désirée and Spunta via the caulogenesis and the rooting in
mediums made starting from ashes of waste of the plants. It enabled us to know the effect of
the mineral composition of the mediums of induction on the processes primordia of the two studied varieties. In addition, this study enabled us to conclude that the meristem constitute
explants have good primordia aptitudes. This first generation represents the phase of
micropropagation the purpose of which is obtaining of a sufficient quantity of vitro healthy
seedlings. We thereafter studied the microtuberization of these two varieties according to two
types of mediums ms to knowing MS without hormones and MS with ANA under three
photoperiods: total darkness, 8 hours and 16 hours. Medium MS presented a growth of the
roots and stems very high compared to medium MS with ANA, at time that medium MS with
ANA showed a significant effect for the rate and the duration of microtuberization. Generally,
the photoperiod influenced the microtuberization with an effect strongly observed on the
weights and the diameters of the microtubers. However, the 8 hours photoperiods and 16
hours gave weights and diameters higher by contribution than those obtained to the total
darkness. The number of microtubers by vitroplant is between 1 to 3 and no significant effect
was observed between the three factors variety, medium and photoperiod. That is confirmed with the results of CESTY et al. BORDERED YEPEZ (2001) where they observed that there
is no significant effect between the varieties and the growth regulators on the number of
microtubers by vitroplant. Our process of development of microtubers in vitro is comparable
with the farming system of KÄMÄRÄINEN-KARPPINEN et al. (2010) which, by prolonging
the exposure of the seedlings in the middle of culture, obtain indeed advantage of microtubers
on a cycle of 16 weeks culture. However, they note that the output by initial explant remains
still weak: average rate varies, according to the cultivar, between 0,7 and 1,4 microtubers per
initial explant. Comparatively, our process provides, for one period of 12 weeks tuberization,
twice more for Désirée which reached three microtubers by vitroplant and that is observed in
the two mediums at the total darkness and 16 hours of photoperiod. This fact corroborates the
results of and THOMAS (2010) who have ends to an average rate from approximately three
microtubers usable by initial explant was raised for the Bintje variety for one 16 weeks period.
72
Key words: In vitro culture, Solanum tuberosum L., Ashes, Medium MS, Micropropagation,
Microtubérization, ANA, Photoperiod.
References * Cysty Borda Yapez C., Toledo J., Golmirzaie A., Roca W., 2001. Effecto de inductores
de tuberización y fotoperiodo sobre la microtuberización de Solanum tuberosum L. in vitro. Centro International de la Papa 2001 (CIP).
* Kämäräinen-Karppinen T., Virtanen E., Rokka V.-M. & Pirttilä A. M., 2010. Novel
bioreactor technology for mass propagation of potato microtubers. Plant Cell Tiss. & Org.
Cult. 101, 245 – 249.
* LÊ C. L. & Thomas D., 2010. Production de microtubercules de pomme de terre in vitro:
effet de la durée de culture. Revue suisse Agric. 1 (11–12): 404–409.
73
Effects of different mulching on environmental factors and crop yield
(Broccoli) under Mediterranean conditions: case of Apulia Region-South of
Italy
D. Hlayem1, A. Hmid
1, H. Banani
2, M. Habte Tsehaye
3 and N. Driouech
4
1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro
Direzionale-Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy 2 Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, via L. da Vinci
44, I-10095, Grugliasco, Italy 3 Department of Economics, Engineering, Ago-Food, Environment and Forestry, University of
Basilicata, Via Nazario Sauro, 85-85100, Potenza-Italy 4
CIHEM-Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (IAMB), Via Ceglie, 9-70010,
Valenzano, Bari, Italy
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Mulching is one of most effective ways of modifying the conditions of an agro-ecosystem.
The introduction of mulch into cropping systems is known to have beneficial effects
particularly on soil properties. A layer of mulch can radically change the soil temperature
regime, conserve soil moisture, reduce weed growth, provide habitat for beneficial insects. Moreover mulch can improve soil organic matter, microbial activity and contribute nutrients
to the soil as it decays. A great variety of organic and synthetic materials can be employed as
mulch. However the impact of each type needs to be assessed in consideration to the crop, soil
and environmental relations. Although in Mediterranean region, many researches’ have been
carried out to evaluate the effect of mulch on yield, soil moisture and temperature of
vegetable crops, little is known about the effect of the different kinds of mulches on the
dynamic of weeds and beneficial arthropods. This study was conducted in Apulia region-Italy
at experimental fields of Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (2008-2010) to
investigate the effect of five different mulch treatments and control without mulch on broccoli
crop yield, root zone temperature (RZT), soil moisture and to assess the dynamics of weeds
and arthropods. The treatments consisted of Straw, black plastic, biodegradable plastic, pine
bark, paper and control (without mulch). The experiment was a randomized complete block
design with three replications. The main parameters measured were: soil abiotic parameters “temperature and moisture”, soil biotic parameters “diversity index of arthropods and
diversity index of weed”, and broccoli yield, growth and development. There was no
significant difference in soil moisture percentage between the five types of mulches and the
control. Black plastic had significantly higher surface (16.49°C) and root zone temperature
(12.63°C) than all the mulches. The highest average soil moisture percentage was observed in
the straw plots (67.72%) followed by pine bark (55.37%). The diversity index of weeds in
straw and pine bark was 1.97 and 1.90 respectively. Straw and paper mulches had the highest
total mean arthropod abundance (20.67); however, there was no significant difference among
the means. Black plastic showed the highest plant height though there was no significant
difference in yield per plant with biodegradable plastic and paper mulch. It was concluded
that mulching provided significantly higher yield, root zone temperature, broccoli growth and
development compared to the control. Moreover, black plastic showed significantly higher root zone temperature and crop growth than all the other types of mulches.
Keywords: Mulching, Broccoli, Abiotic factors, Weed, Arthropods, Diversity index
74
References 1. Adams J.E., Arkin G.F. and Ritchie J.T. (2007). Influence of row spacing and straw
mulch on first stage drying. In: Chen S.Y. et.al. Effects of straw mulching on soil temperature,
evaporation and yield of winter wheat: field experiments on the North China Plain. Annals of
Applied Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang.
2. Ibarra L. J., Quezada R. M., Cedeno B. R., Rio A.J. and Rosa M. I. (2009).
Watermelon reponses to plastic mulch and row covers. In: Diaz-perez J.C. Root zone
temperature, plant growth and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae (plenck) var. italica) as
affected by plastic film mulches. Scientia horticulturea, Elsevier B.V.
3. Ji S.N. and Unger P.W. (2007). Soil water accumulation under different precipitation,
potential evaporation and straw mulch conditions. In: Chen S.Y. et.al. Effects of straw mulching on soil temperature, evaporation and yield of winter wheat: field experiments on the
North China Plain. Annals of Applied Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shijiazhuang.
4. Lamont Jr., W.J., (2005). Plastics: modifying the microclimate for the production of
vegetable crops. In: Diaz-perez J.C. Root zone temperature, plant growth and yield of broccoli
(Brassica oleraceae (plenck) var. italica) as affected by plastic film mulches. Scientia
horticulturea, Elsevier B.V.
5. Tuovinen T. and Tolonen T. (2006). Arthropod biodiversity on conventional and organic
strawberry. Journal of Applied Entomology, 130(9-10), 495–503, Blackwell Verlag, Berlin.
75
High-speed imaging to predict spray retention on barley leaves.
H.H. Boukhalfa
1, 2, M. Massinon
1, F. Lebeau
1
1 Mechanic and Building Unit, Sciences and Technologies of the Environment Department,
Gembloux Agro-Bio tech, Ulg Belgium.
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences of the natural sciences and life, University
Mohamed khidar Biskra, Algeria.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the use of high-speed
imaging method to replace chemical analysis by fluoremetrie. Measurements were performed
with a high-speed camera coupled with a retro-LED lighting. Size and velocity of the drop
were extracted by image analysis.
Drop impact types were determined by the operator. Drops were produced with a flat-fan
nozzle mounted on a movable ramp. Two surfactant (Break-Thru® S240 and Li700®) were sprayed on BBCH 12 barley leaves to highlight the effect of the reduction of surface tension.
Relative volume proportions were computed within of an energy scale divided into 11 classes
based on the Weber number.
Results are compared to the results of the chemical analysis by spectroflueremetry.
Keywords : Precision spraying, Spray retention, Fluoremetry, Drop impact, High-speed
imaging, Barley.
76
Response of Lettuce Yield ( Paris Island Cos) to Spray With Humic Acid
and Seaweed Extract Alga – 300
Abduljbbar Ismal Al Hubaity1 and Abdulmonem S.Khalil
2
1 College of Agricultural; Mosul University - Iraq 2 Agricultural Technical College, Mosul - Iraq
Abstract An experiment was carried out to study the effect of foliar spray of hamic acid with
three concentrations ( 0 , 1 and 2 ml.L-1
) and three concentrations of seaweed extract – Alga
300 ( 0 , 1.5 and 2.5 ml. L-1
) and their interactions to improve vegetative growth and yield of
lettuce plants ( Paris Island Cos cv ).
All treatment applied three times separately at 15/2 the first spray then repeated every two
week . Results revealed that the treatments led to improve vegetative growth traits and total
yield of lettuce as compared with control . The more effect interaction treatment was between
( 2ml/L. of hamic acid + 2.5 ml/L Alga 300 ) giving a significant increase in the most
vegetative traits and yield , which had non – significant effect with interaction treatment ( 2
ml / L humic acid + 1.5 ml / L Alga 300 ) . Analysis of correlation indicated that a significant positive correlations between the total yield of lettuce with the head weight , stem weight ,
stem length and number of leaves/ plant . The higher correlation ( 0.999 ) was recorded from
the head weight the total yield . On the other hand , head weight exhibited a greatest direct
effect on the total yield as comparing with the other traits , and this character had a higher
indirect effects through the path of number of leaves/ plants , stem length , stem weight and
head circumference . So they can be used in the breeding programs to select the total yield of
lettuce.
77
Production of some vegetables using Bio-organic farming in newly
reclaimed soil (Research Project)
Mohamed E. Ragab
Fac. of Agric., Mansoura University, Egypt
Abstract The problem or opportunity and local need of the project:
Intensive vegetable production is characterized by extremely high input of chemical
pesticides and fertilizers. The residues of these chemicals in vegetables are behind the fatal
diseases such as renal failure, cancer and weakness of the immunity system in addition to a
remarkable disturbance in the agricultural ecosystem by destroying the native biological
control agents of agricultural pests.
Benefits and expected impact of the project:
Production of a better bio-organic vegetable product quality.
Reduction in agricultural chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers).
Increase in the demand on these organic vegetables in national and international markets.
The plan of work depends on:
Production of some vegetable crops in newly reclaimed areas by using the system
of bio-organic farming during the four successive years of the project.
Dissemination the concept of bio-organic farming by training programs,
workshops, conferences and field trip visits to experimental organic farm which
will be constructed during the present project.
The innovation of the project:
The present project will employ some new techniques of agricultural biotechnology, e.g., bio-
fertilizers and bio-control of different agricultural pests, in vegetables production in newly reclaimed soils in Egypt. These modern techniques will help in production of safe vegetable
products free from chemical residues and hormones.
78
Role of rhizobacteria in weed growth suppression
Dorsaf Mejri and Thouraya Souissi
Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Av. Charles Nicole, 1082 Tunis, Tunisie
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract Concerns about environment and human health, chemical herbicides residues in foods, development of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes and development of new weed problems
due to single control methods have increased interest in agricultural sustainability and trend
towards development of new alternatives to control weeds in crops. Biological control with
living micro-organisms may provide an attractive solution to such problems. The non-
parasitic bacteria, called deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB), are among these micro-organisms
that are gaining more and more attention for their potential as biocontrol agents of weeds.
These rhizobacteria are ubiquitous and have been found in all plant rhizospheres. Several
DRB have been isolated from the roots of many weed species and have been shown to mainly
belonging to the genus Pseudomonas. DRB act on weed seedlings by impairing seed
germination and/or suppressing root growth through different mechanisms including
phytotoxins and IAA production. Within this context, rhizobacteria have been isolated from
the rhizosphere of great brome, the most dominant weed species in wheat crops, and durum wheat seedlings growing in North of Tunisia. Screening of different isolates has shown the
occurrence of rhizobacteria with phytotoxic activities on brome. One selected isolate has been
characterized as Pseudomonas trivialis strain X33d and shown to specifically reduce brome
growth (-41%) and stimulate wheat growth (+59%). Although the efficacy of P. trivialis on
brome growth reduction was higher in controlled conditions, this DRB was also able to affect
weed growth in field trials. It has reduced root and shoot growth, total number of spikes and
seed production by 27%, 18%, 13.25 and 28.75%, respectively. On the other hand, X33d has
stimulated wheat growth and has resulted in a significant increase in wheat yield by 23%
compared to non inoculated wheat plants. In order to improve the survival of X33d in the soil,
a granular formulation (Pesta) was prepared and its effectiveness in reducing the growth of
great brome was evaluated under controlled and greenhouse conditions. The formulated P.
trivialis X33d has been shown to increase the wheat growth and reduce brome growth by 14.5% and 22.7% respectively, under greenhouse conditions. Results of this work have
demonstrated that this deleterious rhizobacterium is a promising biocontrol agent against
brome and suggest its use as a component of an integrated brome management strategy for a
sustainable and a long-term weed management.
79
Effect of Aqueous Leaves Extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on
Germination and Growth of Three Weed Species
Janan. A. Saeed
Department of Biology/College of Science/Mosul University
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract This research included experiments in laboratory and green house, to study the effect of
Eucalyptus camaladulensis leaf extracts at concentrations( 5,10 and 15) % W:V on seed
germination and growth of the weeds(Datura spp., Sonchus spp. and Sinapis spp.) .
Laboratory experiment, showed an inhibition in germination and seedling growth as the
aqueous extracts concentration increased. The maximum inhibition in (germination ,plumule
length and weight)reaching (30.51, 52.4,56.2)% respectively in Sinapis, while the maximum
inhibition in radical growth reached (55.5,53.5)% was shown in Datura at (15%).
Green house results also showed that the highest inhibition (26.96,58.66,45.6)%
respectively in germination & (shoot length and weight)in Sinapis at (15%), and high inhibition in (root length and weight)was (56.97,75.7)% in Datura at (15%). The Results were
accompanied with the inhibition in the content of N,P,K maximum inhibition of N content
(58.73%) in Datura , of P content(75.47%) in Sinapis and of K content(49.93%) in Datura at
(15%).But the content of the K increase in Sonchus at (10,15)% and in Sinapis at (15%).
Also it was shown that the weeds differ in their response to the allelopathic effect of
Eucalyptus leaves extracts,indicating that Sinapis weed was sensitive whereas Sonchus seems
to be resistant.
80
Insecticidal activity of Bacillus brevis and Beauveria bassiana on Tuta
absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Dhouibi Ameni1, Blibech Imen
2, Chaib Ikbel
1, Borgi Ines
3 and Laarif Asma
1
1 Laboratory of Plant Protection, Regional Research Centre on Horticulture and Organic
Agriculture (CRRHAB). Sousse, Tunisia. 2
UMR Plant Protection and Environment, Olive Institute (IO), Sfax. Tunisia. 3 Laboratory of Biomass valorization and production of proteins in Eukaryotes, Centre of
Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS). Tunisia.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract This study was performed with the collaboration of the Olive institute and Centre of
Biotechnology of Sfax. It consists on making biological tests on tomato leaf miner; Tuta
absoluta using bacterial strain of Bacillus brevis I13 (GQ397858) and two local strains of
Beauveria. bassiana (P1 and P2).
Biological essays were conducted on third stage larvae of T. absoluta. Larvae were fed on fresh tomato leaves treated with different concentration of tested microorganisms (1/2, 1/10,
1/20, 1/40). Results show important mortalities (90 % after 9 days of ½ dilution) for B. brevis.
For B. bassiana, we obtained a total mortality of larva after 11 days for P1 and 9 days for P2.
These preliminary results show the important pesticide potential of B. brevis and B. bassiana
in the control of T. absoluta. More deep investigations must be done to assess the
effectiveness of these microorganisms in field conditions.
Key words: Microbiological control, Tuta absoluta, Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus brevis.
81
Evaluation of melon genotypes for resistance to Fusarium wilt in Tunisia
H.Chikh-Rouhou
1, R.Sta-Baba
2, M.Chérif
3, H.Jabari
4
1 Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem. 4042 Sousse.
2 Centre Régional des Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique, Chott-Mariem
4042. 3 Institut National Agronomique de Tunis, 1082 Cité Mahrajen.
4 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie. TN-2049.
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The important soil-borne pathogen of melon, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Fom) has 4
races (0, 1, 2 & 1.2) and is commonly found in many parts of the world; The pathogen causes
wilting by colonizing the plant vascular system and eventually results in seedling or adult
plant mortality. Fusarium wilt is difficult to control even if long crop rotations are used
because Fom colonizes the roots of a broad taxonomic range of plants. The development of
the soil-borne Fusarium wilt is affected by environment, plant, pathogen and plant-pathogen-interaction.
The objective of this research was to evaluate several local melon genotypes for resistance to
Fusarium wilt. In total 10 accessions of C. melo were evaluated for resistance to 5 local
isolates of Fom. Melon seeds were sown into sterilized sand and grown in greenhouse. When
the first true leaf emerges completely, seedlings were uprooted, and their roots were washed
under running tap water. The root dipping method was used for the artificial inoculation
(Chikh-Rouhou et al., 2004). The experimental design was a randomized complete block
design; four replications were used per treatment with four plants per replication. Symptoms
were recorded and plants scored with 0 or 1 were considered resistant, whereas plants scored
with 2, 3 and 4 were considered susceptible.
Results indicate that the germplasm accessions ‘Stambouli’, ‘Galaoui-p4’ and ‘Maazoun’
provided the highest resistance to all isolates of Fom. On the other hand we can appreciate a less resistance in ‘Ananas’, ‘Fakous-2’, ‘Fakous local’ ‘Trabelsi-p5’ and ‘25p18-p4’. The
remaining two cultivars ‘RDp3p1’ and ‘Asli’ were susceptible to all Fom isolates. In
conclusion, local melon genotypes might possess valuable genotypes as shown in the present
study; there are some potential resistance sources for Fom. Therefore, the identified resistant
melon genotypes may be employed in breeding programs in the future.
Key words: melon, Fusarium wilt, genotypes, resistance.
References
- Chikh-Rouhou H., Mallor C., González-Torres R., Álvarez J.M. 2004. Comparación de
diferentes métodos de inoculación de melón con Fusarium oxysporum f.sp melonis.
Actas de Horticultura 41: 190-194.
82
The Effect of Water Extract of Ocimumbasilicumand the Fungal
Biocontrol Agent Trichodermaharzianumon Fungi causing
Damping-off of Okra
Najwa B. Al Lashi
1, Esam D. Sulaiman
2 and Anfal M. Jalal
1
1 Department of Biology, College of Science, Mosul University
2 Department of Biology, College of Education, Mosul University
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The use of chemical pesticides to diminish crop losses caused by plant pests has led to the
apparition of environmental and human health hazards, elimination of beneficial organisms that naturally control some pathogens and the selection of resistant pathogens. To reduce
chemical pesticide usage, efforts have been done to use other control measures such as the use
of biological control agents and / or natural products like plant material as an alternative or
complementary control measures .The present study includes the effect of water extract of
basil (Ocimumbasilicum) leaves and culture filtrate of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma
harzianumon the mycelial growth of damping-off fungi of Okra, Rhizoctonia solani,
Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium solani. All tested concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20,
25, 30 mg/ml) of the aqueous extract of basilcaused significant reduction on the linear growth
of the pathogenic fungi and reaching 100%, at some concentrations. The inhibition increased
with the increase in concentration of the extract from 5 to 30% for both R. solaniand M.
phaseolina. The inhibition reached 97.04% for F. solani.
Addition of three concentrations 10, 20 and 30% of culture filtrate of the biocontrol fungus caused significant decrease in the growth of fungi and the effect increased with the increase in
concentration to 30%. Maximum inhibition was noticed with M. phaseolinaand F.
solani(98.16 and 96.48% respectively).. Combining the aqueous extract and culture filterate
of T. harzianumshowed more inhibitory efficiency on the growth of all pathogenic fungi and
their dry weights as compared with individual treatments alone and reached 100% at
concentration 30%.It’s concluded that the synergistic effect of dual treatments of okra seeds
with basil extract and culture filtrate of T. harzianumgave better reduction in percent infection
and decreased severity of damping off disease and improve plant length and fresh weight of
the seedlings.
83
Effect of seed treatment with aqueous extract of Ocimumbasilicumleaves
and cultural filtrate of the biocontrolagent Trichodermaharzianumin
controlling damping off of okra seedlings in the greenhouse
Esam D. Sulaiman1, Najwa B. Al Lashi
2, and Anfal M. Jalal
2
1 Department of Biology, College of Education, Mosul University 2 Department of Biology, College of Science, Mosul University
Email correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract The use of chemical pesticides played an important role in the fight against plant pathogens
due to the effectiveness of rapid elimination of pests and increased crop production. Repeated
use of chemicals has resulted in undesired results in response to environmental and health
hazards, as well as the apparition of fungicidal resistance in the pathogen, besides increasing
the costs of crop production. A good alternative method is the use of biological control agents
consisting of living microorganisms or abiotic products like plant materials can provide better
disease protection for the crop and improve growth characters of the plant. The present study
aimed to use the aqueous extract of basil as a bioactive plant compounds or culture filtrate of
the bio control agent Trichoderma harzianum as well as their mixture to control fungi causing
damping off of okra seedlings. Okra seeds were soaked in (30%) aqueous extracts of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum and (30%) culture filtrate of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma
harzianum and their mixture to control fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina
and Fusarium solani. All seed treatmentsgave significant effect on the reduction of pre and
post emergence damping-off.Treating the seeds with aqueous extract was better than culture
filtrate of T.harzianumwhile the treatment with mixture of aqueous extract and culture
filterate was thebest in decreasing disease severity of infection by M. phaseolina which was
0.09 as compared to control 0.134 and gave the highest length of seedlings (23.06 cm)
followed by the treatment of F.solani and mixture of fungi which did not differ significantly
from each other .Moreover, dual treatment with both basil extract and culture filterate of
T.harzianum gave highest increase in shoot length and fresh weight of the seedlings in case of
treatments with all pathogenic fungi.
84
Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for resistance to ascochyta blight
Ali K. Altaae, Huda H. Altaae, Ali H.T.and Sallo S. Murad
Coll. Agric. & Forestry Mosul University- Iraq
Email correspondence: aaltaae@ yahoo.co.uk
Abstract Ascochyta blight is perhaps the most frequent and damaging disease of chickpea worldwide.
It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei, a fungus that selectively attacks chickpea. Then persists in
the crop’s residues, seed, and volunteer plants. Infections may arise from seedborne inoculum
or from windborne spores. Through a field survey carried out in 2011 at chickpea fields in
Nineveh Governorate, results showed that a severe outbreak of Ascochyta blight was
observed in April due conducive environmental conditions. The disease began to stop in May due to high degree of temperature and low relative humidity prevailed.Disease severity
reached up to 70% at the beginning of the vegetative stage of local variety in Alqush. Forty
one chickpea genotypes were evaluated for Ascochyta blight resistance using randomized
complete block design with two replications. After every two test entry, Ascochyta blight
susceptible chickpea genotype was planted. The trial was planted on Feb. 10, 2011.Disease
development was based on natural infections. Data on plant establishment, Ascochyta blight
reaction (0-9 rating scale), agronomic traits, and yield per plot were collected.Results showed
that the most of the genotypes were resistant to the to ascochyta blight and the susceptible
checks showed higher disease severity. The genotypes flowering dates ranged from 68-77
days and maturity period ranged from 112-127 days. The yield ranged from less than 1 t/ha to
1.3 t/ha.
References: Altaae,A.K. 2007.New race of Ascochyta rabiae of chickpea in Ninevah province.
Mesopotamia Jour. of Science 3:125-132.
Altaae,A.K. and Ahmed. J.M. 1999.Identification of physiological races and perfect state of
Ascochyta rabiae in Ninevah province. Iraqi J.Agric.4:217-221.
Altaae,A.K. and Ahmed. J.M. 2001 Control of Ascochyta blight of chickpea in Ninevah
province. Iraqi J.Agric.2002:92-97.
Ambardar, V.K. and Singh, S.K. 1996. Identification and elucidation of Ascochyta rabiei
isolates of chickpea in Jammu. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology. 26:4-8.
Armstrong, C., Chongo, G., Gossen, B. and Duczek, L. 2001. Mating type distribution and
incidence of the teleomorph of Ascochyta rabiei (Didymella rabiei) in Canada. Canadian
Journal of Plant Pathology. 23:110-113. Chongo, G., Gossen, B.D., Buchwaldt, L. Adhikari, T. and Rimmer, S.R. 2004. Genetic
diversity of Ascochyta rabiei in Canada. Plant Disease. 88(1):4-10.
Marzani, Q.A.2003. Epiphytotic and control of ascochyta blight of chickpea caused by
Ascochyta rabiei in Erbil province. M.Sc.. thesis, coll. Agric, Univ. of Salahaddin ,Iraq.
