Crude Oil Ppt

8/3/2019 Crude Oil Ppt

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CRUDE OIL


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What is crude oil?Crude oil is a fossil fuel and one of the most important

substances in the world. It is a mixture of hundreds ofdifferent compounds.

Crude oil is used to make

fuels for transport, heating

and generating electricity.

It is also used to make

plastics and hundreds of

different types of chemicals.

Every day, the world uses over 70 million barrels of oil. If you

filled bath tubs with this amount of oil and put them end-to-

end, they would stretch round the Earth 7.5 times!


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Composition of Crude Oil

CRUDE OIL

HYDROCARBONS NON-HYDROCARBONS

ALIPHATICS AROMATICS NAPHTHENES SULFURS NITROGENS OXYGENS METALLICS

25% 17% 50%


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Crude oil: a brief historyThe modern oil industry began

in the mid-19th century whenkerosene was distilled from

crude oil and used as cheap and

clean-burning fuel for lamps.

It wasnt until the development of the internal combustion

engine and gasoline-powered cars in the late 19th

centurythat gasoline became highly valuable.

Gasoline was a by-product in

kerosene production, and was initially used as a solvent.

This led to a great increase in the demand for crude oil, which

has continued to this day.


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How was crude oil made?Crude oil is thought to have been

made from the remains of marineplants and animals that died

millions of years ago.

These remains sank to thebottom of the sea, where they

were buried in layers of sand and

mud, preventing them from rotting. These

layers gradually became sedimentary rock.

Over millions of years the layers of rock built up, increasing

the heat and pressure. This caused the remains to be broken

down into the molecules that form crude oil and natural gas.


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Hydrocarbons in crude oilMany compounds in crude oil only contain the elements

carbon and hydrogen. They are called hydrocarbons.

Most hydrocarbons in crude oil are compounds called

alkanes. Alkanes contain a single chain of carbon atoms

with hydrogen atoms bonded along the side.


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What are alkanes?Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbon compounds with the

general formula CnH2n+2.

The simplest alkane is methane.

It has the formula CH4.

The second simplest alkane is

ethane. It has the formula C2H6.

The third simplest alkane is

propane. It has the formula C3H8.


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Drilling


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Finding crude oil at seaCrude oil is often found trapped in rocks of the sea bed.

Oil rigs or drilling

platforms are used to

drill through the sea

bed to obtain the oil.

Once the oil has been

removed from the sea

bed, it is pumped in longpipelines to an oil tanker

terminal or an oil refinery

on land.


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Crude oil itself has no uses it must first be processed or

refined. This is done in an oil refinery.

The first step is to

separate

compounds in the

oil into groups

called fractions.

Each fraction

contains a mix ofcompounds with

a similar number

of carbon atoms.

How can crude oil be made useful?


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What is fractional distillation?Fractional distillation is a process used to separate a

mixture of liquids that have different boiling points.

Fractional distillation is used to separatecrude oil into fractions with different

boiling points. It can be done industrially

and in the laboratory.

When the mixture is heated, liquids with a low boiling point

evaporate and turn to vapour.

Liquids with a higher boiling point remainas liquid. The vapour can then be

separated from the liquid.


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Distilled and chemically processed fractions are treated to

remove impurities and is done by passing the fractions

through the following:

1.A column of sulfuric acid

2. An absorption column filled with drying agents to

remove water3.Sulfur treatment and hydrogen-sulfide scrubbers to

remove sulfur and sulfur compounds


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Fractional Distillation

of Petroleum


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Science: Refining Crude OilDistillation


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What are the products?

The products of crude oil (and their boiling points) are

as follows:

Gases(310 degrees)

Petrol (310-450) Naphtha (400-490)

Kerosene (430-523)

Gas oil (590-620)

Fuel oil and wax (above 620)


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Fractions of PetroleumFractions of Petroleum

Fraction Boiling

Range /rC

No of carbon

atoms per

molecule

Uses

PetroleumGas

Below 40 1 - 4 Fuel forcooking


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Fraction Boiling

Range /rC

No of carbon

atoms per

molecule

Uses

Petrol(Gasoline)

40 - 75 5 -10 Fuel for carengines


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Fraction Boiling

Range /rC

No of carbon

atoms per

molecule

Uses

Naphtha 75 - 150 7 - 14 Chemicalfeedstock


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Fraction Boiling

Range /rC

No of carbon

atoms per

molecule

Uses

Kerosene 160 - 250 11 - 16 Fuel for jet

engines,

cooking

and heating


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Fraction Boiling

Range /rC

No of carbon

atoms per

molecule

Uses

Diesel 250 - 300 16 - 20 Fuel for

diesel

engines


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Fraction Boiling

Range /rC

No of carbon

atoms per

molecule

Uses

Lubricants 300 - 350 20 - 35 Making

waxes and

lubricating

oils


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Fraction Boiling

Range /rC

No of carbon

atoms per

molecule

Uses

Bitumen Above 350 More than

70

Paving

roads


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Crude Oil Ppt