CUIN 6371 Models of Teaching Fall, 2003 Howard L. Jones Deductive Strategies… David P. Ausubel’s Efforts

CUIN 6371Models of Teaching

Fall, 2003Howard L. JonesDeductive Strategies…

David P. Ausubel’s Efforts

Robert Gagné’s Types of Learning

Basic Signal Learning – Stimulus Response

Higher Order Concepts Rules/Generalizations Problem Solving Motor Skills Attitudes

Concepts Oxymoron/Pleonasm Gerrymandering Parallel Soft Diagonal Verbs, adverbs, modifiers… Model of Teaching

Elements of a ConceptJerome Bruner

Every Concept has1. A name2. Examples and Non-Examples(positives and negatives)3. Attributes4. Attribute Values(essential and non-essential)

A RULE, then, is the statement of the essential attributes of the concept

A Generalization

has a broad level of application.

contains two or more concepts.

states the relationship which exists between (among) the concepts found in the generalization.

A chemical bond is a state in which the atoms of two or more elements are at lower energy levels than they would be if they existed separately.

A Spanish verb is like a good mystery; it tells who did it and when.

A season is an arbitrary period of time with distinctive features.

When the ing ending is placed on words ending with vowel-consonant-e (e.g. mate, live), the e is dropped.

Searching for concepts and generalizations

-The work of

Joel Barker

Concepts Defined Generalizations Concepts Rules

Principles

Outcomes

Information Information ProcessingProcessing Inductive - Jerome Bruner/

Hilda Taba Deductive- David Ausubel Inquiry - J. J. Schwab/J. Richard Suchman

Jean Piaget/ L. Kohlberg

Memory - R. Atkinson/J. Levin/J. Lucas Creativity - W. J. J. Gordon

If a teacher lectures in the middle ofthe forest and nobody’s there tolisten, does he actually make sense?

How to teach rules and generalizations DEDUCTIVELY (and effectively)

The work of David Ausubel

The Most Common The “Guided Tour”Teaching Pattern Approach

• Providing Information

• Verification of information

• Application of Information

(after Renner)

Ausubel’s Postulates

Thinking can be taughtBut not like Taba’s type -

Deductive Thinking

A chemical bond is a state in which the atoms of two or more elements are at lower energy levels than they would be if they existed separately.

A Spanish verb is like a good mystery; it tells who did it and when.

A season is an arbitrary period of time with distinctive features.

When the ing ending is placed on words ending with vowel-consonant-e (e.g. mate, live), the e is dropped.

Rule and Generalization Learning (including Defined Concepts)

External Conditions1. Teacher informs student

what is expected2. Teacher invokes recall of

component concepts3. Student makes statement

in own words4. Student demonstrates

in another situation5. Reinforcement

Internal Conditions

Mastery of component concepts

David P. Ausubel

“Preconceptions are amazingly tenacious and resistant to extinction.”

Advance Organizers

Basic Postulates

Learning is more than passive listening

Teacher must present generalizations that govern the meaningfulness of new information

The purpose of teaching is to strengthen cognitive structures

Elements of Ausubel Lessons

Advance Organizer

David P. Ausubel Advance Organizers - primary

means of strengthening cognitive structures and enhancing retention of new information

Introductory material presented ahead of the learning task and

at a higher level of abstraction and inclusiveness than the learning task itself.

Organizers, we have organizers …Concept Definition Landforms are land surfaces

that have characteristic shapes and sizes.

Analogy Two-paragraph comparison between river systems andthe body’s circulatory

system

Generalization The more technology and knowledge humans possess,the less limiting are the influences of nature onhuman life.

Other Ausubelian Big Words include:

SubsumptionIntellectual Scaffolding

The Ever Popular Concept Map

The more technology and knowledge humans possess, the less limiting are the influences of

nature on human life.

Agriculture Resource Manufacturing Extractions

Technology Persistent Problems

Irrigation Seed Energy

Fertilization Mechanization

Transportation

Deductive Processes

Generalization

data data data conglomerate conglomerate conglomerate

data data data data data data data data conglomerate

data

data data data data data data data data data data data data

data data data

data data data data data data

Deductive Processes

Generalization

sub- sub- sub- generalization generalization generalization

data data data data data data data sub generalization

data


data data data


Deductive Processes

Advance Organizer

Integrative Integrative Integrative Reconciliation Reconciliation Reconciliation

data data data data data data data Integrative Reconciliation

data


data data data


Elements of Ausubel Lessons

Advance Organizer Integrative Reconciliation Progressive

Differentiation

Advance Organizer

Progressive Progressive ProgressiveDifferentiation Differentiation Differentiation

Integrative Reconciliation





Calendars

Why do we need calendars anyway?

Calendars are affected not only by agricultural needs but also by religious and political concerns

The Ancient Celts …

Recognized only two seasons - light and dark. This time of year was the beginning of what was called dark.

Jewish Calendar

Nisan

And a Third One

George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays

George Washington’s Birthday Celebrations

February 11, 1732(Band of Fourth Continental Army serenades him at

Valley Forge in 1778)

• February 22, 1732(Generally observed from 1796)

• President's Day(Third Monday of February - P. L. 90-363;

effective 1971)

George Washington was first in war, first in peace…

And the first to have his birthday juggled to make a long weekend.

-Ashley Cooper

Early Roman Calendar Apparently borrowed from Greeks

(Romulus founds Rome in 738 BCE) Ten months and 304 days

(60 days in middle of winter ignored) Names of months

(Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November,

December) Numa (452 BCE) adds January and

February and a month called Mercedinus (22/23 days between February 23-24 every other year)

Julian Calendar By 46 BCE winter occurs in September 46 BCE declared to have 445 days

(the “year of confusion”) Every four years, February (which had 28 days) was

given an additional day Every year thereafter to have 365 days Quintilis renamed July Sextilis renamed August Moved Beginning of Year to January 1 • 365 1/4 days; but still 11 minutes,14 seconds

longer than solar year • Augustus Caesar ensures regulation by 8CE

• By 1580 the Spring Equinox fell on March 11, ten days earlier than it should

Dionysius Exiguus ca. 525 CE

Dates birth of Jesus and misses by at least four years

Don’t fool with the religious elements of the calendar…

Mathematicians make mistakes…Take Geronimo Cardano, a resident of strictly religious Italy in the 16th century. He tried running a horoscope on Jesus and wound up in prison.

But…

By 1580 CE, the Spring Equinox fell on March 11, ten days before it should

So what?

Council of Nicea…325 CEEaster celebrated on the Sunday

nearest the 14th of Nisan (Passover)…WHICH JUST HAPPENS TO BE

first Sunday after the first full moon

after the Spring Equinox

Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October

(October 5, 1582 became October 15) February gets an extra day in “century”

years that can be divided by 400 Difference between calendar and solar

years now only in seconds Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted

Gregorian calendar immediately German states adopt by 1700

In 1640, when the first calendar was published for the public.....

Everyone knew that its days were numbered.

March 21 March 22

So why does George Washington have three

birthdays?

And a Third One

George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays

In Islam, portions of 2002/3 are 1423 A.H.

Calendars through the eyes of

Jigsaw IIJigsaw II

Jigsaw II and Calendars Generalization: Calendars are affected not only by agricultural

needs but also by religious and political concerns.

Expert Teams focus on how the generalization holds or does not hold in the...Hebrew Calendar

• Lunar calendar

Islamic Calendar Months (Tishri, Nisan ...) • Portions of 2001/2002 are • Day of Atonement ...

1422 A.H. (Anno Hegirae) Dating of Year 1

• Ramadan…Eid, Haj…• Lunar calendar...

Mayan Calendar

• Two kinds of calendars – Chinese Calendar a sacred one of 260 days • Emperor Huang-Ti invents and another - • Naming of year - year of the ox, ...

a solar calendar • Chinese new year ... • Lucky and unlucky days ...

Home Teams

Lecturing is not always appropriate

The case for…and against Against Discovery1. Takes too much

time2. Kids can’t learn as

much3. They can’t

discover everything4. What if they

discover a wrong answer?

For Discovery1. Kids better remember

and transfer 2. More and better

interest3. Kids learn to discover

Heuristics

When to Use….Direct (Expository) Teaching

• When time is limited

• When there are no readily available or easily understood materials

Indirect Teaching

• When time is available for discovery and higher-order thinking

• When there is an abundance of understandable materials

The Lecture Method is Appropriate When… The objective is to present information Information is not available in accessible sources A particular organization is required You want to arouse interest An introduction must be made The information is original or must be integrated

from different sources A summary or synthesis is required Alternative points or clarification are required Supplementary explanations are needed

(after Good and Brophy, 1999; Gage and Berliner, 1992; Henson, 1988)

Ausubel Model Characteristics

Interactive Deductive Sequential

Uses Examples Present PresentAdvance SubordinateOrganizer Content

Differentiate Ask for Reconcile Subordinate or provide Differentiated

Material examples of Materialsubordinateconcepts orgeneralizations

Teaching…

Inductively and Deductively

Information Processing models are designed to assist students learn content at the same time as they learn/practice thinking skills under the guidance and direction of an active teacher.

Inductive Deductive Inquiry Memory Creativity

General

Taba’s Concept Ausubel’s Suchman’s Science SynecticsInductive Attainment Model Inquiry InquiryModel Model Training Models

Developmental Models

(Kohlberg, Piaget)

Mnemonics

A Mental Movement Next Time….Memory and Creativity…

Read the readings; take the S-C Inventory….

Experimentalism Education is life, not preparation for life Education is directly related to interests of the child Learning is best accomplished through problem

solving The teacher’s role is not to direct but to advise Schools should encourage cooperation rather than

competition Only democracy permits – in fact, encourages - the

free interplay of ideas and personalities, both of which are required for true growth

Lloyd Duck, Teaching With Charisma.

At Odds with Essentialism…

Learning, by its nature, involves hard work and often unwilling application

The initiative lies with the teacher The heart of the educational process is

the absorption of prescribed subject matter

The school should retain traditional methods of mental discipline

Lloyd Duck, Teaching With Charisma.

Documents

CUIN 6371 Models of Teaching Fall, 2003 Howard L. Jones Deductive Strategies… David P. Ausubel’s Efforts