Cumulative Final Exam 2nd Semester Study Guide Answers

1. Define Genetics. – The study of heredity or how traits are passed

2. Define dominant and recessive alleles– Dominant allele- an allele whose trait always show up

and mask recessive allele – Recessive allele-an allele that is only present when there

are two recessive alleles

3. What does codominance mean in genetics?– Neither dominant nor recessive.

4. A cat with black fur and one with purebred brown fur had offspring called the F1 generation. In time, two of the offspring from the F1 generation mated and produced offspring called the F2 generation. What percentage of F2 generation would be born with brown fur?

• 75%

B Brown Fur

b Black Fur

F1 b b

B Bb Bb

B Bb Bb

FF2 B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb

5. Ms. Jones has 10 children. She is heterozygous for her dimples and her husband has a homozygous dimple genotype. What is the probability that their 11th child will have dimples? – 100%

6. What is selective breeding?– the crossing of two organisms in order to achieve a new

breed with desired traits.

7. In mitosis, body cells divide to create two daughter cells. The daughter cells have the SAME number of chromosomes as the parent cell and the DNA is IDENTICAL!!

D dD DD DdD DD Dd

8. A scientist crossed a purebred brown cat with a purebred black-cat. Brown is dominant over black. What is the probability that the offspring will be brown?

– 100%

9. Years after Mendel completed his research, other scientists investigated further. In the process, they discovered genes and chromosomes. How are genes related to chromosomes?– GENES are located on CHROMOSOMES

B Bb Bb Bbb Bb Bb

10.In humans, dimples (D) are dominant over no dimples (d). A man with dimples marries a woman without dimples and they have three children, two of whom have dimples and one of whom does not have dimples. If no dimples are recessive, what must the man’s genotype be?

• Dd D D

d Dd Dd

d Dd Dd

D d

d Dd dd

d Dd dd

11.What are homologous structures? – These are body parts that are similar in structure and

origin.

12.Some newly hatched birds can fly faster than others of the same species; this is evidence of ______________ within the species. – Variation

13.In modern times, where does MOST evidence for evolution come from? – DNA

14.Which theory states evolution is a slow change of one species to another?– Gradualism

15.Define natural selection. – The process by which inherited traits that enable an

organism to survive successfully are passed down to offspring.

16.Define variation. – Any difference in a species

17.Define punctuated equilibrium. – Rapid evolution with few intermediate forms

18.List two examples of variations. – Camouflage and mimicry

19.What are the 4 factors of Natural Selection? Define each factor.– Competition, selection, variation, overproduction

20.Describe how natural selection leads to evolution. – Helpful genes build up among surviving members of the

species.

21. Which classification level is broader than the phylum level? – Kingdom

22. Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes? – Archaebacteria and eubacteria

23. Which kingdoms include both unicellular and multicellular organisms? – Protist and fungi

24. Which two kingdoms are composed of only heterotrophs? Which kingdom is made of only autotrophs? – Heterotrophs- fungi and animals– Autotrophs- Plants– Autotrophs and heterotrophs- protist, archaebacteria,

eubacteria

25.A cat's scientific name is Felix domesticus; which genus does it belong to? – Felix

26.A rod-shaped cell with no nuclear membrane and having a capsule exterior to its cell wall is a member of which kingdom?– Eubacteria

27.Eukaryotes have ___________________________ and prokaryotes don’t. – Nucleus

28.While working on a cure for cancer, Dr. Smith was working in her lab and discovered a new organism that was unicellular, eukaryotic, lived in water, and resembled an amoeba. In what kingdom would this organism most likely be classified? – Protist

29.How can you determine that certain organisms are more closely related to each other than to other organisms?

A. Because they share more of the same classification levels (meaning they have more levels in common)

30. What information in the table tells us that the grey wolf is more closely related to the Canadian lynx than humans?• The wolf and lynx belong to the class Carnivora,

therefore they are closely related.

Taxonomic Group Human Canadian Lynx Eastern White Pine Tree Grey Wolf

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Animailia

Phylum Chordata Chordata Pinophyta Choradata

Class Mammalia Mammalia Pinopsida Mammailia

Order Primates Carnivora Pinales Carnivora

Family Hominidae Felidae Pinaceae Canidae

Genus Homo Lynx Pinus Canis

Species sapiens rufus strobus lupus