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94 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 66
Having a full-time maid to clean the house, cook and take cara 01young children is not common in middle-class America. However, havinq I
part-tirne cleaning service that comes once a week for half a day Ibecoming popular in families where the husband and wife both work 01where there is a new-born baby.
In most families, older children are expected to do part of 1111housework. Traditionally, for girls this has meant spending a few hour I
week dusting, vacuuming, and doing the dishes (which means loading 11111unloading the dishwasher, since almost ali middle-class families have 01111)For boys, the most common chores are taking out the garbage, cutting I" 'grass, and cleaning the swimming pool. It is also common for childrsu 111
receive a weekly allowance as compensation for doing their chores.Most parents feel that doing work around the house teaches chil I li'
responsibility and promotes an atmosphere of cooperation and unity Inlllfamily. Also, there is just not enough time for parents to do ali the housewrulthemselves, since both of them usually work.
VEC-B6-Les nOI
L ESSON67
I=- WORDS IN ACT/ON
She's close to the man ano ( \Ifrom the boy.
His shirt is wrinkled.
boots
96 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 67
TEXTSITUATIONS
A RECKLESS DR/VER
Man: Slow down, you're driving toofast.
Boy: Mom, Dad, please. I do knowhow to drive, you know.
A GREATDEAL
~--~~-~--~-----~Dark-haired girl: I love your newboots.
. I) \ r~Blond girl: Oh, thanks. I got th 111
at Gino's on sal e for half pri I
They're genuine Italian leather.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 67 - 97
AN EXPENS/VE DRESS
nd girl: I tried on a gorgeousIlnen dress at the new boutique
111 shopping mall.
k-haired girl: Are you going toIV lhe dress?
, nd girl: I don't know. It'sutltul and it does fit me perfectly,
1i li' very expensive.
Dark-haired girl: I like linen, it's solight.
Blond girl: I know, but it wrinkles soeasily.
AN /MPORTANT DATE
Boy: Why didn't you remind me thatit was Mom's birthday today? Icompletely forgot, and I didn't gether a present, or even a cardo
Girl: I did remind you yesterday, butI guess you weren't listening.
98 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 67
At the ma"
Tammy: Slow down. You're walking too fast.
Julie: I'm sorry, it's just that there are so many things I want to buybefore themall closes.
Tammy: We've already been in half of the stores. What else do you nesdto buy?
Julie: Well, I need a new pair ofboots. Come on. The mallcloses in half an hour. Let'scheck out the sal e at Tony'sLeather Goods.
Tammy: Is that the store that alwaysadvertises genuine Italian leather at half price?
Julie: Yeah, and they usually have great deals there. Oh, I almost forg II also need to buy some summer clothes for my vacation 111Florida next week. I hope I can find something.
Tammy: Oh, that's right. Your trip is next week.
Julie: Yeah, I can't wait. But I don't have anything to wear. I really n 111
to find some light clothes.
Tammy: Hey, I saw some linen dresses on sale at that boutique that JII Iopened. That one just ahead of us on the right. Let's go.
Julie: I don't think I want to buy linen. It'lI wrinkle in my suitcase.
Tammy: I know linen wrinkles easily, but I love it anyway. I just bouqhlbeautiful white linen dress. It was very expensive, but I tried II 111and I couldn't resist.
VEC - B6 - Lesson 67 - 99
ACTICAL GRAMMAR
INDIRECT SPEECH PRACTICE
k t these sentences:
LUCY
"Where are my Lucy asked where her newboots were.
"'''naSked'! IsAnlla 9r9 tolIaly?"
111 n asked when Anita was going to Italy.
/I isked, "What is John studying?"I
ked what John was studying.
100 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 67
~~~~eda~~:~~~??= I. M"} drMn. w"h an
~John asked why Mark was driving with anexpired license.
Lucy, Carmen, Susan and John asked wh-questions. Wh-questions ar t
questions that begin with wh-words (who, what, where, why, when, amlwhich). How, how many and how much are considered wb-words, eVOIIthough they begin with h and not wh.
Now look at these sentences again:
Direet Speeeh: Lucy asked, "Where are my new boots?"I
word order for interrogative sentences
Indireet Speeeh: Lucy asked where her new boots were.I
word order for aftirmative sentences
To change a wh-question from direet speeeh into indireet speeeh, W j
change the interrogative sentence into an affirmative sentence. Rememb Ito make other necessary changes (pronoun, verb tense, etc.).
Remember this:
To change wh-questions from direet speeeh intoindireet speeeh:
1. Use the word order for affirmative sentences.
2. Change pronoun, verb tense, etc., accordingly.
VEC - B6 - Lesson 67 - 101
Nllw look at these examples:
Ireet Speeeh: Jim asked, "Where does Kim keep the spoons?"I
word order for interrogative sentences
Indlreet Speeeh: Jim asked where Kim kept the spoons.I
word order for affirmative sentences
Irecl Speech, Joseph asked, "Who doe. Linda wanl 10 speak 10?]. I
word order for interrogative sentences
Indlreet Speeeh: Joseph asked who Linda wanted to speak to.I
word order for affirmative sentences
lllce that, in indireet speeeh, the special verb do, which normally is .notd in affirmative sentences, was dropped and the main verb was put intopast tense.
W look at one last example. This time, let's use the special verb will.
Ireet Speeeh: Joseph asked, "Jack, how will vou go to Cleveland?"
( hange this sentence from direet speeeh into indireet speeeh, we onlyV to use the word order for affirmative sentences and change the
rnnoun and verb tense accordingly.
I dlreet Speeeh: Joseph asked Jack how he would go to Cleveland.
~- -- -~- -~ -~--- --
--=:t
102 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 67
11. USING DO, DOES, OR D/O FOR EMPHASIS
Look at these statements:
1I do know how to drive. I
I This dress does fit me. I
I did remind you of Mom's birthday yesterday.
Do, does and did weren't neeessary in any of these affirmative statementThey were used just to give emphasis to the verbs know, fit and remindo
Remember this:
1. We often use do/does/did in affirmatlvstatements to give more emphasis to what we'rrsaying.
2. We put do/does/did before the main verb in th ,infinitive form without to.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 67 - 103
We do not use do, does or did for emphasis instatements already eontaining one or more of theverbs below. In these statements, we ean only beemphatie orally, that is, by altering our tone of voiee.
to beto have (+ past partieiple)eaneouldmay
mightmustwillwouldshould
Look at these examples:
"Why aren't you ready yet?" "But I am ready."
"Joey, haven't you ealled your Aunt Millie?""Ves, Mom, I have ealled her."
11. ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
k at this statement:
[ I Irl d on a gorgeous red French linen dress yesterday.
Wh n we use more than one adjective before a noun, this is the order welIow:
+ colar + nationality + material + NOUN
red linen dressFrench
W look at two more examples using the order of adjectives:
w much is the blue silk tie in the window?
W in interesting Dutch movie yesterday.
r re exceptions to the order shown here. However, if you follow thisri you will sound more like a native speaker.
104 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 67
"VOU PtO 6Av 'WEI.L OONE.' PION'T YOV?"
Reprinted with special permission 01 King FeaturesSyndicate, Inc.
VOU REMINDMEOFTHEOCEAN.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 68 - 10
L ESSON68WORDS IN ACTION
eagles can
a dozen eggs
grain
wheat
106 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 68
VEC-B6-L 011 /I 1111TEXT
FROM TV COMMERCIALS
DUNKIN' DONUTS ®
Ice-over: Today weIn ty percent
11 we use.
Voice-over: In the futura, 111
commitment to a qu Illyenvironment will continue.
Man of the past: I used to makeDunkin' doughnuts in dozens ofvarieties.Man of the present: I still do.
ANHEUSER-BUSCH ® COMPANIES
Voice-over: We're with you 'causewe care too.Voice-over: Anheuser-Busch® _a pledge and a promise.
Voice-over: At Anheuser-Busch'êour environmental philosophy isbased on the belief that we mustpreserve our natural resources forthe generations to come.
Voice-over: A hundred yearwe began by recycling gr 111animal feed.
108 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 68
Vojce-over: Forty years ago, Dunkin' Donuts® was making thllfreshest, most delicious doughnuts you could buy,
Man of the present: I still do!
Man of the past: Oh yeah? I used to make Dunkin' doughnuts II1dozens of varieties.
Man of the present: What do you think I do? I make them in up li·fifty-two varieties.
,Man of the past: But I made them fresh, day and night!
Man of the present: I still do!
Man of the past: Really?
Voice-over: Dunkin' Donuts®. The freshest then, the fr 11 I
now.
VEC - B6 - Lesson 68 - 109
Jingle: Let's get together now.It's time to stop and careabout the things we love so much -the land, the sea, the air.Yeah, we're with you'cause we care too.Someone still cares.
olce-over: At Anheuser-Busch'ê' our environmental philosophy is basedon the belief that we must preserve our natural resources forthe generations to come.A hundred years ago we began by recycling grain as animalfeed. Today we're the world's largest recycler of aluminumcans, recycling over ninety percent of what we use, savingresources and energy. And in the future, our commitment toa quality environment will continue.
Jlngle: We're with you'cause we care too.
A pledge and a promise from the Anheuser-Busch'ê'Companies.
110 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 68
FURTHER USE OF ENGLlSH
Read these sentences:
Could you please go to the supermarket and get me two dozen eggs?
Our city has fifty thousand inhabitants.
Remember this:
We don't put an s at the end of words like dozen,'hundred, thousand, mil/ion, ete., when these wordare preceded by a number or other expression 01quantity.
Now read these statements:
I've told you dozens of times: turn down the darn radio!
There were hundreds of people watching the Fourth of July paradyesterday.
Remember this:
Dozens (of), hundreds (of), thousands (ot), mllllllll(of), etc. can be used to mean a large num/m/ flI
Of course, mil/ions implies a much larger nlllllllthan hundreds.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 68-111
RACTICAL GRAMMAR
I USEDTO
ook at this statement:
[ M ry: I used to make cookies in dozens of varieties.
r , Mary said that she made dozens of varieties of cookies in the pasth ~oesn't make th,em anymore. Her statement was true in the past, butI ri t true now. That s why she said used to.
Vl!e put used to in a sentence to express a pastsituation or habit that is no longe r true in thepresent.
11 ok at these statements from the lesson:
past: I used to make Dunkin' Donuts® in dozens of varieties.
present: I still do.
/11 /11 Dunkin' Donuts® comr:'ercial, when the man of the past said/I d to make doughnuts m dozens ot varieties, he gave us the/1111 that the man of the present daesn't make thern anymare. But,
'li ttom the te~t that he still does. The man of the past just pretended,/IIII/'f know it.
11" VI
A. Afflrmative form
Now look at this chart:
Subject used to verb in the infinitive
IVOU used to dance very well.HeShe
It used to make a lot of noise.
WeVou used to work at KmartSM
.
They
Remember this:
VEC - 86 - Lesson 68 -113
B. Interrogative form
Compare these sentences:
I Michele used to live on Heather Court.
I~ Mlohele~e~e O" Hea'he, Cou,'
member this:
This is how we make an interrogative sentence withused to:
did + subject + use to + verb in the infinitive formI -=c:::- =c I .Did Alex use to wear glasses?This is how we make an affirmative statement with
used to:
subject + used to + verb in the infinitive form-=::c- I IMik~ used to work downtown. ow look at another example with used to, just for your enjoyment:
Now look at another example, just for your enjoyment:
Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate. Inc.
DIDN'T YOURf)OYFRIENDUSETO HAVEA MUSTACHE?
114 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 68
C. Negative form
Look at these statements:
Wow, Jim, VOU ate six pancakes. Vou never used to eat so much.
Karen didn't use to like the opera. Now she goes almost every weekend.
Remember this:
This is how we make a negative statement withused to:
subject + never used to + verb in the infinitive form----r I II never used to like baseball.
or
subject + didn't use to + verb in the infinitive form--==c- I ITina didn't use to stay up so late.
Now look at one more example:
THE MEN IN OUR FAMILYWERE ALL REAL TOUGH,BILL. THEY DIDN'T USE TOCOOK THEIR MEAT. THEYATE IT RAW, THEN SATON THE STOVE.
VEC - B6 - Lesson 68 - 115
11VERB + ING AFTER PREPOSITIONS
ok at this statement:
V recycling, we can help preserve our natural resources.
Ihl statement we used recyele in the ing form after the preposition by.
W look at some more examples of statements containing a verb in the, rm after a preposition:
IiV nd I talked about getting a new car.
lnterested in learning more about birds.
in charge of planning our company's energy conservation
We use the verb in the ing form when it comesafter a preposition.
k at another example:
THE LOCKHORNS© 1991 by King Features Syndicate, Inc. World Rights Heserved 7.19
••WE•.•.• WHAT A COINCIOENCE"I'M 61CK OF MAKING MEAT •.OAF .••
Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate, Inc.
116 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 68
111.USING MUSTTO EXPRESS OBLlGATION
Vou have learned about using must to express probability. We can also umust to express obligation.
Look at this statement:
We must preserve our natural resources.
In this statement, we mean that we have an obligation to preserve 111natural resources.
Compare these statements:
I have to go now. My train leaves at 3:00.
! I must go nbw. My train leaves at 3:00.
Remember this:
It is more common to use have to to expreobligation than must.
Now compare these statements:
Vou must not eat red meat.lt isn't good for you.
Vou don't have to finish your homeworktonight. Vou still have the whole weekend.
Remember this:
Must not and not have to cannot be us tiinterchangeably. Must not is used to expreprohibition whereas not have to indicates lack ti'obligation.
J
VEC - B6 - Lesson 68 - 117
By Dik Browne
No, IV /.../iLE3'TOBE3yotJNGf!2 AGA/N !
ByBilKeane--•.......
"I used to be a beautiful baby'"But then you grew up."
11111/\
THE BALD EAGLE
The eagle, being one of the largest and strongest birds in the world,
has been looked upon as a symbol of strength and courage since the tim
of the Roman Empire. In 1782, shortly after winning their independeno 1
from England, Americans chose the Bald Eagle to be their national bir j
They chose the Bald Eagle not only for its strength and courage, but ai
because it is the only species of eagle found
exclusively in North America.
Today, the Bald Eagle is
considered an endangered species 1.
By the early 1970's, the
number of Bald Eagles had
dropped drastically because
of ~he pollutants that got
into rivers and lakes, poisoning2 the fish
that the eagles ate. The eagles didn't die, but
were unable to reproduce.
Fortunately since then, the government
and the people have become more
preoccupied with saving their national
symbol. Although there are still
few Bald Eagles left in
the United States, their
\ '
number is now
increasing.
New words:
VEC-86- 1111111
L ESSON69WORDS IN ACTION
sports cars
a car wreck
track
-NN I f. 1111/1/1
1=- WHA T'S GOING ON?~---------------J
This plane's taking ott.--~
VEC - 86 -lesson 69_ 121
TEXTSITUAT/ONS
THE MISSED FL/GHT
IIe's grandmother: Why did VouI the 2:00 flight?
" : Morn and 1 got held up on oury to the airport beeause there
a wreek on the interstate.
•• ='''-''''''''-~Julie: The traftie was baeked up formiles. 8y the time we got to theairport, our flight had alreadytaken off.
JUlie: Lueki/y, we were first on thewaiting list for the 4:00 f1ight.JUlie's grandmother: Wel/, itdoesn't matter now. We're just gladyou're here.
122 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 69 VEC - 86 - Lesson 69 - 123
A T THE GARAGE
I.
Garage manager: I'm sorry, butyour car won't be ready for twoweeks. We have to order someparts.Blond boy: Two weeks! Shoot!How am I going to get to trackpractice?
Aunt Ethel
ndra: What time does Aunt Ethel's flight arrive?
M thew: It arrives at six.
ndra: Well, then we should leave for the airport soon because wemight get held up in the rush hour traffic. I'm going to listen tothe traffic report on the radio.Dark-haired boy: If only you h li
listened to me when I told you th \1parts for old foreign sports carwere hard to findo
On the radio they say it's better to take Bensington Roadbecause there is a wreck on the interstate, and there are carsbacked up for three miles.
Let's leave now so we can stop at that shop that sells parts forforeign sports cars.
OK. Oon't you think we should call the airport to see if AuntEthel's plane took off on time?
Yeah, that's a good idea. Why don't you call?
That was Aunt Ethel. She missed her flight. On her way to theairport, she realized she had left her ticket at home.
Aunt Ethel always has a hard time remembering things.
Yeah, I know. Anyhow, her flight was the last one out of Albanytonight. She's on the waiting list for the first flight tomorrow morning.
Shoot! I can't go to theairport tomorrow morning. I have trackpractice at 9.
It doesn't matter. Mom and I will pick her up.
Luckily, we didn't leave for the airport earlier. We would havemissed her call.
124 - VEC ~ B6 - Lesson 69
PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
I. INDIRECT SPEECH PRACTICE
Look at this example:
Robert said, "Tony, turn on theradio, please,"
Robert asked Tony to turn on tilradio.
Now look at this example:
Direct Speech: Marilyn said, "Sue, make sure we have ali the ingredlllll
weneelm'ke lhe c,ke.'
Indirect Speech: Marilyn told Sue to make sure they had II 'liingredients they needed to make the eake.
VEC - B6 - Lesson 69 - 125
Now look at this example again:
Ilobert said, "Tony, turn on the radio,I ase."--·
He bert asked Tony to turn on the radio. I
III mber this:
1. In indirect speech, we put to betore the verb itthe statement was originally made as a eommandor request.
2. In indirect speech, we use told or asked it thestatement was originally made using said and theverb in the quotation was used in the commandor request formo
a. We usually use told it the statement in thequotation was a command.
e.g. Amy said, "Jo, stop making so muchnoise."Amy told Jo to stop making so muehnoise.
b. We usually use asked if the statement inthe quotation was a polite request.
e.g. Ruth said, "Sonya, pass me the salt."Ruth asked Sonya to pass her the salt.
3. Expressions of politeness in direet speech, likeplease, would you please, could you please, ete.,are not used in indirect speeeh.
126 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 69VEC - B6 - Lesson 69 - 127
Look at this example: Now look at this example again:
Mlchael told Ted not to forget to call thathop that sells parts for foreign sports cars.
Mlchael said, "Ted, don't forget to call thathop that sells parts for foreign sports cars."
TED,DON'TFORGET TO CALLTHAT SHOP THAT
SELLS PARTSFOR FOREIGN
SPORTS CARS.
1. In indirect speech, we use not + to + verb whenthe statement was originally made using do + not+ verb in the command or request formoMichael said, "Ted, don't forget
to call that shop that sells partsfor foreign sports cars."
Michael told Ted not to forget 1(1
call that shop that sells parts rCIIforeign sports cars. 2. In indirect speech, we use told or asked if the
statement was originally made using said and theverb in the quotation was in the command orrequest form.
INow look at these examples:,
Direct Speech: The doctor said, "AI, don't eat meat."
---=- IIndirect Speech: The doctor told AI not to eat meat.
r '8 one more example of a command in the negative in indirect speech:
by BiII WattersonCQI~if\ ycu S+if\khead,
I +~~~J"~Jh~c+ +c5IJs"'e.
Direct Speech: Lucy said, "Sue, don't put any salt on the food, pie 11
l~Indirect Speech: Lucy asked Sue not to put any salt on the food.
128 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 69
11.THE PAST PERFECT TENSE - FORMATION
A. Affirmative form
Look at this staternent from lhe lesson:
By lhe lime we gol 10 lhe airporl, our flighl had already taken off.
had + pasl participle01 main verb
Look at lhis chart:
FULL FORM CONTRACTED FORM
I arrived I'd arrivedVou called You'd calledHe had left He'd leftShe gone She'd .qone
II had closed * closed...We seen We'd seenVou 'had known You'd knownThey heard They'd heard
*There is no contracted lorm lor it had.
Remember lhis:
To form lhe past perfect lense, we use:
hacj + the past participle ot the main verb
Now look at lhe staternent again:pari A - pasl lense pari B - pasl perlecl lense
,..- ....JA Ar s, "\ I '--------,
By lhe lime we got.lo lhe airporl, our flighl had already taken off.
pasllenseolverb
had + pasl participle
01 main verb
Remember lhis:
A past perfect senlence has two parts. One p IIconlains a verb in lhe simple pastlense. The othotpart contains had + past participle of anolher verlEilher part can come firsl.
VEC - B6 - Lesson 69 - 129
I terrogative form
mpare lhese sentences:
h play had already started when Tom gollhe theater.
d lhe play already started when Tom gollhe theater?
<,
m mber lhis:
To form lhe inlerrogalive of lhe past perfect tense,we place the verb had before the subject.
gative form
re these slatemenls:
playhad started when Tom gol 10 lheter.
play had not started when Tom gol totheater.
play hadn't started when Tom got to theuer.
To form the negative of the past perfect tense, wecan place not after the verb had or simply use thecontracted form hadn't.
130 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 69
Now look at another example with the past perfect tense:
111.USING THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
Look at this statement:
When Oavid got to the store, it had already closed.
In this statement, two actions happened in the past:t t:
il,l
1. The store closed.
2. Oavid got to the store. c '
F J ISince both actions did not happen at the same tirné iri the past, we UI IIthe past perfect tense to describe which action happened first.ln the abovstatement, first the store closed, then Oavid got there.
Remember this:
We use the past perfect tense to describ 111
. action that was completed before another acti IIIIItime in the past.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 69 -131
IV THE PAST PERFECT TENSE + TIME EXPRESSIONS
J k at these statements:
y the time we got to the airport, our flight had already left.
h n 1heard about the wreck, 1had already gotten on the interstate.
t phanie loved San Francisco. She had never been there before.
We often use expressions of time with the pastperfect tense to refer to the earlier action in thepast.
HE PAST PERFECT TENSE + AFTER/BEFORE
w look at these examples:
y had left before I had a chance to talk to him.rr,y left before 1had a chance to talk to him.
" I lhe kids had gone to sleep, 1turned on the TV.
=rI the kids went to sleep, 1turned on the TV.~
The sim pie past tense can replace the past perfecttense when the two past actions are connected bythe words afteror before because these words clearlystate which action happened first.
132 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 70
LESSON70____________ W__O_R_D_S_'N__ A_C_T,_IO_N J
walrus two walruses
seal sea lion
dolphin penguin whale
lunchbox
VEC - 86 - Lesson 70 - 133
TEXTFROM TV COMMERCIALS
HELLMANN'S DIJONNAIS~
y, Ice-over: Ther~_o.ew-winnerIn mustards. »<
Voice-over: In a rJê,tIo.nw..id.ELJª.stetest, new Hêrrmann's dijonnaise®beãTfh-e-Teadrn~riDií~lflrÇr6y~'to 1·
Voice-over: New Hellmann'sDijonnaise® creamy rnustard blendis delicious-~~ .._~.~-'''''-"''
lilll VI o UO Lo on 70
Boy: When I opened up mylunchbox and saw that my motherhad made that ham sandwich withnew Hel/mann's Dijonnaise®, I knewI was in love.
Vóice-over: Bring out II1tf~[lmaon's-®:ã·fiElfifi.l'lg_Qu.tthe b II
'~
ANHEUSER-BUSCH® COMPANIES
Voice-over: At Sea World® Melissafound out some birds, like penguins,can't fly, but dolphins cano
,~, 7 . v
IIE?~
Voice-over: We believe the mOI!you know about animais, the m 111you protect the species. Melis Iloved the sea lions, the whales, tllllwalruses and the seals.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 70 - 135
Volce-over:
Sung: Di, Di, Di, Dijonnaise. . .Hellmann's ...
Voice-over: There's a new winner inmustards. In a nationwide tastetest, new Hellmann's Dijonnaise®creamy mustard blend beat theleading mustard by 2 to 1.
Bay: Vou know, when I ope,ned up thatlunchbox, and I saw that mysweet mother had made thatham sandwich ~ith deliciousnew Helmann's \Dijónnaise®,well, I knew I was ih love.
Melissa had a very busy day. She made new friends. Shelearned some birds can't fly, but dolphins can.And she foundout what it takes to save a species. Where did she learn somuch? At Sea World®. We believe the more you know aboutanimais, the more .you protect them. Sea World® is anAnheuser-Busch'ê Company. And teaching people aboutpreserving marine life is part of our pledge and our promise.
í
new
136 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 70
PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
PAST PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST TENSE?
Look at these two statements:
Ingrid arrived. David left.
We can combine these statements in two different ways to show th 111relationship in the past:
When Ingrid arrived, David left.
In this statement, Oavid left right after Ingrid arrived.
When Ingrid arrived, Oavid had left.
In this statement, Oavid was already gone when Ingrid arrived.
Remember this:
1.When an action started right after another actlonwas completed, we use the simple past tense f Iboth actions.
e.g. When Gina qotto school, her class started,She got there on time.
2. When an action was completed before anoth Iaction in the past, we use the past perfect ten 11to show which action happened first and mOsimple past tense for the other action.
e.g. When Gina got to school, her class had start ti,She got there late.
VEC - B6 - Lesson 70 - 137
er:ca The~Beautiful is one of thest loved patrlotic songs in Americantory. lt's so popular, in fact, that mostericans prefer it to the country's actualonal anthem,\The Star Spangled Banner,
ing that it's easier to sing, easier toerstand, and has a prettier melody.America The Beautiful was composedamuei Ward. Katherine Lee Bates wroteIyrics in 1893.
138 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 70 VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 - 139
LESSON 71WORDS IN ACTION
Here is the complete version 01 AmerimThe Beautifu/. Take note, however, lIlIll
Americans usually sing only the lirst (ti 111lourth stanzas or [ust lhe lirst stan/ 1
o beautifu/ for spacious Sk/HFor amber waves of gl/lI/1
For purp/e mountain maje tiAbove the fruited p/ 1//11
America! Ametl! ,IGod shed His grace on /l1t.
And crown thy 1711I11'With brotnemoi»!
From sea to shining
dryer
o beautiful for Pilgrim 'IWhose stem impassioned su»
A thoroughfare for freedom beat across the wlkieuw
~~F~~~;;;;~;:;:;~~~h:~1 America! America! God mend thine every 1/Confirm thy soul in Self-CiJIIII
Thy /iberty /1/ I
o beautifu/ for heroes plllIn liberating 1II
Who more than seft their country 111And mercy more /11/111 "
America! AnlltIllMay God thy gold u li,
Tifl afl success be nobtuuAnd every ga/11 IIMII
stomach
140 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 71
SITUATIONS
TEXT
A STRANGE NO/SE
Marie: Lisa, wake up.1 think someoneis trY.ing to break into the house.
Lisa: There isn't anyone downstall'Marie: There's no one up h I'either. Maybe it was just the wlnd,
'.~ \ .~Marie: Lisa, I heard a noise again.There's something odd going on.Lisa: There's nothing odd, Marie.My stomach's growling, that's alI.
VEC - B6 - Lesson 71 -141
WHERE ARE THE CLEAN CLOTHES?
Woman: Honey, yesterday wasyour turn to do the laundry. Did Vou
it?oy: I certainly did.
~Irl on the left: That play made non e. I didn't understand a thing.I I In the middle: Me neither. Ildn't get the point at alI.
Woman: Where did Vou put theclean clothes?Boy: Nowhere. I left them in thedryer.
Man: No wonder. Vou girls areunable to appreciate art. I just lovedthe play.
)Y.:j
'gI1
Girl on the left: Oh, come on, Bob,give us a break. We heard Vousnoring throughout the play.
142 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 71
After the theater
Ellen: I'm sorry, but I didn't get the point of that play.
Nat: Me neither. I didn't understand a thing. And what about thosrodd noises every time the "horseman" tried to break into thodoctor's house?
Ellen: I think it was the wind. Wasn't it "raining" in the play too?
Bill: I don't know. The only noise I heard was my stomach growlin j.
which reminds me, didn't we make reservations at Di Giorgio' "
Ellen: Yeah, for 10 p.m.
Judy: Oh, give me a break. Vou guys are just unable to appreci IIImodern theater. The play was an excellent example of how WI1
are ali so lost ...
Nat: Or so tired. I hear<~you snoring throughout the second pari "rthe play!
Judy: It must be that stuff I'm taking for my cold. It always makes 111
tired.
Bill: Hey, let's get something to eat. I'm starving.
Ellen: Yeah, guys. I'm hungry too.
Judy: OK. Let's go.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 - 143
PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
NO, NOTHING, NO ONE OR NOBODY ANO NOWHERE
ook at this statement:
I There's no milk left. 1'11buy some more this afternoon.
No is a negative word meaning not any. Other words used to make negativetatements are nothing, no one or nobody and nowhere.
Now look at these statements:
I There is nothing wrong with me.
I No one/Nobody here can help me with this computer. problem.
I Nobody/No one knows where Sharon left her keys.
II don't like this hotel, but there's nowhere else to stay
rnember this:
1. Nothing means no thing.
2. No one and nobody mean no person. We canuse either one of them in a sentence.
3. Nowhere means no p/ace.
144 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 71
Now compare these groups of statements:
verb in thenegative
I~
There isn't anything to worryabout. Go back to sleep.
verb in thenegative--r-.,...L-
There isn't anyone/anybodyhere. Maybe it was just the wind.
verb ínthenegative-r--.L
There isn't anywhere to eataround here.
Remember this:
verb in theaffirmative+--There 's nothing to worry aboul
Go back to sleep.
verb in theaffirmative
There's no one/nobody herMaybe it was just the wind.
verb in theaffirmative
There 's nowhere to eat aroundhere.
Anything/Anyone/Anybody/Anywhere
VS.
Nothing/No one/Nobody/Nowhere
For a negative statement use:
the verb in the negative form + anything, any 1111,anybody or anywhere.
the verb in the affirmative form + nothing, no 11 1
nobody, nowhere.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 -145
Now look at some more examples:
"We're in the middle of nowhere. What are we going to do now?")
THE LOCKHORNS
"That baby is so smart. Nobody understands anything he'ssaying."
C 1993 Kir1g FeaturesSyndlcata,lnc. Worlc! Rlghts Reserved
"~"I<E '-j NOTHING I v-.oUL.DN"T DO FoR LORETTA.IN FACT, I'M DOING NOTH INC, FOR HeR RIGHT NO"'"
Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate, Inc.
146 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 71
NOTHING'S WRONG! CAN'T
A GUY JUST SIT UNTIL DINNER
IS READY?
VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 - 147
By Charles Schulz
148 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 71
Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate, Inc.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 -149
LESSON72WORDS IN ACTION
crackers cornflakes
a cup of yogurt
pineapple grapes
decaffeinated coffee/decaf strawberry jam
150 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72
jar
clouds
There's a scratch on the man'sarmo
This is the rear of the caro
supermarket
lightning
This car is a station wagon.
This is the rear of the truck.
TEXTSITUATIONS
A CAR ACCIDENT
~
WATCHING THE TV NEWS__----~'-----·n-----~ ~~~~~~~~@
Girl: What happened?Boy: A station wagon ran into therear of my car.
Glrl on the sofa: Cindy, theweather fQrecast is on.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 -151
6~.. ~~ c>
-rr~~!(fl.l:'J.~\ ~ ! . "\ I
\ \ ' \ ri~. ....•
Girl: Vou didn't get hurt, did vou?Boy: No, just a few scratches.
Weatherman: .. mostly cloudyand windy on Friday. Then drizzleon Saturday, turning into heavy rainon Sunday, with thunder andlightning.
u~~~~~Girl on the sofa: Forget aboutgoing to the beach this weekend.
152 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72
ON THE EXPRESSWA Y
Girl: Frank, take the Graham Streetexit.1 feellike getting a pizza aí LittleItaly.
A T THE SUPERMARKET
~~ó L~g~_l.f3.JWoman: Let's see. Craekers,margarine, pineapple juiee,eornflakes, yogurt, deeaf ...
Girl: How about getting some grapjam too?
Woman: Great idea.1 haven't eatengrape jam for a long time. I used toeat a whole jar by myself when 1"?Iaslittle. .
VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 - 153
At the supermarket
Ellen: Are you ready, honey?
Frank: Sure. Where are we going again?
Ellen: To the new supermarket in Orange Park.
Frank: Orange Park? lsn't it a little far from here?
Ellen: Well, if we take the expressway, we'lI get there in no time.And they have really low priees at that supermarket.
Frank: Do you want to take my ear?
Ellen: No, let's take my station wagon. We are going to need lotsof roorn '.
Frank: Uh, honey, are we going to be able to afford to buy so mueh?
Ellen: Oh, don't worry, we'lI shop earefully. Now let me makesure 1have everything.
(on the expressway)
Ellen: Let's see. C rackers, margarine, pineapple juiee,eornflakes, grapes, yogurt - am 1forgetting anything?2
Frank: Deeaffeinated eoffee.
Ellen: Oh yeah, your deeaf. Anything else?
Frank: I'm sure 1'11think of something else when we get there.Why is there so mueh traffie today? There usually isn'tthis mueh traffie on Saturday.
m -spacem I torgetting anything - Informal English. Have I forgotten anything is formal.
154 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72
Ellen: Maybe there's been an accident.
Frank: Just our luck. And the sky is really dark, too. It's probablygoing to rain. 1hope we get home before it starts.
Ellen: Let me see if 1can get the weather forecast on the radio,
* * *Weatherman: Today mostly cloudy and windy, slight drizzle turning int
heavy rain on Sunday, with the chance of thunder an J
lightning ...
Frank: Yuck! What a weekend.
Ellen: At least it's not raining now.
Frank: Yeah, that's something. Can Vou see what the problem Iahead?
Ellen: No. Wait. Now 1can.lt looks like a green Honda hit anothcar in the rear.
Frank: Is it bad?
Ellen: No, but everyone's stopping to look. That's why it's takln j
so long.
Frenk: Now where do I get off? The Bird Street exit?
Ellen: Yeah. It's the next one.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 - 155
This book has Iwo daily food plans, one for an average man and anolherfor an average woman. Here's whal each is allowed to eat:
AVERAGE MAN* AVERAGE WOMAN*
MILK-2 CUPSVEGETABLES - 2 1/2-3 CUPSFRUITS - 3-4 SMALL FRUITSBREADS - 9-10 SLlCESMEAT - 4-5 OUNCESFATS -1-2 SPOONS
MILK - 1-2 CUPSVEGETABLES - 2-21/2 CUPSFRUITS - 3 SMALL FRUITSBREADS (INCLUDES CEREAL) - 9-1o SLlCESMEAT - 3-4 OUNCESFATS - 3-4 SPOONS
"Important note:,CLS is not recommending this diet, only using it to work with the vocabulary.
Anyone who is going on a diet should first consult a physician.
156 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72
Weather hot lineCall1-900-555-5555 for 24-hour weather
conditions in 489 U.S. cities. Cost: 95 centsa minute.By Desiree French
tJIfi1Honolul~'ib
D "S8~d :~ Vlrgln
PUERTORICO IslandlHAWAII
Fahrenheit O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100• • • • • • • • • • •Celsius -18 -12 -7 -1 4 10 16 21 27 32 38
Copyright 1991. USA TODAY
Reprinted with permission.
VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 - 157
IIr prlnted with special permission 01 Hank Ketcham and © North America Syndicate. Inc.
158 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72
YOU'RE A FEW MINUTES LATE ... MY
WIFE JUST SPENT ALL OUR MONEY.
RG - P6 - Voc. List-15~
VOCABULARV LlST
Note: This list contains the new words and expressions introduced in eacr1
lesson together with the corresponding number of the lesson. Thé'
symbol (WIA) is used for ali words that are presented in Words in Actior"
A belief- L. 68
a little - L. 66 belt (WIA) - L. 63
a pair of (WIA) - L. 63 blend - L. 70
a thing - L. 71 boot (WIA) - L. 67
accident - L. 72 bottle (WIA) - L. 65
ages- L. 65 bottle opener (WIA) - L. 65
ahead of (WIA) - L. 67 bottom (WIA) - L. 65
allowance - L. 63 boutique - L. 67
aluminum - L. 68 by oneself - L. 66
anyway - L. 65 by the time - L. 69
art - L. 61
as a matter of fact - L. 61 cas far as - L. 64
cage (WIA) - L. 65
calculus - L. 61
B can (WIA) - L. 68
baby-sitter - L. 64 canine - L. 61
based on - L. 68 carpet (WIA) - L. 66
160- RG - P6 - Voe. List
chase - L. 61
close to (WIA) - L. 67
closed (WIA) - L. 64
cloud (WIA) - L. 72
cloudy - L. 72
coaster (WIA) - L. 65
commercial art - L. 61
commitment - L. 68
completely - L. 67
corn (WIA) - L. 68
cornflakes (WIA) - L. 72
couch (WIA) - L. 65
cracker (WIA) - L. 72
creamy - L. 70
creative - L. 61
dolphin (WIA) - L. 70
doughnut (WIA) - L. 68
dozen (WIA) - L. 68
drizzle - L. 72
drum rol! - L. 61
drummer - L. 61
drums (WIA) - L. 61
drumstick (WIA) - L. 61
dryer (WIA) - L. 71
dust - L. 66
dusting - L. 66
E
o
eagle (WIA) - L. 68
earring (WIA) - L. 63
easily- L. 67
environment - L. 68deal- L. 67
environmental - L. 68decaf (WIA) - L. 72
decaffeinated coffee (WIA) - L. 72 exit - L. 72
delicious - L. 70
Dijon mustard - L. 70
experienced - L. 61
expressway - L. 72
F
fair- L. 66
fake - L. 67
feed - L. 68
few- L. 63
flight - L. 69
foreign - L. 69
forever - L. 63
fork (WIA) - L. 65
free- L. 62
free throw (WIA) - L. 61
free throw Une (WIA) - L. 61
freeway - L. 72
G
garage (WIA) - L. 64
generation - L. 68
genuine - L. 67
glue (WIA) - L. 62
glue pen (WIA) - L. 62
grain (WIA) - L. 68
grape (WIA) - L. 72
RG - P6 - Voe. List - 161
Hhamster (WIA) - L. 65
hard - L. 69
heavy- L. 72
hole (WIA) - L. 65
horror film - L. 66
horror movie - L. 66
hours - L. 65
housework (WIA) - L. 66
how long - L. 65
if only - L. 69
imagination - L. 61
in the middle of - L. 62
instructor (WIA) - L. 63
intensive - L. 63
interstate - L. 69
it doesn't matter - L. 69
162 - RG - P6 - VOG. List RG - P6 - VOG. List -163
J M oneself - L. 66 Rjam (WIA) - L. 72 margarine (WIA) - L. 72 open (WIA) - L. 64 rarely - L. 65
jar (WIA) - L. 72 marine life - L. 70 overtime - L. 65 rear (WIA) - L. 72
jewelry (WIA) - L. 62 mayonnaise - L. 70 reckless - L. 67
just about - L. 61 Me neither. - L. 71 P resource - L. 68
middle (WIA) - L. 65part (WIA) - L. 69
ride - L. 63
K mile- L. 69pencil sharpener (WIA) - L. 61
karate (WIA) - L. 63 mostly - L. 72penguin (WIA) - L. 70 S
kit - L. 62 percent - L. 68 sabotage - L. 61
N perfectly - L. 67 sail- L. 66
L nationwide - L. 70 personal- L. 61 sailboat - L. 66
ladle (WIA) - L. 65 natural - L. 62 philosophy - L. 68 sailing - L. 66
laundry - L. 71 nature - L. 62 pineapple (WIA) - L. 72 scratch (WIA) - L. 72
leading - L. 70 necklace (WIA) - L. 63 place mat (WIA) - L. 65 sea lion (WIA) - L. 70
less- L. 64 no - L. 71 play - L. 71 seal (WIA) - L. 70
lifeguard (WIA) - L. 65 No wonder. - L. 71 pledge - L. 68 several - L. 63
light - L. 67 nowhere - L. 71 popcorn (WIA) - L. 66 Shoot! - L. 69
lightning (WIA) - L. 72 position - L. 62 shot (WIA) - L. 61
linen - L. 67 O poster (WIA) - L. 63 silverware - L. 65
little - L. 72 odd - L. 71 practice - L. 63 since - L. 65
luckily - L. 69 on - L. 72 promise - L. 68 skill- L. 61
lunchbox (WIA) - L. 70 on one's way - L. 69 public - L. 65 social life - L. 66
164 - RG - P6 - VOG. List
sometime - L. 65
species - L. 70
speed - L. 61
spoon (WIA) - L. 65
sporting goods (WIA) ;- L. 64
sports car (WIA) - L. 69
station wagon (WIA) - L. 72
stomach (WIA) - L. 71
stuff - L. 62
supermarket (WIA) - L. 72
superstore - L. 64
swimming instructor - L. 65
T
tablespoon (WIA) - L. 65
talent - L. 61
talented - L. 61
teaspoon (WIA) - L. 65
technical - L. 61
technique - L. 61
tennis racket (WIA) - L. 64
the more ... the more - L. 70
there's no telling - L. 61
though - L. 65
throughout - L. 71
thunder - L. 72
till- L. 62
to come - L. 68
top (WIA) - L. 65
tough - L. 61
track (WIA) - L. 69
training - L. 61
trumpet (WIA) - L. 63
turn - L. 71
uunable - L. 71
upto- L. 64
vvacuum cleaner (WIA) - L. 66
vacuuming - L. 66
vampire - L. 66
variety - L. 68
RG - P6 - VOG. List-165
w wind - L. 64
windy- L. 64
winner - L. 70
waiting list - L.69
walrus (WIA) - L. 70
weather - L. 72
weather forecast - L. 72
weatherman - L. 72
weekly - L. 63
whale (WIA) - L. 70
wheat (WIA) - L. 68
Who knows? - L. 61
wreck (WIA) - L. 69
wrinkle (WIA) - L. 67
wrinkled (WIA) - L. 67
y
yogurt (WIA) - L. 72
Vou know - L. 63
166 - VEC - B6 - List 01 Verbs VEC - B6 - List 01 Verbs - 167
LlST OF VERBS Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle
C to call called called
Infinitive PastTense Past Participleto care cared cared
A to answer answered answeredto celebrate celebrated celebrated
to appreciate appreciated appreciatedchangedto change changed
to arrive arrived arrivedto chase chased chased
to ask asked askedchewedto chew chewed
to choose chose chosen
B to baby-sit baby-sat baby-sat to come came come
to back backed backed to contact contacted contacted
to be was/were been to cook cooked cooked
to beat beat beat to crash crashed crashed
to beco me became beco me to cut cut cut
to begin began begun
to believe believed believed O to dance danced danced
to blend blended blended to decide decided decided
to borrow borrowed borrowed to describe described described
to break broke broken to develop developed developed
to bring brought brought to disappoint disappointed disappointed
to buy bought bought to discover discovered discovered
168 - VEC - B6 - List of Verbs VEC - B6 - List of Verbs - 169
Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle
to disturb disturbed disturbed to find found found
to do did dane to finish finished finished
to dress dressed dressed to fire fired fired
to drink drank drunk to fit fit fit
to drive drove driven to fix fixed fixed
to drizzle drizzled drizzled to flunk flunked flunked
to dust dusted dusted to fly flew flown
E to earn earned earned G to get got gotten
to eat ate eaten to give gave given
to end ended ended to glue glued glued
to endure endured endured to go went gane
to enjoy enjoyed enjoyed to gossip gossiped gossiped
to exercise exercised exercised to grow grew grown
to growl growled growled
F to fali fell fallen to guess guessed guessed
to feed fed fed
to feel felt felt H to hand handed handed
to fight fought fought to happen happened happened
170 - VEC - B6 - List 01 Verbs VEC - B6 - List 01 Verbs - 171
Infinitive Past Participle Infinitive Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle
to hate hated hated L to last lasted lasted
to have had had to laugh laughed laughed
to hear heard heard to leave left left
to lend lent lentto help helped helped
to like liked likedto hit hit hit
to listen listened listened
to hold held heldto live lived lived
to hurry hurried hurriedto lock locked locked
to hurt hurt hurt to look looked looked
to lose lost lost
to ice-skate ice-skated ice-skated to lave loved loved
to improve improved improved
M to make made madeto introduce introduced introduced
to marry married married
to mean meant meant
J to join joined joinedto miss missed missed
to jump jumped jumpedto move moved moved
K knockedknockedto knock N to need needed needed
to know knew known noticed noticedto notice
172 - VEC - 86 - List of VerbsVEC - 86 - List of Verbs - 173
Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle
O to offer offered offered p to push pushed pushed
to open opened opened to put put put
to arder ordered ordered
to own owned owned
Q to quit quit quit
P to paint painted painted
to park parked parked R to rain rained rained
to pass passed passed to read read read
to pay paid paid to realize realized realized
to phone phoned phoned to recycle recycled recycled
to pick picked picked to remember remembered remembered
to play played played to remind reminded reminded
to postpone postponed postponed to repair repaired repaired
to practice practiced practiced to rest rested rested
to prefer preferred preferred to return returned returned
to prepare prepared prepared to ride rode ridden
to preserve preserved preserved to ring rang rung
to promise promised promised to roller-skate roller-skated roller-skated
to pull pulled pulled to run ran run
174 - VEC - B6 - List of Verbs
VEC - B6 - List of Verbs -175
Infinitive PastTense Past Participle Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle
S to sai I sailed sailedto spend spent spent
to scare scared scaredto stand stood stood
to see saw seento start started started
to seI! sold soldto stay stayed stayed
to set set setto steal stole stolen
to shake shook shakento stop stopped stopped
to sharpen sharpened sharpenedto study studied studied
to shine shone shone
to shoot shot shot T to take took taken
to shop shopped shopped to talk talked talked
to show showed showed to tel! told told
to shut shut shut to think thought thought
to sing sang sung to top topped topped
to sit sat sat to tow towed towed
to ski· skied skiedto train trained trained
to sleep slept sleptto travei traveled traveled
to slow slowed slowedto try tried tried
to snore snored snoredto turn turned turned
to speak spoke spokento type typed typed
176 - VEC - S6 - Lisl 01 Verbs
Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle
u to unlock unlocked unlocked
to use used used
v to vacuum vacuumed vacuumed
to visit visited visited
W to wake woke woken
to walk walked walked
to want wanted wanted
to wash washed washed
to watch watched watched
to wave waved waved
to wear wore worn
to win won won
to work worked worked
to worry worried worried
to wrinkle wrinkled wrinkled
to write wrote written
I ~~\\\~\\,~\\~\\~ .: ,e9 788534 100328
