Curso de motivación y emoción. Guías de laboratorio

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Mqx}i fa livjsgmjýn z alimjýn Eqìg} fa kghixgvixji6

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Eqìgn°.7.

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Eqìgn°.8.

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Eqìgn°.1.

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gvxgsê}fakg}nama}jfgfa}fadglhxaz}afmililivjsi}faminfqmvg 68

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Eqìgn°.70.

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Eqìgn°.77.

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Eqìgn°.71.

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5

Pxýkiei

Kg ixlgmjýn fj}mjpkjngxjg fa ki} qvqxi} p}jmýkiei} a} qnifa ki} ihoavjsi} fak Pxizamvi Afqmgvjsi fa kg Cgmqkvgf faP}jmikieìg fa kg Qnjsax}jfgf fa Kg ]ghgng $8003*. Cixlgmjýnmanvxgfg an ak filjnji z milpxan}jýn fa kg} hg}a} apj}vali,kýejmg}+ vaýxjmg} z lavifikýejmg} wqa qnfglanvgn kg P}jmi,kieìg mili fj}mjpkjng z pxia}jýn.

Qni fa ki} valg} qnfglanvgka} an kg ixlgmjýn fak p}j,

mýkiei a}vç xakgmjingfi min ak minimjljanvi fa ki} pxima,}i} p}jmikýejmi} hç}jmi} fa kg} pax}ing}. Kg livjsgmjýn z kg}alimjina} dgman pgxva fa a}vg çxag fa kg P}jmikieìg+ kg mqgk}a min}vxqza an jnvaxgmmjýn min ivxg} fj}mjpkjng} mili kg hji,kieìg+ kg naqxikieìg+ kg wqìljmg+ kg }imjikieìg z kg gnvxipiki,eìg. Minimax ki} lamgnj}li} jnsikqmxgfi} an kg livjsgmjýn+milpxanfaxki} z atpkjmgxki} g vxgsê} fa mgljni} lavifikýej,mi} xjeqxi}i} }in ki} ihoavjsi} fa a}vg eqìg.

Ak Pxizamvi Afqmgvjsi Jn}vjvqmjingk $PAJ* fa kg Qnjsax}jfgffa Kg ]ghgng xaminima kg milpkaojfgf fa kg pax}ing an }q}fjaxanva} fjlan}jina} gnvxipikýejmg+ hjikýejmg+ p}jmikýej,mg+ }imjgk z mqkvqxgk+ z pix akki }a g}qla ak a}vqfji fa fjmdgmilpkaojfgf fa}fa qng pax}pamvjsg hji,p}jmi,}imji,mqkvqxgk+kg mqgk hq}mg xaaogx}a an ak vxghgoi fa a}vg} eqìg}.

Kg eqìg wqa diz }a pxa}anvg dgma pgxva fa ki} xamqx}i} pafg,

eýejmi} wqa kg Cgmqkvgf mgkjcmg mili atjvi}i}+ pqa} }q}van,vg ak fa}gxxikki fa milpavanmjg} mieni}mjvjsg}+ pxia}jingka}




z dqlgnì}vjmg} an ki} qvqxi} p}jmýkiei}. A} ak pxifqmvi fa}a}jina} fa vxghgoi qnjsax}jvgxji akghixgfi fa lgnaxg pgx,}jlinji}g z min ak minmqx}i fa fimanva} z a}vqfjgnva}+ z pxilqasa ak vxghgoi an awqjpi.

Fa kg lj}lg ixlg+ kg} eqìg} qnmjingn mili xamqx}i wqapxilqasa ak vxghgoi jnfapanfjanva fa ki} a}vqfjgnva} ixvgka,mjanfi kg gqvinilìg an kg ixlgmjýn z dgn }jfi a}vxqmvqxgfg}fa qng lgnaxg fjnçljmg. Mgfg qng jnmkqza? milpavanmjg} gfa}gxxikkgx min kg gmvjsjfgf+ qnfglanvi} minmapvqgka}+ lg,vaxjgka} pgxg kg }a}jýn+ pximafjljanvi+ minmkq}jina} z hjhkji,

exgìg. An akkg} }a hq}mg pxa}anvgx qng lavifikieìg }anmjkkgpgxg ak ghixfgoa fa valg} milpkaoi} xakgmjingfi} min kg li,vjsgmjýn z kg alimjýn.

Ak aoaxmjmji fa jnsa}vjegmjýn pxipqa}vi g vxgsê} fa mgfg }a}jýnhq}mg ixvgkamax an ki} a}vqfjgnva} qng ljxgfg xjeqxi}g xanvag ki} anýlani} wqa gamvgn ak milpixvgljanvi+ gfalç} fapxilisax kg mgpgmjfgf mxìvjmg+ eanaxgx xa}pqa}vg} fjaxanva} g

ki} jnvaxxiegnva} z sj}qgkjgx mýli g vxgsê} fa akkg} }a minfq,ma g kg }ikqmjýn fa ki} pxihkalg} dqlgni}.

Kjkjgn Pgvxjmjg Xifxìeqa Hqxei} Oaa Çxag fa Pxima}i} P}jmikýejmi} Hç}jmi}



:

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livjsgmjýn kg alimjýn9

Fqxgnva ki} ÿkvjli} g÷i}+ kg pi}jhjkjfgf fa a}vqfjgx g infi ki} valg}xakgmjingfi} min kg livjsgmjýn dqlgng g vxgsê} fa a}va mqx}i wqaxamjha ak lj}li nilhxa }a dg minsaxvjfi an qn xavi pax}ingk z exq,pgk. An a}va }anvjfi a} jlpixvgnva xaminimax wqa ki} }ghaxa} fj}mjpkj,ngxa} ansqakvi} an kg avjwqavg livjsgmjýn z alimjýn }in vgn glpkji} z vgn sgxjgfi} wqa mg}j vimgn vifi} ki} minmapvi} wqa qnfglanvgn kg

P}jmikieìg mili mjanmjg+ ki wqa dgma wqa ak mqx}i }a minsjaxvg an qnghxahimg} wqa jnmanvjsg an ki} a}vqfjgnva} ak glix pix kg min}vxqmmjýn z ak fa}mqhxjljanvi fak minimjljanvi+ g vxgsê} fa kg xaatjýn }ihxa}q} pxipjg} sjsanmjg}.

An pxjnmjpji xa}qkvg qnfglanvgk ak a}mkgxamjljanvi fa kg} nama}jfgfa}c}jikýejmg}. ¹Wqjên ni }a dg pxaeqnvgfi gkeqng sa pix wqê }anvjli}dglhxa9 ¹Pix wqê z pgxg wqê fixljli}9 ¹Wqê lamgnj}li} dgmanwqa hahgli} qng mjaxvg mgnvjfgf fa kìwqjfi gqnwqa dgzgli} pg}gfidixg} }jn hahax9 Z ki wqa a} gÿn lç} jnvaxa}gnva+ ak anvanfax mýli }axakgmjingn a}vg} nama}jfgfa} anvxa }ì2 pix aoalpki+ ¹pix wqê kg minfqm,vg }atqgk vjana qng jnvaxgmmjýn min kg nama}jfgf c}jikýejmg fak dglhxa9

Fa kg lj}lg lgnaxg ki} mqa}vjingljanvi} xakgmjingfi} min kg} nama}j,fgfa} p}jmikýejmg} ixeçnjmg} wqa gvg÷an ki pxipji fak }ax dqlgni }inpqnvi fa gnçkj}j} an ak mqx}i. Ak exaegxj}li+ kg gqvifavaxljngmjýn z kgmilpavanmjg mili lamgnj}li} gfgpvgvjsi} ni} dghjvgn z gmjkjvgn kg

jnvaxgmmjýn z ak fa}pkjaeqa fa fa}vxag} z dghjkjfgfa}. Lqmdg} fa kg}pxaeqnvg} fa ki} }axa} dqlgni} }qxmgn pix a}vi} mgljni} atpkjmgvjsi}.




‛¹Pix wqê gpxanfi lç} çmjk qni} minvanjfi} wqa ivxi}9“+ pqafa pxa,eqnvgx}a qn a}vqfjgnva. I qng lgfxa jnwqjavg pixwqa }q djoi }a gì}kgfa }q} gljei} pqafa pkgnvagx}a kg mqa}vjýn? ‛¹Wqê dgz favxç} fa a}valisjljanvi9“.

Ak anýlani sg milpkaojçnfi}a mqgnfi }a xaminima wqa gqnwqamilpgxvgli} lamgnj}li} fa xaeqkgmjýn min ivxg} a}pamja}+ pgxvjmqkgx,lanva min ki} lglìaxi}+ kg mienjmjýn dgma wqa ki} }axa} dqlgni} }afa}pxanfgn fa }q} minfjmjina} hjikýejmg} jnjmjgka} z wqa }agn jnqan,mjgfi} an vifg }q fjlan}jýn pix kg} mienjmjina} wqa gmilpg÷gn }q}gmmjina}. Pkgna}+ lavg}+ atpamvgvjsg} z gvxjhqmjina} }in }qoavi fa gnç,

kj}j}+ fgfi wqa }jenjcmgn famj}jina} z pix anfa lisjljanvi}. A} jnva,xa}gnva gmivgx wqa kg pgkghxg livjsgmjýn sjana pxamj}glanva fak kgvìnlisaxa + wqa jnfjmg gmmjýn z lisjljanvi+ min ki wqa gpxanfax }ihxa kglivjsgmjýn a} anvxgx an kg pxiqnfjfgf fak pixwqê? ¹pix wqê kg} pax,}ing} gmvÿgn fa qng ixlg z ni fa ivxg92 ¹pix wqê+ gqnwqa pan}gli}fa qng lgnaxg+ pgxama jlpi}jhka fa}pxanfax}a fa ixlg} mivjfjgng}fa xa}pqa}vg9 Pan}ali} pix aoalpki an qn dilhxa wqa wqjaxg faogxfa qlgx? ¹mqçnvg} sama} ki dghxç jnvanvgfi9 Pix wqê+ gqnwqa a}vç

minsanmjfi fa wqa }q dçhjvi a} fg÷jni pgxg }ì lj}li z pgxg wqjana}ka xifagn+ z vjana jnixlgmjýn }qcmjanva+ ¹ni dg kiexgfi faogxki9

Ki} minimjljanvi} wqa kg P}jmikieìg dg eanaxgfi g vxgsê} fa }q lêvi,fi jlpgmvgn mgfg sa lç} kg sjfg fjgxjg fa kg} pax}ing}. An kg gmvqgkj,fgf a} pi}jhka a}vqfjgx pix aoalpki mýli nqa}vxi} pkgna} a}vçn eqjg,fi} pix livjsgmjina} min}mjanva} fa mxamjljanvi+ paxi jeqgklanva pixlivjsgmjina} ni min}mjanva} z ni minvxikgfg} g sikqnvgf. Fa kg lj}lglgnaxg a} pi}jhka anminvxgx atpkjmgmjina} g anýlani} xakgmjingfi}min kg paxmapmjýn+ wqa }in pxipji} fa atpaxjanmjg} apj}ýfjmg} z pixmin}jeqjanva atpkjmgfi} fa}fa qng gpxitjlgmjýn jfji}jnmxç}jmg+ wqagpakg g kg} fjaxanmjg} jnfjsjfqgka} z g kg dj}vixjg fa mgfg }qoavi pgxgatpkjmgx a}vg} fjsaxeanmjg}.

Pgxg vaxljngx+ ak a}vgvq} fak a}vqfji fak anýlani alimjingk a} mgfg sa lgzix an kg P}jmikieìg. Vifg kg atpkjmgmjýn fa }q pxima}gljanvi+kg} qnmjina} wqa mqlpka an ki} pkgni} vgnvi jnvxgpax}ingka} mili

jnvaxpax}ingka}+ }q xakgmjýn min kg gpgxjmjýn fa pgvikieìg}+ anvxa ivxg}valçvjmg}+ glaxjvg qn vxgvgljanvi lqz xa}pavqi}i fa }q a}vgvqvi eni,



¹Pixwqêa}vqfjgxkglivjsgmjýnzkgalimjýn9 77

}aikýejmi z invikýejmi+ mgpg fa fj}a÷gx lifi} fa gpxitjlgmjýn at,pkjmgvjsi} z milpxan}jsi} lç} gpxipjgfi}. Xaminimax kg jnvaxgmmjýn}qcmjanva anvxa ki} anýlani} alimjingka} z ki} pxipjglanva mie,njvjsi} dg }jfi qng egngnmjg qnfglanvgk fa kg p}jmikieìg fa kg li,vjsgmjýn z kg alimjýn. Ak anýlani fak }vxiip alimjingk i ak pxjljne

alimjingk a} }iki qn aoalpki fa a}vg jnvaxgmmjýn.

Mili }a pqafa gpxamjgx an ak mqx}i fa Livjsgmjýn z alimjýn a} jlpi,}jhka ghixfgx gk }ax dqlgni }jn xaminimax }q} fjlan}jina} hjikýejmg}+p}jmikýejmg}+ }imjgka} z mqkvqxgka}. Atpkjmgx kg livjsgmjýn an qn }qoavipkani fa }jenjcmgfi} xawqjaxa vxg}manfax ak anýlani hjikýejmi wqa

a} atpkjmgfi min lgzix favanjljanvi z favgkka pix p}jmic}jýkiei}. A}qn xavi anvinma} milpxanfax fa lgnaxg dikì}vjmg gk dilhxa. Livjsg,

mjýn z alimjýn a} qn mqx}i jnvxifqmvixji g kg fj}mjpkjng fa kg P}jmikieìg+ z }q xjwqag xamga pxamj}glanva an }ax kg pqaxvg gk anýlani milpka,oi fa ki dqlgni.





7=

JJ. Atpkjmgmjýng kg ixegnjzgmjýnfak mqgfaxni fa eqìg}fa kghixgvixji faLivjsgmjýn alimjýn

Kg pxjlaxg sa wqa }a g}qljý ak mqx}i fa Livjsgmjýn z alimjýn an kg xaix,lg mqxxjmqkgx fak pxiexglg fa P}jmikieìg fa kg Qnjsax}jfgf fa Kg ]ghgng

}a minvý min kg }qaxva fa sax ak sjfai pxifqmjfi pix kg G}imjgmjýn Gla,xjmgng fa P}jmikieìg $GPG* an ak wqa }a atpkjmg pix wqê a} jnvaxa}gnvaak a}vqfji fa kg livjsgmjýn z fa kg alimjýn. A}va lgvaxjgk lqa}vxg aneanaxgk ki} vxa} çlhjvi} atpkjmgvjsi} fak mqx}i. Ak pxjlaxi fa akki} xakgmji,ngfi min kg} asjfanmjg} alpìxjmg} fa ki} anýlani} livjsgmjingka} angnjlgka}+ a}pamjgklanva g vxgsê} fak gnçkj}j} fa kg minfqmvg fa xiafixa}.Ak }aeqnfi+ min kg pi}jhjkjfgf fa fa}mqhxjx mýli qnmjing kg livjsg,mjýn an ki} }axa} dqlgni}+ lafjgfg pix kg} mienjmjina} fa kg} wqa }inmgpgma} z wqa }a xaej}vxgn gkkì g vxgsê} fa ih}axsgmjina} z gqvixxapixva}.

Z qn vaxmax çlhjvi an ak wqa }a ih}axsg mýli ak gsgnma vamnikýejmi+pgxvjmqkgxlanva an ki wqa vjana wqa sax min ki} }j}valg} milpqvgmji,ngka}+ gpixvg jn}vxqlanvi} fa lafjfg lqmdi lç} cni} z pxamj}i} wqapaxljvan dgmax fali}vxgmjina} fa anýlani} livjsgmjingka} xakgmjing,fi} min kg alimjýn+ gk jeqgk wqa ak pkgnvagljanvi fa nqasg} ixlg} fajnsa}vjegmjýn g vxgsê} fa }jlqkgfixa}.

Kg gnvaxjix ixegnjgmjýn xa}qkvg midaxanva min ak ghixfgoa wqa a}vq,

fji}i} fa kg livjsgmjýn mili Pavxj $8003*+ Xaasa $800=*+ Pgklaxi$8008* i Fa Mgvgngxi $8007*+ anvxa ivxi}+ qvjkjgn an }q} vatvi} hç}j,




mi} fa livjsgmjýn2 atpkjmgmjina} wqa pxisjanan vgnvi fa gpxitjlgmji,na} avikýejmg} mili fa atpaxjanmjg} an }axa} dqlgni}+ g vxgsê} fa kglafjmjýn fa sgxjghka} an jnfjsjfqi} i an mikamvjsi}. A}vi xa}qkvg lqz fjfçmvjmi pgxg ak a}vqfjgnva fgfi wqa an pxjnmjpji gpixvg asjfanmjg}alpìxjmg}+ paxi gk lj}li vjalpi eanaxg mqa}vjingljanvi} gkxafafixfa ki} sgmìi} minmapvqgka} jlpixvgnva}.

A}vg} xgina} oq}vjcmgn kg ixegnjgmjýn fak mqgfaxni fa kghixgvixji}fak mqx}i fa Livjsgmjýn z alimjýn+ ak mqgk pxa}anvg vxa} exqpi} fa eqìg}+g}ì? kg} pxjlaxg}+ fafjmgfg} g kg jnsa}vjegmjýn+ jn}mxjvg} hgoi ak nilhxafa atpaxjanmjg} min gnjlgka} fa kghixgvixji2 kg} }aeqnfg}+ fafjmgfg} g xa,

minimax asjfanmjg} fa kg} sgxjghka} fa ixfan livjsgmjingk an dqlgni}lafjgfg} pix kg mienjmjýn2 pgxg cngkjgx min ak vaxmax exqpi fa eqìg}fafjmgfg} gk vxghgoi an pxçmvjmg} fa jnsa}vjegmjýn an alimjýn min akq}i fa awqjpi} fa milpqvgmjýn.

Mgfg qni fa ki} exqpi} fa eqìg} pxavanfa jnvaexgx ki} minvanjfi} lç}}jenjcmgvjsi} an ak mqx}i+ ki mqgk jlpkjmg ak ghixfgoa fa milpkaoi} li,vjsgmjingka} z ni fa gnçkj}j} min sgxjghka} ÿnjmg}2 pix a}vg xgýn mgfg

eqìg ni mixxa}pinfa g qn valg an pgxvjmqkgx+ }qejxjanfi qn gnçkj}j}dikì}vjmi fa ki} anýlani} xakgmjingfi} min kg livjsgmjýn.

Jeqgklanva+ min a}va lgvaxjgk fa vxghgoi }a hq}mg ixvgkamax an ak a},vqfjgnva fa ki} pxjlaxi} njsaka} fa ixlgmjýn qng fa kg} lç} jlpix,vgnva} dghjkjfgfa} fa vifi jnsa}vjegfix? kg ih}axsgmjýn+ }ikjmjvçnfika akgnçkj}j} ljnqmji}i fa ki} aoaxmjmji} g kg kq fa kg vaixìg a}vqfjgfg. Kgfa}mxjpmjýn fa fjmdi} minimjljanvi} pix lafji fa exçcmg} z vghkg} a}nama}gxjg. Lqmdi} a}vqfjgnva} kkaegn g kg qnjsax}jfgf min minimjljan,vi} hç}jmi} an diog} fa mçkmqki+ exgcmgfixa} i pxima}gfixa} fa pgkg,hxg}+ z a} g vxgsê} fa ki} jnixla} fa kg} pxçmvjmg} wqa fa}pkjaegn a}vg}dghjkjfgfa} z wqa ni kg} pjaxfan gnva} fa jnjmjgx }q ixlgmjýn ‛ixlgk“an mqx}i} fa lavifikieìg fa kg jnsa}vjegmjýn. Kg djpýva}j} manvxgk ana}vg a}vxgvaejg fa vxghgoi }qejaxa wqa ak a}vqfjgnva jnvaxa}gfi an kg P}j,mikieìg mili mjanmjg dg fa}gxxikkgfi an }q pxima}i fa a}mikgxjgmjýnkg} pivanmjgkjfgfa} wqa }a xawqjaxan pgxg anminvxgx xaeqkgxjfgfa} an akmilpixvgljanvi+ z wqa }a gpxitjlg g }q} a}vqfji} qnjsax}jvgxji} min

ak pxipý}jvi fa gcngx }q} dghjkjfgfa} z ixvgkamax }q} fa}vxag} gpizg,fi an ak minimjljanvi vaýxjmi.



71

JJJ. Facnjmjýnfa kg} a}vxgvaejg}pafgeýejmg} qvjkjzgfg}an ak mqx}i

Livjsgmjýn z alimjýn vjana qng jlpixvgnva mgxeg fa vjalpi g}jengfigk vxghgoi an ki} kghixgvixji}. ]j a}va }a milpgxg min ak fa}vjngfi pgxgivxi} kghixgvixji} an ak çxag hç}jmg a} pi}jhka nivgx wqa ak mqx}i fqpkjmgkg} dixg}+ min ak pxipý}jvi fa gcngx dghjkjfgfa} pgxg kg jnsa}vjegmjýn.

A}vg famj}jýn ni a} ggxi}g2 mixxa}pinfa g ki} ihoavjsi} fa ixlgmjýnfak Pxizamvi Afqmgvjsi fak Pxiexglg $PAP* z gk paxck fak aexa}gfi+an ak mqgk }a xa}gkvg }q mgpgmjfgf pgxg kkasgx g mghi jnsa}vjegmjina} gnjsak jnvaxfj}mjpkjngx wqa minvxjhqzgn gk gsgnma fak minimjljanvi z gkg }ikqmjýn fa pxihkalg} an ak minvatvi.

Ki gnvaxjix mkgxjcmg kg} vxa} a}vxgvaejg} pafgeýejmg} qvjkjgfg}? pxçmvjmg}

fa kghixgvixji+ pxa,]aljngxji Gkalçn z ljnjpxizamvi} fa jnsa}vjegmjýn.

7. Pxçmvjmg} fa kghixgvixji? }algng g }algng qn exqpi fagpxitjlgfglanva 71 a}vqfjgnva} vjana qn anmqanvxi an ak kghi,xgvixji fa p}jmikieìg hç}jmg z gpkjmgfg min ak pxia}ix vjvqkgx fakmqx}i. Fjmdi anmqanvxi vjana pix ihoavjsi vxghgogx }ihxa kg} eqìg}pxipqa}vg} z milpkalanvgx kg }jenjcmgmjýn fa ki} minvanjfi} sj},vi} fqxgnva kg }a}jýn lgej}vxgk. Kg} pxçmvjmg} xawqjaxan fa dixg}

fa jnvan}jcmgmjýn pix pgxva fa mgfg awqjpi fa vxghgoi+ ak mqgk }axamiljanfg ni }ag fa lç} fa vxa} jnvaexgnva}.



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