Core Welfare Indicators QuestionnaireCWIQ

A simple tool thatproduces rapidresults for Africancountries

Key socialindicatorsfor populationsub-groups

An instrument formonitoring changein key socialindicators

Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire

The CWIQ is still being developed and has been tested in two African countries

on a pilot basis. The first pilot was carried out in Kenya in March 1996 with

the assistance of the Central Bureau of Statistics on a sample of 700 households.

The second test, incorporating a number of refinements, was carried out in July

1996 in Ghana on a slightly larger sample. Following these pilot exercises, both

Kenya and Ghana have launched versions of the CWIQ on a national scale as

part of their welfare monitoring program. The Ghana national CWIQ was

carried out by the Ghana Statistical Service on a sample of 15,000 households.

Preliminary results for the whole country were produced three months after the

fieldwork had started.

For more information on the CWIQ contact:Knowledge Management and Learning Center

Africa RegionThe World Bank

1818 H Street, N.W.Washington D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

e-mail: tmarchant@worldbank.org

Developed jointly by the World Bank with UNDP and UNICEF the Core WelfareIndicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) is designed to monitor social indicators in Africaon an annual basis. The CWIQ is developed to show who is, and who is not, ben-efiting from actions designed to improve social and economic conditions. The CWIQcollects (i) indicators of household well-being; and, (ii) indicators of access, usageand satisfaction with community and other basic services.

Objectives

The CWIQ will:

• provide key social indicators for different population subgroups — withinand across countries.

• be an instrument for monitoring changes in key social indicators over time.

• provide countries with a simple tool that produces rapid results.

CWIQCore Welfare Indicators Questionnaire

CWIQ Features

■■ Simple reporting of results

■■ Easy data collection, single visit

■■ Short, scannable questionnaire

■■ Quick data entry

■■ Pre-programmed validation andediting checks

■■ Packaged off-the-shelf system

Core Welfare Indicators QuestionnaireCWIQ

The CWIQ is designed to complement rather than replace other surveys. It is implemented as an

annual “core” questionnaire in what could be a core and rotating module survey program. As such,

the CWIQ is just one of the components of a country’s overall monitoring package.

National statistical offices should be able to

implement a CWIQ easily each year and add

special modules if desired, such as a labor

force module or a crop forecasting module.

The CWIQ draws extensively from market

research practices and past household survey

experiences as well as recent developments

in data entry and processing. As a result, it is

a relatively high-tech instrument, but one

which requires little in terms of high-tech

equipment or training.

Project managementand evaluation

The CWIQ has been developed as a national

survey, but can also be used for project

monitoring and evaluation. It does not

attempt to measure issues such as “are people

healthier, wealthier or more self-sufficient

as a result of a project or program?”, but

focuses on who are and who are not, project

beneficiaries. For example, measuring the

impact of an agricultural extension project could involve trying to measure whether yields, and

consequently agricultural incomes, have improved. The CWIQ however would concentrate on the

more easily measured indicators of adoption rates, e.g., who is using extension recommendations.

What sort of indicators?

The CWIQ focuses on simple indicators of

• usage • access • satisfaction

It also collects a few indicators of household well-being: percent reporting diminishing or increasing

assets (land and livestock); percent of literate adults; percent of children malnourished; housing

(quality and mean number of persons per room); percent of adults unemployed in the past

4 weeks, etc.

What the CWIQ will NOT do...

■■ Not a survey to measure changesin income and expenditure

■■ Will not capture seasonality

■■ Will not capture the intricaciesof intra-household resource allocations

■■ Does not capture agriculturalproduction and activities

Short questionnaire

The questionnaire is four pages long (8 sides),

yet covers a range of topics

• Household Roster (list of all de jure

household members)

• Children Roster (less than or equal to

5 years old)

• Household and other amenities

• Assets

• Consumption correlates

Quick data entry and validation

The questionnaire uses multiple choice questions, and is “scannable.” In Ghana, scanners have

made it possible to clean the data of more than 300 households a day.

Basic validation checks are carried out at the same time as data are entered, after which predefined

tables and graphs are automatically generated.

Packaged “off-the-shelf” system

The CWIQ incorporates scannable questionnaires, pre-written validation procedures, and automated

output features, all with the objective of providing a rapid information system. In so doing, it has to

make a number of trade-offs in terms of the flexibility of the instrument and the opportunity for

making in-country modifications. The way around these trade-offs is to distinguish between the

“core” element of the CWIQ (i.e., the standard questionnaire), which allows for only very limited

in-country customization, and special “modules” which can be enumerated alongside the core element

and which can cater to specific country needs.

Capacity-building

There are several reasons for believing that countries will quickly assume ownership of the CWIQ.

• Indicators are “standard.”

• The “demonstration effect” of providing rapid and simple monitoring indicators should stimulate

national demand.

• National institutions will appreciate the optical reader technology as a way of relieving data

processing bottlenecks and may use it for other activities, such as crop forecasting and price

reporting.

• The survey’s iterative nature will lead to low recurrent costs more easily covered under government

budgets.

The standard output tables and graphs present

access, usage and satisfaction indicators broken

down by such population sub-groups as

geographic groupings, poor and non-poor

households, socioeconomic groups.

For example, in the education sector, access

indicators include distance to primary

schooling; usage indicators include primary

school enrollment rates; and satisfaction

indicators are based on opinion questions to

indicate household rating of the quality of

services of the current year compared to the

previous year.

Features of the CWIQ

Simple reporting of results

The CWIQ facilitates the production of a set

of standard outputs disaggregated by urban

and rural expenditure quintiles virtually

automatically. This allows for quick

comparisons between poor and non-poor

households in both the rural and urban areas, as well as for cross-country comparisons. Data can be

easily exported into any of the standard statistical packages for a more rigorous customized analysis.

Large Samples

To present and compare social indicators across different population sub-groups, the CWIQ should

use as large a sample as the local statistical resources are capable of handling. For national surveys,

sample sizes of between 5,000 to 15,000

households would be recommended in most

African countries. Countries that already have

master samples would be in a better position to

move ahead more quickly with the survey.

Easy data collection

The CWIQ is based on a single visit to each

household only. Because of the simple format and

short questionnaire, the CWIQ can be conducted

by a non-statistical organization.

CWIQ indicators:access, usage, and satisfaction

Rural UrbanAll rural Rural poor All Urban Urban poor

Access (<15 min) 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 6Female Enrollment 6 8 4 8 7 3 6 5Satisfied 4 3 4 0 6 5 5 9

Access to, use of and satisfaction with with primary schools

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Access (<15 min) Female Enrollment Satisfied

Pe

rc

en

t

All rural Rural poor All Urban Urban poor

The CWIQ for poverty monitoring

Outcomes Who are the beneficiaries? (access, usage & satisfaction)

Impact Impact on living standards

Outputs Goods & services generated by the project

Inputs Resources provided for project activities

Simple graphs

Male-Female Primary Enrollment by Quintile and Region

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5Expenditure Quintiles

Urban MaleUrban FemaRural MaleRural Female

Simple maps

Kajiado

Siaya

KisiiHoma Bay

Narok

Migori

Kisumu

Bomet

Nakuru

Nyamira

Kericho

Trans Nzoia

KakamegaBusia

Vihiga

Turkana

Bungoma Elgeyo Marakwet

Uasin Gishu

Nandi

Baringo

West Pokot

Garissa

Kitui

Taita-Taveta

Machakos

Makueni

Kilifi

Kwale

Tana River

Lamu

Isiolo

NyeriNyandarua

Kiambu

Muranga

Laikipia

Marsabit

Samburu

Meru

Kirinyaga

Tharaka Nithi

Embu

Wajir

Mandera

MOMBASA

NAIROBI

20 to 45%

45 to 60%

60 to 75%

75 to 85%

District Boundaries

International Boundaries

Province Boundaries

KM

2001000

KENYAAdult Male Illiteracy Rates

1994

Source: 1994 Welfare Monitoring Survey

Kajiado

Siaya

KisiiHoma Bay

Narok

Migori

Kisumu

Bomet

NakuruNyamira

Kericho

Trans Nzoia

KakamegaBusia

Vihiga

Turkana

Bungoma Elgeyo Marakwet

Uasin Gishu

Nandi

Baringo

West Pokot

Garissa

Kitui

Taita-Taveta

Machakos

Makueni

Kilifi

Kwale

Tana River

Lamu

Isiolo

NyeriNyandarua

Kiambu

Muranga

Laikipia

Marsabit

Samburu

Meru

Kirinyaga

Tharaka Nithi

Embu

Wajir

Mandera

MOMBASA

NAIROBI

25 to 45%

45 to 60%

60 to 75%

75 to 95%

District Boundaries

International Boundaries

Province Boundaries

KM

2001000

KENYAAdult Female Illiteracy Rates

1994

Source: 1994 Welfare Monitoring Survey

Male Illiteracy

Female Illiteracy

Scannable questionnaire

3.1 What is the main source of drinking water?

Piped in house 1Private outside tap 2Public outside tap 3Protected well 4Unprotected well, rainwater 5River, lake, pond 6Vendor, truck 7Other ____________________ 8