Dark Detector

7/25/2019 Dark Detector

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DARK DECTECTOR

TABLE OF CONTENT

Sr. No. Topic Name

1. Acknowledgement

2. Objectives of Training

3. Technical Training entre !TT"

#. $ntrod%ction Of &roject !'A() '*T*TO("

+. $ntrod%ction Of omponents

,. -orking of 'ark 'etector

ses of 'ark 'etector


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Acknowledgement

Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala is considered one of the best manufacturing firms ientire Asia. The technology used here is considered most advanced. So training a

R.C.F has been a great experience of our life .e are exposed to ne! and advancetechnology and right "ind of industrial training and industrial atmosphere.

# am highly than"ful to $r. S.S. KA%AR &Chief #nstructor, Technical Training Centre' tassist me !ith their "no!ledge and continuous help extended by them.

# am further grateful to all the shop superintendents and !or"ers of various shops fotheir "no!ledge, unforgettable support and professionals( guidance.

And last but not least # am very than"ful to all friends and fello! trainees for intendintheir corporation during the completion of the training.

ith deep gratitude

)#S*A+ -TA/#+0$A #% 1+1CTR#CA+


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OBJECTIVES OF SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL

TRAININ!"

The main ob2ective of the Training !as to get first hand technical and

practical "no!ledge about the industry.

The main purpose !as that the students !ould become familiar !ith

industrial environment so that they can ta"e up future challenges !henthey turn up in an industry !ith good confidence.

The students !ill thus understand the flo! of control and information in

an industry.

This t!o3month #ndustrial Training has been introduced in /egree1ngineering Courses for the enhancement of student(s administrativeand professional "no!ledge about their respective fields.

After completion of their /egree Courses, this training experience !ill

help them to ma"e their !or"place stronger in the ever3competitive 2obfields.


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TEC#NICAL TRAININ CENTRE

Technical training center is the centrali4ed training center for technical

aspects of coach building, prototype development. Rail!ay administrative

rules, budget, accounts and computers etc. This center arranges training

for probationers, trainee from different colleges5 institutes crash courses for

staff, staff from other rail!ays for ne! design of coaches built at rail Coach

Factory, Kapurthala. Center has its o!n small !or"shop to provide hands

on practical sessions other than the production shop. Faculty members !ith

different exposure expertise are there for providing deep and through

guidance in different field. For effective visual demonstration center has its

o!n video film room and samples of e6uipment and systems li"e air bra"e,air conditioners coach cress section modules etc has been "ept in

assembled stage along !ith its loose components for !or"ing

demonstration.


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Senior staff &Chief #nstructor' of TTC set schedule for the

trainees having close !atch and co3ordination !ith different production

shops for complete a!areness and "no!ledge of modern manufacturing

process, stages, latest machinery, tools and techni6ues involved coach

industry !ith high 6uality standards as per #S07889.#n net shell TTC is a

uni6ue combination of technical educational institute and production shops.


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INTRODUCTION TO $ROJECTDARK DETECTOR

+ighting can account for 983:;< of the total energy bill in typical cities!orld!ide. The main consideration in the present field technologies are

Automation, o!er consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation isintended to reduce man po!er !ith the help of intelligent systems. o!ersaving is the main consideration forever as the sources of the po!er aregetting diminished due to various reasons.

The main aim of this pro2ect is to saving system !ith +/R this is to save thepo!er. e !ant to save po!er automatically instead of doing manual. Soit(s easy to cost effectiveness. This saved po!er can be used in some othercases. So in villages, to!ns etc. !e can design intelligent systems for theusage of light or !e can also use this to reduce the electricity bill of ourhome. This pro2ect can also be used for security of the houses, ban"s, etc.


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Int%od&ct'on o( com)onent*

1. N&N Transistor !/+#0"

A =C>?@ transistor is a negative3positive3negative &%%' transistor that isused for many purposes. Together !ith other electronic components, suchas resistors, coils, and capacitors, it can be used as the active componentfor s!itches and amplifiers.


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2. *' !ight *mitting 'iode"

A lightemitting diode&*'' is a t!o3leadsemiconductorlight source. #t isa pn 2unctiondiode, !hich emits light !hen activated.B?hen asuitable voltageis applied to the leads, electronsare able to recombine!ith electron holes!ithin the device, releasing energy in the formof photons.

3" 1 '( !ight 'ependent (esistor"

+ight /ependent Resistor or hotoresistor, !hich is a passive electronic

component, basically a resistor !hich has a resistance that varies

depending of the light intensity. A photoresistor is made of a high resistance

semiconductor that absorbs photons and based on the 6uantity andfre6uency of the absorbed photons the semiconductor material give bound

electrons enough energy to 2ump into the conduction band. The resulting

free electrons conduct electricity resulting in lo!ering resistance of the

photoresistor. The number of electrons is dependent of the photons

fre6uency.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(electronics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junctionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junctionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(electronics)


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#" (esistors !33 ohms4 22 k ohms"

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flo! of

electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to

provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.

+" 5 volts batter6A battery is an electrochemical cell &or enclosed and protected material'that can be charged electrically to provide a static potential for po!er orreleased electrical charge !hen needed.


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," SO'*($N7 $(ON

$t is hand tool in soldering. $t s%pplies heat to melt the solder so that itcan flow in to the joint between two work pieces. $t is composed ofmetal tip and ins%lted handle.

Wo%k'ng O( $%o+ect


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The circuit diagram !or"s li"e thisD hen it(s dar", the +/R has highresistance. This ma"es the voltage at the base of the transistortoo lo! toturn the transistor 0%.

Therefore, no current !ill go from the collector to the emitter of thetransistor. All the current !ill instead pass through the +/R.

hen it(s light, the +/R has lo! resistance. This ma"es the voltage at thebase of the transistor higher. *igh enough to turn the transistor 0%.

=ecause the transistor is turned on, current flo!s through the transistor. #tflo!s from the positive battery terminal, through R9, the +1/, and thetransistor do!n to the negative battery terminal.

This ma"es the +1/ light up.

U*e* ,nd F&t&%e Sco)e*
http://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/how-transistors-work/http://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/how-transistors-work/


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/ar" /etectors are a particularly convenient electronics component to use.

They provide large change in resistance for changes in light level.

#n vie! of their lo! cost, ease of manufacture, and ease of use +/Rs have

been used in a variety of different applications. At one time +/Rs !ere

used in photographic light meters, and even no! they are still used in avariety of applications !here it is necessary to detect light levels.

e can use dar" detectors in street light and !e the light sensor can give

the robot vision and ma"e it easier for it to operate autonomously.

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Dark Detector